diff --git a/src/03-reading-word-definitions.md b/src/03-reading-word-definitions.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8816651..0000000 --- a/src/03-reading-word-definitions.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -Let us consider transitive verbs and prepositions in English, specifically the word **go**. This word is a transitive verb, meaning that it takes a subject and an object. - -`` -I go there. -SUBJ-1PS go OBJ-there -`` - -One may generalize this and define **go** as such: - -`` -go: x1 goes to x2 -`` - -This is the manner by which Eberban's vocabulary is defined. Each predicate has one to four parameters which can be "filled" by arguments. Let us look at the definition of an Eberban word, usually called a predicate. - -`` gloss -fuir -(E-Xd) knows fact [A-P0] from source (O-Xd). -`` - -What do the letters and numbers in the parentheticals mean? The first component is a letter -- E, A, O or U, corresponding to the first, second, third, and fourth places of the predicate respectively. The second component refers to the type of argument the parameter accepts. - -- **X** parameters refer to concretes -- specific entities or an events. We shall focus on X parameters exclusively for now. -- **P** parameters refer to propositions -- a particular abstract concept, property, or relation. These are covered in [P chapter] -- **S** parameters (not seen here) refer to sequences -- lists of X, P or S arguments. These are covered in [S chapter] -- **N** parameters refer to numbers. These are covered in [N chapter] - -One does not need to worry about the third component as of now, but they will be listed here for completeness. The third component refers to the distributivity or collectivity of arguments for X parameters; the number of variables bound by the proposition in P parameters; or the type of arguments to be listed in S parameters. - -We will only cover predicates with X parameters from now until [P0 chapter]. However, reading predicate definitions should be learned now, even if the other three places will not be covered until later. - -> "filled" is quite a misnomer as one will see in later chapters, but it suffices for now. - -> Eberban is based on second order logic -- all root words are predicates. - -> Do you know why the parameters are labeled such? Ans: it is Eberban's alphabetical order. - - -### Simple definition reading exercise -### Extra credit: complex definition reading exercise \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/04-copular-sentences-and-logical-translation.md b/src/04-copular-sentences-and-logical-translation.md deleted file mode 100644 index de2a2ae..0000000 --- a/src/04-copular-sentences-and-logical-translation.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,88 +0,0 @@ -In this chapter, one shall finally learn how to say something in Eberban. We shall consider only the simplest type of sentence here -- copular sentences. One will also learn personal pronouns of class MI. - -Copular sentences in English are of the form "X is Y", such as "This is an apple," or "I am happy". - -Eberban does not have a copula particle like in English, being that it has no distinction between verbs, nouns and adjectives formally. Certain words are used very similarly to how verbs, nouns and adjectives are used in English, yes, but underneath, the grammar is all the same -- they are all predicates. Let us consider the sentence "This is an apple" again. One could define "this" and "apple" thusly: - -`` gloss -this: P is this. -apple: P is an apple. -`` - -And then construct the sentence like so: - -`` gloss -this is an apple: P is this, and P is an apple -`` - -One could actually break down virtually all English sentences like this. Here is another, more complex example. - -`` gloss -I go to the market. -I: P is me. -go: P goes to Q. -market: Q is the market. -P is me, and P goes to Q, and Q is the market. -`` - -This is the core of Eberban grammar. All root words are predicates. To ensure that it will be understood, we will have an exercise in the middle of the lesson. - -### Decomposition of English sentences -Decompose the following sentences into the Eberban predicate style, similar to what is shown above. - - -I look at you. - -`` gloss -I: P is me. -look: P looks at Q. -you: Q is you. -P is me, and P looks at Q, and Q is you. -`` - - - -Someone eats an apple. - -`` gloss -someone: P is someone. -eats: P eats Q. -apple: Q is an apple. -P is someone, and P eats Q, and Q is an apple. -`` - - - -I go from the mall to the office. - -`` -I: P is me. -go: P goes from Q to R. -mall: Q is the mall. -office: R is the office. -P is me, and P goes from Q, and Q is the mall, to R, and R is the office. -(Alt:) P is me, and P goes from Q to R, and Q is the mall, and R is the office. -`` - - - -I am sad. - -`` -I: P is me. -sad: P is sad. -P is me, and P is sad. -`` - - -Eberban treats **existential variables** as "first-class citizens" -- they are the linchpin from which all other grammar derives. Given that Eberban is a logical language, it makes sense that sentences should be easy to translate into formal logic. Specifically, Eberban uses second-order logic. When one says **mei menoe**, one is actually saying - -`` gloss -mei menoe -Ex: mei(x), menoe(x) -There exists X such that X is something near the speaker and X is an apple. -`` - -Reciprocally, when one says **mei menoe**, one is not only saying "There is something near (the speaker) that is an apple," but also "There is an apple that is near (the speaker)". - - diff --git a/src/98-illocutionary-particles-and-sentence-delimiters.md b/src/98-illocutionary-particles-and-sentence-delimiters.md deleted file mode 100644 index e69de29..0000000 diff --git a/src/SUMMARY.md b/src/SUMMARY.md index ef310f5..79152e7 100644 --- a/src/SUMMARY.md +++ b/src/SUMMARY.md @@ -1,5 +1,14 @@ # Summary -- [Chapter 1](./chapter_1.md) -- [chapter 3](./03-reading-word-definitions.md) -- [chapter 4](./04-copular-sentences-and-logical-translation.md) + + +[Introduction](part-0/intro.md) + + +- [Basic sentences]() + - [Phonology](part-1/phonology.md) + - [Names and borrowings](part-1/names-and-borrowings.md) + - [Reading word definitions](part-1/reading-word-definitions.md) + - [Copular sentences and logical translation](part-1/copular-sentences-and-logical-translation.md) + +[Questions](questions.md) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/00the-eberban-language-for-the-home-learner.md b/src/part-0/intro.md similarity index 54% rename from src/00the-eberban-language-for-the-home-learner.md rename to src/part-0/intro.md index 47ccd9e..ae15954 100644 --- a/src/00the-eberban-language-for-the-home-learner.md +++ b/src/part-0/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,36 @@ -0 + -(intro -- describe book, describe eberban) + -> **The Eberban Language for the Home Learner.** -> *A Textbook for a Logical Language,* -> *Furnished Richly with Examples and Exercises,* -> *Teaching the Novel Grammar of Eberban* -> *From the Familiar and Traditional Structures* +
+ +# The Eberban Language for the Home Learner + +> *A Textbook for a Logical Language,*\ +> *Furnished Richly with Examples and Exercises,*\ +> *Teaching the Novel Grammar of Eberban*\ +> *From the Familiar and Traditional Structures*\ > *of Natural Language pedagogy.* +> +> — ekinibju eberban + +
+ +This book was written by *Zmavli Caimle*, and reviewed by the creator of +Eberban, *mia entropy*, who also provided typesetting help. -> ekinibju eberban +**This book is a work in progress, and the text may change drastically and +suddenly, either due to rewriting or changes in the language itself.** -This book was written by Zmavli Caimle, and reviewed by the creator of Eberban, Mia Entropy, who also provided typesetting help. +Future topics (subject to change). (N) lessons introduce new grammar, while +those without the tag do not introduce any new grammar at all (but may use +existing structures in ways not previously shown). (N*) lessons introduce a +small amount of new grammar that greatly parallels or reuse previously covered +structures. -**This book is a work in progress, and the text may change drastically and suddenly, either due to rewriting or changes in the language itself.** + diff --git a/src/part-1/copular-sentences-and-logical-translation.md b/src/part-1/copular-sentences-and-logical-translation.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b9bde0 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/part-1/copular-sentences-and-logical-translation.md @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +# Copular sentences and logical translation + +In this chapter, one shall finally learn how to say something in Eberban. We +shall consider only the simplest type of sentence here -- copular sentences. One +will also learn personal pronouns of class MI. + +Copular sentences in English are of the form "X is Y", such as "This is an +apple," or "I am happy". + +Eberban does not have a copula particle like in English, being that it has no +distinction between verbs, nouns and adjectives formally. Certain words are used +very similarly to how verbs, nouns and adjectives are used in English, yes, but +underneath, the grammar is all the same -- they are all predicates. Let us +consider the sentence "This is an apple" again. One could define "this" and +"apple" thusly: + +> this: P is this. +> apple: P is an apple. + +And then construct the sentence like so: + +> **this is an apple** +> +> - P is this +> - P is an apple + +One could actually break down virtually all English sentences like this. Here is +another, more complex example. + +> **I go to the market.** +> +> - P is me (I) +> - P goes to Q (go to) +> - Q is the market. (the market) + +This is the core of Eberban grammar. All root words are predicates. To ensure +that it will be understood, we will have an exercise in the middle of the +lesson. + +## Decomposition of English sentences + +Decompose the following sentences into the Eberban predicate style, similar to +what is shown above. + + +I look at you. + +- P is me (I) +- P looks at Q. (look at) +- Q is you. (you) + + + +Someone eats an apple. + +- P is someone. (someone) +- P eats Q. (eats) +- Q is an apple. (an apple) + + + +I go from the mall to the office. + +- P is me. (I) +- P goes from Q to R. (go from ... to ...) +- Q is the mall. (the mall) +- R is the office. (the office) + + + +I am sad. + +- P is me. (I) +- P is sad. (am sad) +`` + + +Eberban treats **existential variables** as "first-class citizens" -- they are +the linchpin from which all other grammar derives. Given that Eberban is a +logical language, it makes sense that sentences should be easy to translate into +formal logic. Specifically, Eberban uses second-order logic. When one says **mei +menoe**, one is actually saying + + +mei menoe + +mei menoe + +{X is something near the speaker} {X is an apple} + +There exists X such that X is something near the speaker and X is an apple. + + +Reciprocally, when one says **mei menoe**, one is not only saying "There is +something near (the speaker) that is an apple," but also "There is an apple that +is near (the speaker)". \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/01names-borrowings-and-u-and-za.md b/src/part-1/names-and-borrowings.md similarity index 50% rename from src/01names-borrowings-and-u-and-za.md rename to src/part-1/names-and-borrowings.md index 4f41aea..40c47a9 100644 --- a/src/01names-borrowings-and-u-and-za.md +++ b/src/part-1/names-and-borrowings.md @@ -1,78 +1,130 @@ -0 + -“Perhaps it's impossible to wear an identity without becoming what you pretend to be.” ender's game orson scott card +# Names and borrowings -In many language courses, the first lesson teaches how one introduces one's self. This book will do something similar. This lesson will cover how names are used in Eberban, as well as the process by which foreign words are borrowed into it. +> “Perhaps it's impossible to wear an identity without becoming what you pretend +> to be.” +> +> — ender's game orson scott card -Suppose that one wants to name one's self **dzu** (magenta). If one merely says **dzu**: +In many language courses, the first lesson teaches how one introduces one's +self. This book will do something similar. This lesson will cover how names are +used in Eberban, as well as the process by which foreign words are borrowed into +it. + +Suppose that one wants to name one's self **dzu** (magenta). If one merely says +**dzu**: + + +dzu -`` gloss dzu -(E-Xd) is magenta. -An entity is colored magenta. -`` -One asserts that "something is magenta". That is not what one wants. The exact processes of the grammar will be covered in future chapters. +{(E-Xd) is magenta} -> For now, pay no attention to `(E-Xd)` -- simply take it to be single parameter which can accept arguments. +An entity is colored magenta. + -What one wants is to say the name "Magenta", not "Something is magenta." To do this, one ought to use the particle **ze** (of the particle family **ZE**). +One asserts that "something is magenta". That is not what one wants. The exact +processes of the grammar will be covered in future chapters. -> From now on, the classes (or parts of speech) that particles belong to will be shown in parentheses. Particles of the same class have the same (or very similar) grammar and are used in similar places. The name of particle class are named by the type specimen of the class in capital letters for historical reasons. +> For now, pay no attention to `(E-Xd)` -- simply take it to be single parameter +> which can accept arguments. -> Note for Lojban and Toaq readers: It should be noted that "place structure" in Eberban is different from the way Lojban and Toaq handle places. This is covered in more detail in [tba]. +What one wants is to say the name "Magenta", not "Something is magenta." To do +this, one ought to use the particle **za** (of the particle family **ZI**). -The particle **ze** has the following grammar: +> From now on, the classes (or parts of speech) that particles belong to will be +> shown in parentheses. Particles of the same class have the same (or very +> similar) grammar and are used in similar places. The name of particle class +> are named by the type specimen of the class in capital letters for historical +> reasons. -`` gloss -ze: (E-Xd) is named "Name". -`` +> Note for Lojban and Toaq readers: It should be noted that "place structure" in +> Eberban is different from the way Lojban and Toaq handle places. This is +> covered in more detail in [tba](). -What one want, then, is **ze dzu**. +The particle **za** has the following grammar: -`` gloss -ze dzu -(E-Xd) is named "Magenta". -An entity that is named "Magenta". -`` +> **za** : (E-Xd) is named : -What if one wants to use a non-Eberbanic name? Suppose one's name is "Anna Livingstone". How does one say that in Eberban? First, one should transliterate the name, obeying Eberban borrowing morphology rules. A simplified explanation is given for now. +What one want, then, is **za dzu**. -> Borrowings must start with **u**. For words that already start with **u**, add a boundary marker, making the start of the word **u'u**. -> Borrowings must end with either a vowel or **n**, **r** or **l**. -> Borrowings must use only Eberban sounds. + +za dzu -In this case, the transliteration is **ana livinsto**. In Eberban, non-native words (borrowings) must be prefixed with **u**, making the borrowing **u'ana ulivinsto**. Borrowings which are adjacent to one another are treated as being part of the same borrowing. Therefore, **u'ana ulivinsto** means "Anna Livingstone" rather than "Anna" and "Livingstone". While there is a mechanism for the separation of borrowings, it is covered in a later chapter. +za dzu -`` gloss +{(E-Xd) is named :} {Magenta}. + +An entity that is named "Magenta". + + +What if one wants to use a non-Eberbanic name? Suppose one's name is "Anna +Livingstone". How does one say that in Eberban? First, one should transliterate +the name, obeying Eberban borrowing morphology rules. A simplified explanation +is given for now. + +> Borrowings must start with **u**. For words that already start with **u**, add +> a boundary marker, making the start of the word **u'u**. Borrowings must end +> with either a vowel or **n**, **r** or **l**. Borrowings must use only Eberban +> sounds. + +In this case, the transliteration is **ana livinsto**. In Eberban, non-native +words (borrowings) must be prefixed with **u**, making the borrowing **u'ana +ulivinsto**. Borrowings which are adjacent to one another are treated as being +part of the same borrowing. Therefore, **u'ana ulivinsto** means "Anna +Livingstone" rather than "Anna" and "Livingstone". While there is a mechanism +for the separation of borrowings, it is covered in a later chapter. + + uana ulivinsto -(E-Xd) is an Anna Livingstone. + +{uana ulivinsto} + +{(E-Xd) is an Anna Livingstone.} + An entity which is an Anna Livingstone. -`` + + +That is not yet what one wants. All borrowings have the place structure `(E-Xd) +is a/some "borrowing(s)"`. If one wants to refer to someone *named* Anna +Livingstone, one will have to use **za** again. -That is not yet what one wants. All borrowings have the place structure `(E-Xd) is a/some "borrowing(s)"`. If one wants to refer to someone *named* Anna Livingstone, one will have to use **ze** again. + +za uana ulivinsto + +za {uana ulivinsto} + +{(E-Xd) is an entity named:} {Anna Livingstone}. -`` gloss -ze uana ulivinsto -(E-Xd) is an entity named Anna Livingstone. An entity which is named Anna Livingstone. -`` + -One should transliterate your name or moniker into Eberban, or select words from the dictionary to form one's name, if desired. +One should transliterate your name or moniker into Eberban, or select words from +the dictionary to form one's name, if desired. It should be noted that any foreign word can be borrowed, not just names. -`` gloss + +ubanbu + ubanbu -(E-Xd) is bamboo. + +{(E-Xd) is bamboo.} + An entity which is bamboo. -`` + + + +umakaroni -`` umakaroni -(E-Xd) is macaroni. + +{(E-Xd) is macaroni.} + An entity which is macaroni. -`` + ### Exercise 02.1: English to Eberban Transliteration *No mastery will come without work. To learn truly, follow the exercises.* @@ -81,31 +133,31 @@ Transliterate the following English words into Eberban. Paris - + Preferably, **upari**. However, **uparisi** is also acceptable. New York - + **uniu uior**. "York" may also be **uiorko**. Raymond Davis - + Preferably, **ureimon udeivisi**. "Raymond" may also be **ureimondo**, and "Davis" **udeivi**, but that sounds like "Davy". abalone - + **uabalon**. baseball - + Preferably, **ubeisbo**. However, **ubeisbolo** is also acceptable. @@ -115,13 +167,13 @@ Transliteration is more art than science -- so long as it resembles the original udiana usmiti - + Diana Smith ufiladelfia - + Philadelphia @@ -133,13 +185,13 @@ cheesecake uroberte u'urton - + Robert Urton uhaibiskusi - + hibiscus diff --git a/src/01phonology.md b/src/part-1/phonology.md similarity index 52% rename from src/01phonology.md rename to src/part-1/phonology.md index 09aee24..58da5c8 100644 --- a/src/01phonology.md +++ b/src/part-1/phonology.md @@ -1,18 +1,28 @@ -0 + -The phonology of Eberban is described in greater detail in [the official grammar book]. If technical explanations and IPA are desired, refer to it instead. This book will provide a layman's explanation. +# Phonology -Assuming that the reader is a native English speaker, all letters are spoken the same way as their English counterparts, but with a several exceptions. For vowels: +The phonology of Eberban is described in greater detail in [the official grammar +book](). If technical explanations and IPA are desired, refer to it instead. This +book will provide a layman's explanation. + +Assuming that the reader is a native English speaker, all letters are spoken the +same way as their English counterparts, but with a several exceptions. For +vowels: - **a** is spoken like in "f**a**ther", never like in "comm**a**". - **o** is spoken like in "l**o**rd", never like in "b**oo**t". - **e** is spoken like in "b**e**t", never like in "b**ee**t". - -Note that the English words used may not necessarily correspond with the canonical or correct pronunciation depending on your accent -- for those, refer to the official book. For consonants: +Note that the English words used may not necessarily correspond with the +canonical or correct pronunciation depending on your accent -- for those, refer +to the official book. For consonants: - **c** is the "sh" in "**sh**ell". -- The sound for **j** does not exist in English proper, but it's the "ge" in "lu**ge**" or the **g** in "bour**g**eois". It's the voiced equivalent of the previous letter, **c**. +- The sound for **j** does not exist in English proper, but it's the "ge" in + "lu**ge**" or the **g** in "bour**g**eois". It's the voiced equivalent of the + previous letter, **c**. - **tc** is the "ch" in "**ch**ime". - **dj** is the "j" in "**j**am". - diff --git a/src/part-1/reading-word-definitions.md b/src/part-1/reading-word-definitions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7bb0e9b --- /dev/null +++ b/src/part-1/reading-word-definitions.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +# Reading word definitions + +Let us consider transitive verbs and prepositions in English, specifically the +word **go**. This word is a transitive verb, meaning that it takes a subject and +an object. + +> I go there. +> +> SUBJ-1PS go OBJ-there + +One may generalize this and define **go** as such: + +> go: x1 goes to x2 + +This is the manner by which Eberban's vocabulary is defined. Each predicate has +one to four parameters which can be "filled" by arguments. Let us look at the +definition of an Eberban word, usually called a predicate. + +> **fuir** : (E-Xd) knows fact \[A-P0\] from source (O-Xd). + +What do the letters and numbers in the parentheticals mean? The first component +is a letter -- E, A, O or U, corresponding to the first, second, third, and +fourth places of the predicate respectively. The second component refers to the +type of argument the parameter accepts. + +- **X** parameters refer to concretes -- specific entities or an events. We + shall focus on X parameters exclusively for now. +- **P** parameters refer to propositions -- a particular abstract concept, + property, or relation. These are covered in [P chapter]() +- **S** parameters (not seen here) refer to sequences -- lists of X, P or S + arguments. These are covered in [S chapter]() +- **N** parameters refer to numbers. These are covered in [N chapter]() + +One does not need to worry about the third component as of now, but they will be +listed here for completeness. The third component refers to the distributivity +or collectivity of arguments for X parameters; the number of variables bound by +the proposition in P parameters; or the type of arguments to be listed in S +parameters. + +We will only cover predicates with X parameters from now until [P0 chapter](). +However, reading predicate definitions should be learned now, even if the other +three places will not be covered until later. + +> "filled" is quite a misnomer as one will see in later chapters, but it +> suffices for now. + +> Eberban is based on second order logic -- all root words are predicates. + +> Do you know why the parameters are labeled such? Ans: it is Eberban's +> alphabetical order. + + +### Simple definition reading exercise +### Extra credit: complex definition reading exercise \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/99-questions.md b/src/questions.md similarity index 100% rename from src/99-questions.md rename to src/questions.md