-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 4
/
Copy pathusing-r-main-crc.toc
263 lines (263 loc) · 19.4 KB
/
using-r-main-crc.toc
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
\babel@toc {british}{}\relax
\contentsline {fm}{List of Figures}{xi}{}%
\contentsline {fm}{List of Tables}{xiii}{}%
\contentsline {fm}{Preface}{xv}{}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Using the Book to Learn \textsf {R}\xspace }{1}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}Aims of This Chapter}{1}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}Approach and Structure}{1}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.3}Typographic and Naming Conventions}{3}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3.1}Call-outs}{3}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3.2}Code conventions and syntax highlighting}{4}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3.3}Diagrams}{4}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.4}Findings Answers to Problems}{5}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.4.1}What are the options?}{5}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.4.2}\textsf {R}\xspace 's built-in help}{5}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.4.3}Online forums}{6}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.5}Further Reading}{8}{}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}\textsf {R}\xspace : The Language and the Program}{9}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Aims of This Chapter}{9}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}What is \textsf {R}\xspace ?}{10}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.1}\textsf {R}\xspace as a language}{10}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.2}\textsf {R}\xspace as a computer program}{11}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Using \textsf {R}\xspace }{12}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.1}Editors and IDEs}{12}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.2}\textsf {R}\xspace sessions and workspaces}{14}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.3}Using \textsf {R}\xspace interactively}{15}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.4}Using \textsf {R}\xspace in a ``batch job''}{17}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.4}Reproducible Data Analysis with \textsf {R}\xspace }{18}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.5}Getting Ready to Use \textsf {R}\xspace }{20}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.6}Further Reading}{21}{}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}Base \textsf {R}\xspace : ``Words'' and ``Sentences''}{23}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}Aims of This Chapter}{23}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}Natural and Computer Languages}{24}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}Numeric Values and Arithmetic}{24}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}Character Values}{41}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.5}Logical Values and Boolean Algebra}{49}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.6}Comparison Operators and Operations}{52}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.7}Sets and Set Operations}{55}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.8}The Mode and Class of Objects}{59}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.9}Type Conversions}{60}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.10}Vector Manipulation}{64}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.11}Matrices and Multidimensional Arrays}{70}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.12}Factors}{79}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.13}Further Reading}{84}{}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}Base \textsf {R}\xspace : ``Collective Nouns''}{85}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Aims of This Chapter}{85}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}Data from Surveys and Experiments}{86}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Lists}{86}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.1}Member extraction, deletion and insertion}{87}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.2}Nested lists}{91}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.4}Data Frames}{94}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.1}Sub-setting data frames}{102}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.2}Summarising and splitting data frames}{105}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.3}Re-arranging columns and rows}{107}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.4}Re-encoding or adding variables}{109}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.5}Operating within data frames}{110}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.5}Reshaping and Editing Data Frames}{112}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.6}Attributes of \textsf {R}\xspace Objects}{114}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.7}Saving and Loading Data}{118}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.7.1}Data sets in \textsf {R}\xspace and packages}{118}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.7.2}.rda files}{118}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.7.3}.rds files}{120}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.7.4}\texttt {\addfontfeature {Scale = 0.89}{\setlength {\fboxsep }{0.05pt}\colorbox {codeshadecolor}{dput()\vphantom {tp}}}}}{121}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.8}Plotting}{121}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.8.1}Plotting data}{121}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.8.2}Graphical output}{122}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.9}Further Reading}{124}{}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}Base \textsf {R}\xspace : ``Paragraphs'' and ``Essays''}{125}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}Aims of This Chapter}{125}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}Writing Scripts}{125}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.1}What is a script?}{126}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.2}How do we use a script?}{127}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.3}How to write a script}{128}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.4}The need to be understandable to people}{129}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.5}Debugging scripts}{130}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}Compound Statements}{132}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.4}Function Calls}{133}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.5}Data Pipes}{134}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.6}Conditional Evaluation}{138}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.6.1}Non-vectorised \texttt {if}, \texttt {else} and \texttt {switch}}{138}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.6.2}Vectorised \texttt {ifelse()}}{144}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.7}Iteration}{146}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.7.1}\texttt {for} loops}{146}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.7.2}\texttt {while} loops}{150}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.7.3}\texttt {repeat} loops}{152}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.7.4}Nesting of loops}{153}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.8}Apply Functions}{154}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.8.1}Applying functions to vectors, lists and data frames}{154}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.8.2}Applying functions to matrices and arrays}{157}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.9}Functions that Replace Loops}{159}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.10}The Multiple Faces of Loops}{160}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.11}Iteration When Performance Is Important}{162}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.12}Object Names as Character Strings}{166}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.13}Clean-Up}{167}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.14}Further Reading}{168}{}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {6}Base \textsf {R}\xspace : Adding New ``Words''}{169}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.1}Aims of This Chapter}{169}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.2}Defining Functions and Operators}{169}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.1}Scope of names}{173}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.2}Ordinary functions}{174}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.3}Operators}{175}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.3}Objects, Classes and Methods}{176}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.4}Packages}{179}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4.1}Sharing of \textsf {R}\xspace -language extensions}{179}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4.2}Download, installation and use}{180}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4.3}Finding suitable packages}{183}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4.4}How packages work}{184}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.5}Further Reading}{185}{}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {7}Base \textsf {R}\xspace : ``Verbs'' and ``Nouns'' for Statistics}{187}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.1}Aims of This Chapter}{187}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.2}Statistical Summaries}{188}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.3}Standard Probability Distributions}{189}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.3.1}Density from parameters}{190}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.3.2}Probabilities from parameters and quantiles}{190}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.3.3}Quantiles from parameters and probabilities}{191}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.3.4}``Random'' draws from a distribution}{192}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.4}Observed Probability Distributions}{193}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.5}``Random'' Sampling}{194}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.6}Correlation}{195}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.6.1}Pearson's $r$}{195}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.6.2}Kendall's $\mittau $ and Spearman's $\mitrho $}{197}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.7}$t$-test}{197}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.8}Model Fitting in \textsf {R}\xspace }{199}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.9}Fitting Linear Models}{200}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.9.1}Regression}{202}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.9.2}Analysis of variance, ANOVA}{208}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.9.3}Analysis of covariance, ANCOVA}{213}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.9.4}Model update and selection}{213}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.10}Generalised Linear Models}{217}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.11}Non-Linear Regression}{220}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.12}Splines and Local Regression}{223}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.13}Model Formulas}{226}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.14}Time Series}{232}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.15}Multivariate Statistics}{236}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.15.1}Multivariate analysis of variance}{236}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.15.2}Principal components analysis}{236}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.15.3}Multidimensional scaling}{238}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.15.4}Cluster analysis}{240}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.16}Further Reading}{241}{}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {8}\textsf {R}\xspace Extensions: Data Wrangling}{243}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.1}Aims of This Chapter}{243}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.2}Introduction}{244}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.3}Packages Used in This Chapter}{246}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.4}Replacements for \texttt {data.frame}}{247}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.4.1}Package `\textsf {data.table}'\xspace }{247}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.4.2}Package `\textsf {tibble}'\xspace }{247}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.5}Data Pipes}{253}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.5.1}`\textsf {magrittr}'\xspace }{253}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.5.2}`\textsf {wrapr}'\xspace }{253}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.5.3}Comparing pipes}{254}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.6}Reshaping with `\textsf {tidyr}'\xspace }{256}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.7}Data Manipulation with `\textsf {dplyr}'\xspace }{259}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.7.1}Row-wise manipulations}{259}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.7.2}Group-wise manipulations}{262}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.7.3}Joins}{264}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.8}Times and Dates with `\textsf {lubridate}'\xspace }{267}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.9}Further Reading}{270}{}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {9}\textsf {R}\xspace Extensions: Grammar of Graphics}{271}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.1}Aims of This Chapter}{271}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.2}Packages Used in This Chapter}{271}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.3}The Components of a Plot}{272}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.4}The Grammar of Graphics}{273}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.4.1}The words of the grammar}{274}{}%
\contentsline {paragraph}{Data}{274}{}%
\contentsline {paragraph}{Mapping}{274}{}%
\contentsline {paragraph}{Statistics}{275}{}%
\contentsline {paragraph}{Geometries}{275}{}%
\contentsline {paragraph}{Positions}{275}{}%
\contentsline {paragraph}{Scales}{275}{}%
\contentsline {paragraph}{Coordinate systems}{276}{}%
\contentsline {paragraph}{Themes}{276}{}%
\contentsline {paragraph}{Operators}{276}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.4.2}The workings of the grammar}{276}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.4.3}Plot construction}{278}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.4.4}Plots as \textsf {R}\xspace objects}{286}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.4.5}Scales and mappings}{288}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.5}Geometries}{294}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.5.1}Point}{294}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.5.2}Rug}{299}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.5.3}Line and area}{300}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.5.4}Column}{303}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.5.5}Tiles}{304}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.5.6}Simple features (sf)}{306}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.5.7}Text}{306}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.5.8}Plot insets}{311}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.6}Statistics}{315}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.6.1}Functions}{316}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.6.2}Summaries}{317}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.6.3}Smoothers and models}{320}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.6.4}Frequencies and counts}{324}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.6.5}Density functions}{326}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.6.6}Box and whiskers plots}{328}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.6.7}Violin plots}{329}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.7}Flipped Plot Layers}{330}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.8}Facets}{335}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.9}Positions}{339}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.10}Scales}{341}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.10.1}Axis and key labels}{342}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.10.2}Continuous scales}{344}{}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Limits}{344}{}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Breaks and their labels}{347}{}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Transformed scales}{349}{}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Position of $x$ and $y$ axes}{350}{}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Secondary axes}{351}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.10.3}Time and date scales for $x$ and $y$}{351}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.10.4}Discrete scales for $x$ and $y$}{353}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.10.5}Size and line width}{354}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.10.6}Colour and fill}{355}{}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{Colour definitions in \textsf {R}\xspace }{355}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.10.7}Continuous colour-related scales}{357}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.10.8}Discrete colour-related scales}{357}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.10.9}Binned scales}{357}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.10.10}Identity scales}{358}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.11}Adding Annotations}{359}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.12}Coordinates and Circular Plots}{362}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.12.1}Wind-rose plots}{362}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.12.2}Pie charts}{364}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.13}Themes}{364}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.13.1}Complete themes}{365}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.13.2}Incomplete themes}{367}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.13.3}Defining a new theme}{368}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.14}Composing Plots}{369}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.15}Using \texttt {plotmath} Expressions}{371}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.16}Creating Complex Data Displays}{377}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.17}Creating Sets of Plots}{377}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.17.1}Saving plot layers and scales in variables}{377}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.17.2}Saving plot layers and scales in lists}{378}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.17.3}Using functions as building blocks}{378}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.18}Generating Output Files}{379}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.19}Debugging Ggplots}{380}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9.20}Further Reading}{381}{}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {10}Base \textsf {R}\xspace and Extensions: Data Sharing}{383}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.1}Aims of This Chapter}{383}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.2}Introduction}{384}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.3}Packages Used in This Chapter}{384}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.4}File Names and Operations}{385}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.5}Opening and Closing File Connections}{388}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.6}Plain-Text Files}{388}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.6.1}Base \textsf {R}\xspace and `\textsf {utils}'\xspace }{390}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.6.2}`\textsf {readr}'\xspace }{394}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.7}XML and HTML Files}{398}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.7.1}`\textsf {xml2}'\xspace }{398}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.8}GPX Files}{398}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.9}Worksheets}{399}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.9.1}CSV files as middlemen}{400}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.9.2}`\textsf {readxl}'\xspace }{401}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.9.3}`\textsf {xlsx}'\xspace }{402}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.9.4}`\textsf {readODS}'\xspace }{403}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.10}Statistical Software}{404}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.10.1}`\textsf {foreign}'\xspace }{404}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.10.2}`\textsf {haven}'\xspace }{405}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.11}NetCDF Files}{406}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.11.1}`\textsf {ncdf4}'\xspace }{407}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.11.2}`\textsf {tidync}'\xspace }{408}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.12}Remotely Located Data}{410}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.13}Databases}{412}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.14}Data Acquisition from Physical Devices}{413}{}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.14.1}`\textsf {jsonlite}'\xspace }{413}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10.15}Further Reading}{414}{}%
\contentsline {fm}{Bibliography}{415}{}%
\contentsline {fm}{General Index}{419}{}%
\contentsline {fm}{Alphabetic Index of \textsf {R}\xspace Names}{431}{}%
\contentsline {fm}{Index of \textsf {R}\xspace Names by Category}{439}{}%
\contentsline {fm}{Frequently Asked Questions}{447}{}%