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presentation-ls-command.html
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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="fr-FR"><head><meta name="author" content="AnthonyF"><meta property="article:author" content="AnthonyF"><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,height=device-height,initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><style>@media screen{body[data-bespoke-view=""] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button,body[data-bespoke-view=next] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container button,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container 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<header>Séance</header>
<h1><svg data-marp-fitting="svg"><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><code>ls</code> command</span></foreignObject></svg></h1>
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<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li>History of <code>ls</code> ?</li>
<li>Some useful options and tips</li>
<li>How does <code>ls</code> work ?</li>
<li>Our own <code>ls</code> program</li>
</ul>
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<h1>History of <code>ls</code></h1>
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<ul>
<li>One of the oldest and most important commands for Unix-like environments</li>
<li>Compatible Time Sharing System (CTSS, MIT) 1961 => <code>listf</code></li>
<li>Multics (AT&T) 1964 => <code>list</code></li>
<li>Unix (AT&T) 1969 => <code>ls</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Nowadays the <code>ls</code> command we use comes from the GNU foundation.</p>
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<h1>Some useful options and tips</h1>
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<p><code>ls</code> with these arguments :</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Arguments</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>-l</code></td>
<td>More information in list format.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-a</code></td>
<td>Hidden files.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-R</code></td>
<td>Recursive, list files in sub-directories.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-lSh</code></td>
<td>Sort by size with human readable.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-i</code></td>
<td>Inodes.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-n</code></td>
<td>Numeric UID and GID.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-lt</code></td>
<td>Sort by date (Last time modified). Add <code>-r</code> for reverse</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<h1>How does <code>ls</code> work ?</h1>
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<h2>The shell</h2>
<p>The shell is the first program that the user will encounter.</p>
<p>With that, user can communicate with other programs, indirectly with the Kernel and finally the Hardware part :</p>
<p>User > Shell > Other Programs > Kernel > Hardware</p>
<p>It is therefore via the shell that we can type the <code>ls</code> program to call and execute it afterwards.</p>
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<h2>Checks (Aliases and PATH)</h2>
<p>First thing done by the shell after we typed <code>ls</code> :</p>
<ul>
<li>Check if an alias exists</li>
</ul>
<p>If the alias <code>ls</code> exists => replace this value with what we typed.<br />
If the alias does not exist => look for the <code>ls</code> command among the paths contained in the <code>$PATH</code> variable.</p>
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<p>To know all the paths specified in the path we can execute the following command:<br />
<code>echo $PATH</code></p>
<p>To find out where the command in question is located we can run these commands:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Command</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>which ls</code></td>
<td>Gives the path where the command comes from.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>whereis ls</code></td>
<td>Search for the command path, source code and manual.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>type -a ls</code></td>
<td>Search all possible paths of the command.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<h2>Creation of the process</h2>
<p>Once the <code>ls</code> command is found. The shell will be able to execute it.</p>
<p>To do this, three steps are necessary:<br />
<strong>fork, exec and wait</strong></p>
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<h2>Fork</h2>
<p>The shell executes a fork via the <code>fork()</code> function.</p>
<p>Our shell will ask the kernel to create a child process from the shell which will be the parent process. So our <code>ls</code> command will have its own execution space in some way and can be identified by a PID.</p>
<p>Shell > Fork > Child with PID for <code>ls</code></p>
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<h2>Exec</h2>
<p>Now the shell will call the <code>exec**()</code> function which will load the ls program to this new process created to be executed.</p>
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<h2>Wait</h2>
<p>Before execution, the parent process is blocked by the <code>wait()</code> function so that the child process can finish before the parent.</p>
<p>The parent will then wait for the end of the child's execution.</p>
<p>We will be sure that the child finishes its execution to avoid it becoming a zombie process.</p>
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<h1>Our own <code>ls</code> program</h1>
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<h2>Execution of the ls command</h2>
<p>Now comes our famous ls program.</p>
<p>It will mainly read files and folders through kernel space functions.<br />
Main functions for reading files in a directory :</p>
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<h2><code>opendir()</code></h2>
<p><code>opendir()</code> -> which uses <code>getdents()</code> behind.</p>
<p><code>opendir()</code> returns a <em>DIR</em> struct :</p>
<pre><code class="language-C"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>
<span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> <span class="hljs-title">DIR</span>
{</span>
<span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> <span class="hljs-title">dirent</span> <span class="hljs-title">ent</span>;</span>
<span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> _<span class="hljs-title">WDIR</span> *<span class="hljs-title">wdirp</span>;</span>
};
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
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<p><code>getdents()</code> returns a <em>linux_dirent</em> :</p>
<pre><code class="language-C"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> <span class="hljs-title">linux_dirent</span> {</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">long</span> d_ino; <span class="hljs-comment">/* Inode number */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">long</span> d_off; <span class="hljs-comment">/* Offset to next linux_dirent */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">short</span> d_reclen; <span class="hljs-comment">/* Length of this linux_dirent */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">char</span> d_name[]; <span class="hljs-comment">/* Filename (null-terminated) */</span>
}
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
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<p><code>opendir()</code> opens a stream in the directory, and returns a pointer to that stream. The feed is positioned on the first entry of the directory.</p>
<p>If an error occurs it returns null and returns an error code contained in errno.<br />
The input stream of the directory usually contains the name and number of the inode.</p>
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<h2><code>readdir()</code></h2>
<p>It returns a pointer to a dirent structure representing the next entry in the directory stream pointed to by dir. It returns NULL at the end of the directory, or on error.</p>
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<p><code>readdir()</code> returns a <em>dirent</em> struct :</p>
<pre><code class="language-C"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> <span class="hljs-title">dirent</span>
{</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">ino_t</span> d_ino; <span class="hljs-comment">/* inode number */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">off_t</span> d_off; <span class="hljs-comment">/* offset to the next dirent */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">short</span> d_reclen; <span class="hljs-comment">/* length of this record */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">char</span> d_type; <span class="hljs-comment">/* type of file; not supported
by all file system types */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">char</span> d_name[<span class="hljs-number">256</span>]; <span class="hljs-comment">/* filename */</span>
};
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
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<h2><code>stat()</code></h2>
<p>It reads the inode table of the file system.</p>
<p>An inode table contains information about this directory but also the starting location of other files (the inodes of the files contained in this directory).</p>
<p>It finally retrieves the state of the pointed file (inode number, uid, gid, creation time, odification, etc)</p>
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<p><code>stat()</code> returns a <em>stat</em> struct :</p>
<pre><code class="language-C"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>
<span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> <span class="hljs-title">stat</span> {</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">dev_t</span> st_dev; <span class="hljs-comment">/* ID of device containing file */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">ino_t</span> st_ino; <span class="hljs-comment">/* inode number */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">mode_t</span> st_mode; <span class="hljs-comment">/* protection */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">nlink_t</span> st_nlink; <span class="hljs-comment">/* number of hard links */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">uid_t</span> st_uid; <span class="hljs-comment">/* user ID of owner */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">gid_t</span> st_gid; <span class="hljs-comment">/* group ID of owner */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">dev_t</span> st_rdev; <span class="hljs-comment">/* device ID (if special file) */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">off_t</span> st_size; <span class="hljs-comment">/* total size, in bytes */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">blksize_t</span> st_blksize; <span class="hljs-comment">/* blocksize for file system I/O */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">blkcnt_t</span> st_blocks; <span class="hljs-comment">/* number of 512B blocks allocated */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">time_t</span> st_atime; <span class="hljs-comment">/* time of last access */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">time_t</span> st_mtime; <span class="hljs-comment">/* time of last modification */</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">time_t</span> st_ctime; <span class="hljs-comment">/* time of last status change */</span>
};
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
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<p>Then according to the different arguments <code>ls</code> will loop or not in the other directories.</p>
<p>Finally it will be able to display the files and references found in the standard output to the shell.</p>
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<h1>Now let's code !</h1>
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<h1><svg data-marp-fitting="svg"><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content>Thank you ! </span></foreignObject></svg></h1>
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