gc.mli

(**************************************************************************)
(*                                                                        *)
(*                                 OCaml                                  *)
(*                                                                        *)
(*            Damien Doligez, projet Para, INRIA Rocquencourt             *)
(*            Jacques-Henri Jourdan, projet Gallium, INRIA Paris          *)
(*                                                                        *)
(*   Copyright 1996-2016 Institut National de Recherche en Informatique   *)
(*     et en Automatique.                                                 *)
(*                                                                        *)
(*   All rights reserved.  This file is distributed under the terms of    *)
(*   the GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1, with the          *)
(*   special exception on linking described in the file LICENSE.          *)
(*                                                                        *)
(**************************************************************************)

(** Memory management control and statistics; finalised values. *)

type stat =
  { minor_words : float;
    (** Number of words allocated in the minor heap since
       the program was started. *)

    promoted_words : float;
    (** Number of words allocated in the minor heap that
       survived a minor collection and were moved to the major heap
       since the program was started. *)

    major_words : float;
    (** Number of words allocated in the major heap, including
       the promoted words, since the program was started. *)

    minor_collections : int;
    (** Number of minor collections since the program was started. *)

    major_collections : int;
    (** Number of major collection cycles completed since the program
        was started. *)

    heap_words : int;
    (** Total size of the major heap, in words. *)

    heap_chunks : int;
    (** Number of contiguous pieces of memory that make up the major heap. *)

    live_words : int;
    (** Number of words of live data in the major heap, including the header
       words.

       Note that "live" words refers to every word in the major heap that isn't
       currently known to be collectable, which includes words that have become
       unreachable by the program after the start of the previous gc cycle.
       It is typically much simpler and more predictable to call
       {!Gc.full_major} (or {!Gc.compact}) then computing gc stats, as then
       "live" words has the simple meaning of "reachable by the program". One
       caveat is that a single call to {!Gc.full_major} will not reclaim values
       that have a finaliser from {!Gc.finalise} (this does not apply to
       {!Gc.finalise_last}). If this caveat matters, simply call
       {!Gc.full_major} twice instead of once.
     *)

    live_blocks : int;
    (** Number of live blocks in the major heap.

        See [live_words] for a caveat about what "live" means. *)

    free_words : int;
    (** Number of words in the free list. *)

    free_blocks : int;
    (** Number of blocks in the free list. *)

    largest_free : int;
    (** Size (in words) of the largest block in the free list. *)

    fragments : int;
    (** Number of wasted words due to fragmentation.  These are
       1-words free blocks placed between two live blocks.  They
       are not available for allocation. *)

    compactions : int;
    (** Number of heap compactions since the program was started. *)

    top_heap_words : int;
    (** Maximum size reached by the major heap, in words. *)

    stack_size: int;
    (** Current size of the stack, in words. @since 3.12.0 *)

    forced_major_collections: int;
    (** Number of forced full major collections completed since the program
        was started. @since 4.12.0 *)
}
(** The memory management counters are returned in a [stat] record. These
   counters give values for the whole program.

   The total amount of memory allocated by the program since it was started
   is (in words) [minor_words + major_words - promoted_words].  Multiply by
   the word size (4 on a 32-bit machine, 8 on a 64-bit machine) to get
   the number of bytes.
*)

type control =
  { minor_heap_size : int;
    (** The size (in words) of the minor heap.  Changing
       this parameter will trigger a minor collection. The total size of the
       minor heap used by this program will be this number multiplied by the
       number of active domains. Default: 256k. *)

    major_heap_increment : int;
    (** How much to add to the major heap when increasing it. If this
        number is less than or equal to 1000, it is a percentage of
        the current heap size (i.e. setting it to 100 will double the heap
        size at each increase). If it is more than 1000, it is a fixed
        number of words that will be added to the heap. Default: 15. *)

    space_overhead : int;
    (** The major GC speed is computed from this parameter.
       This is the memory that will be "wasted" because the GC does not
       immediately collect unreachable blocks.  It is expressed as a
       percentage of the memory used for live data.
       The GC will work more (use more CPU time and collect
       blocks more eagerly) if [space_overhead] is smaller.
       Default: 120. *)

    verbose : int;
    (** This value controls the GC messages on standard error output.
       It is a sum of some of the following flags, to print messages
       on the corresponding events:
       - [0x001] Start and end of major GC cycle.
       - [0x002] Minor collection and major GC slice.
       - [0x004] Growing and shrinking of the heap.
       - [0x008] Resizing of stacks and memory manager tables.
       - [0x010] Heap compaction.
       - [0x020] Change of GC parameters.
       - [0x040] Computation of major GC slice size.
       - [0x080] Calling of finalisation functions.
       - [0x100] Bytecode executable and shared library search at start-up.
       - [0x200] Computation of compaction-triggering condition.
       - [0x400] Output GC statistics at program exit.
       Default: 0. *)

    max_overhead : int;
    (** Heap compaction is triggered when the estimated amount
       of "wasted" memory is more than [max_overhead] percent of the
       amount of live data.  If [max_overhead] is set to 0, heap
       compaction is triggered at the end of each major GC cycle
       (this setting is intended for testing purposes only).
       If [max_overhead >= 1000000], compaction is never triggered.
       If compaction is permanently disabled, it is strongly suggested
       to set [allocation_policy] to 2.
       Default: 500. *)

    stack_limit : int;
    (** The maximum size of the fiber stacks (in words).
       Default: 1024k. *)

    allocation_policy : int;
    (** The policy used for allocating in the major heap.
        Possible values are 0, 1 and 2.

        - 0 is the next-fit policy, which is usually fast but can
          result in fragmentation, increasing memory consumption.

        - 1 is the first-fit policy, which avoids fragmentation but
          has corner cases (in certain realistic workloads) where it
          is sensibly slower.

        - 2 is the best-fit policy, which is fast and avoids
          fragmentation. In our experiments it is faster and uses less
          memory than both next-fit and first-fit.
          (since OCaml 4.10)

        The default is best-fit.

        On one example that was known to be bad for next-fit and first-fit,
        next-fit takes 28s using 855Mio of memory,
        first-fit takes 47s using 566Mio of memory,
        best-fit takes 27s using 545Mio of memory.

        Note: If you change to next-fit, you may need to reduce
        the [space_overhead] setting, for example using [80] instead
        of the default [120] which is tuned for best-fit. Otherwise,
        your program will need more memory.

        Note: changing the allocation policy at run-time forces
        a heap compaction, which is a lengthy operation unless the
        heap is small (e.g. at the start of the program).

        Default: 2.

        @since 3.11.0 *)

    window_size : int;
    (** The size of the window used by the major GC for smoothing
        out variations in its workload. This is an integer between
        1 and 50.
        Default: 1. @since 4.03.0 *)

    custom_major_ratio : int;
    (** Target ratio of floating garbage to major heap size for
        out-of-heap memory held by custom values located in the major
        heap. The GC speed is adjusted to try to use this much memory
        for dead values that are not yet collected. Expressed as a
        percentage of major heap size. The default value keeps the
        out-of-heap floating garbage about the same size as the
        in-heap overhead.
        Note: this only applies to values allocated with
        [caml_alloc_custom_mem] (e.g. bigarrays).
        Default: 44.
        @since 4.08.0 *)

    custom_minor_ratio : int;
    (** Bound on floating garbage for out-of-heap memory held by
        custom values in the minor heap. A minor GC is triggered when
        this much memory is held by custom values located in the minor
        heap. Expressed as a percentage of minor heap size.
        Note: this only applies to values allocated with
        [caml_alloc_custom_mem] (e.g. bigarrays).
        Default: 100.
        @since 4.08.0 *)

    custom_minor_max_size : int;
    (** Maximum amount of out-of-heap memory for each custom value
        allocated in the minor heap. When a custom value is allocated
        on the minor heap and holds more than this many bytes, only
        this value is counted against [custom_minor_ratio] and the
        rest is directly counted against [custom_major_ratio].
        Note: this only applies to values allocated with
        [caml_alloc_custom_mem] (e.g. bigarrays).
        Default: 8192 bytes.
        @since 4.08.0 *)
  }
(** The GC parameters are given as a [control] record.  Note that
    these parameters can also be initialised by setting the
    OCAMLRUNPARAM environment variable.  See the documentation of
    [ocamlrun]. *)

external stat : unit -> stat = "caml_gc_stat"
(** Return the current values of the memory management counters in a
   [stat] record that represent the program's total memory stats.
   This function causes a full major collection. *)

external quick_stat : unit -> stat = "caml_gc_quick_stat"
(** Same as [stat] except that [live_words], [live_blocks], [free_words],
    [free_blocks], [largest_free], and [fragments] are set to 0. Due to
    per-domain buffers it may only represent the state of the program's
    total memory usage since the last minor collection. This function is
    much faster than [stat] because it does not need to trigger a full
    major collection. *)

external counters : unit -> float * float * float = "caml_gc_counters"
(** Return [(minor_words, promoted_words, major_words)] for the current
    domain or potentially previous domains.  This function is as fast as
    [quick_stat]. *)

external minor_words : unit -> (float [@unboxed])
  = "caml_gc_minor_words" "caml_gc_minor_words_unboxed"
(** Number of words allocated in the minor heap by this domain or potentially
    previous domains. This number is accurate in byte-code programs, but
    only an approximation in programs compiled to native code.

    In native code this function does not allocate.

    @since 4.04 *)

external get : unit -> control = "caml_gc_get"
(** Return the current values of the GC parameters in a [control] record. *)

external set : control -> unit = "caml_gc_set"
(** [set r] changes the GC parameters according to the [control] record [r].
   The normal usage is: [Gc.set { (Gc.get()) with Gc.verbose = 0x00d }] *)

external minor : unit -> unit = "caml_gc_minor"
(** Trigger a minor collection. *)

external major_slice : int -> int = "caml_gc_major_slice"
(** [major_slice n]
    Do a minor collection and a slice of major collection. [n] is the
    size of the slice: the GC will do enough work to free (on average)
    [n] words of memory. If [n] = 0, the GC will try to do enough work
    to ensure that the next automatic slice has no work to do.
    This function returns an unspecified integer (currently: 0). *)

external major : unit -> unit = "caml_gc_major"
(** Do a minor collection and finish the current major collection cycle. *)

external full_major : unit -> unit = "caml_gc_full_major"
(** Do a minor collection, finish the current major collection cycle,
   and perform a complete new cycle.  This will collect all currently
   unreachable blocks. *)

external compact : unit -> unit = "caml_gc_compaction"
(** Perform a full major collection and compact the heap.  Note that heap
   compaction is a lengthy operation. *)

val print_stat : out_channel -> unit
(** Print the current values of the memory management counters (in
   human-readable form) of the total program into the channel argument. *)

val allocated_bytes : unit -> float
(** Return the number of bytes allocated by this domain and potentially
   a previous domain. It is returned as a [float] to avoid overflow problems
   with [int] on 32-bit machines. *)

external get_minor_free : unit -> int = "caml_get_minor_free"
(** Return the current size of the free space inside the minor heap of this
   domain.

    @since 4.03.0 *)

val finalise : ('a -> unit) -> 'a -> unit
(** [finalise f v] registers [f] as a finalisation function for [v].
   [v] must be heap-allocated.  [f] will be called with [v] as
   argument at some point between the first time [v] becomes unreachable
   (including through weak pointers) and the time [v] is collected by
   the GC. Several functions can
   be registered for the same value, or even several instances of the
   same function.  Each instance will be called once (or never,
   if the program terminates before [v] becomes unreachable).

   The GC will call the finalisation functions in the order of
   deallocation.  When several values become unreachable at the
   same time (i.e. during the same GC cycle), the finalisation
   functions will be called in the reverse order of the corresponding
   calls to [finalise].  If [finalise] is called in the same order
   as the values are allocated, that means each value is finalised
   before the values it depends upon.  Of course, this becomes
   false if additional dependencies are introduced by assignments.

   In the presence of multiple OCaml threads it should be assumed that
   any particular finaliser may be executed in any of the threads.

   Anything reachable from the closure of finalisation functions
   is considered reachable, so the following code will not work
   as expected:
   - [ let v = ... in Gc.finalise (fun _ -> ...v...) v ]

   Instead you should make sure that [v] is not in the closure of
   the finalisation function by writing:
   - [ let f = fun x -> ...  let v = ... in Gc.finalise f v ]


   The [f] function can use all features of OCaml, including
   assignments that make the value reachable again.  It can also
   loop forever (in this case, the other
   finalisation functions will not be called during the execution of f,
   unless it calls [finalise_release]).
   It can call [finalise] on [v] or other values to register other
   functions or even itself.  It can raise an exception; in this case
   the exception will interrupt whatever the program was doing when
   the function was called.


   [finalise] will raise [Invalid_argument] if [v] is not
   guaranteed to be heap-allocated.  Some examples of values that are not
   heap-allocated are integers, constant constructors, booleans,
   the empty array, the empty list, the unit value.  The exact list
   of what is heap-allocated or not is implementation-dependent.
   Some constant values can be heap-allocated but never deallocated
   during the lifetime of the program, for example a list of integer
   constants; this is also implementation-dependent.
   Note that values of types [float] are sometimes allocated and
   sometimes not, so finalising them is unsafe, and [finalise] will
   also raise [Invalid_argument] for them. Values of type ['a Lazy.t]
   (for any ['a]) are like [float] in this respect, except that the
   compiler sometimes optimizes them in a way that prevents [finalise]
   from detecting them. In this case, it will not raise
   [Invalid_argument], but you should still avoid calling [finalise]
   on lazy values.


   The results of calling {!String.make}, {!Bytes.make}, {!Bytes.create},
   {!Array.make}, and {!Stdlib.ref} are guaranteed to be
   heap-allocated and non-constant except when the length argument is [0].
*)

val finalise_last : (unit -> unit) -> 'a -> unit
(** same as {!finalise} except the value is not given as argument. So
    you can't use the given value for the computation of the
    finalisation function. The benefit is that the function is called
    after the value is unreachable for the last time instead of the
    first time. So contrary to {!finalise} the value will never be
    reachable again or used again. In particular every weak pointer
    and ephemeron that contained this value as key or data is unset
    before running the finalisation function. Moreover the finalisation
    functions attached with {!finalise} are always called before the
    finalisation functions attached with {!finalise_last}.

    @since 4.04
*)

val finalise_release : unit -> unit
(** A finalisation function may call [finalise_release] to tell the
    GC that it can launch the next finalisation function without waiting
    for the current one to return. *)

type alarm
(** An alarm is a piece of data that calls a user function at the end of
   each major GC cycle.  The following functions are provided to create
   and delete alarms. *)

val create_alarm : (unit -> unit) -> alarm
(** [create_alarm f] will arrange for [f] to be called at the end of each
   major GC cycle, starting with the current cycle or the next one.
   A value of type [alarm] is returned that you can
   use to call [delete_alarm]. *)

val delete_alarm : alarm -> unit
(** [delete_alarm a] will stop the calls to the function associated
   to [a]. Calling [delete_alarm a] again has no effect. *)

external eventlog_pause : unit -> unit = "caml_eventlog_pause"
(** [eventlog_pause ()] will pause the collection of traces in the
   runtime.
   Traces are collected if the program is linked to the instrumented runtime
   and started with the environment variable OCAML_EVENTLOG_ENABLED.
   Events are flushed to disk after pausing, and no new events will be
   recorded until [eventlog_resume] is called. *)

external eventlog_resume : unit -> unit = "caml_eventlog_resume"
(** [eventlog_resume ()] will resume the collection of traces in the
   runtime.
   Traces are collected if the program is linked to the instrumented runtime
   and started with the environment variable OCAML_EVENTLOG_ENABLED.
   This call can be used after calling [eventlog_pause], or if the program
   was started with OCAML_EVENTLOG_ENABLED=p. (which pauses the collection of
   traces before the first event.) *)


(** [Memprof] is a sampling engine for allocated memory words. Every
   allocated word has a probability of being sampled equal to a
   configurable sampling rate. Once a block is sampled, it becomes
   tracked. A tracked block triggers a user-defined callback as soon
   as it is allocated, promoted or deallocated.

   Since blocks are composed of several words, a block can potentially
   be sampled several times. If a block is sampled several times, then
   each of the callback is called once for each event of this block:
   the multiplicity is given in the [n_samples] field of the
   [allocation] structure.

   This engine makes it possible to implement a low-overhead memory
   profiler as an OCaml library.

   Note: this API is EXPERIMENTAL. It may change without prior
   notice. *)
module Memprof :
  sig
    type allocation_source = Normal | Marshal | Custom
    type allocation = private
      { n_samples : int;
        (** The number of samples in this block (>= 1). *)

        size : int;
        (** The size of the block, in words, excluding the header. *)

        source : allocation_source;
        (** The type of the allocation. *)

        callstack : Printexc.raw_backtrace
        (** The callstack for the allocation. *)
      }
    (** The type of metadata associated with allocations. This is the
       type of records passed to the callback triggered by the
       sampling of an allocation. *)

    type ('minor, 'major) tracker = {
      alloc_minor: allocation -> 'minor option;
      alloc_major: allocation -> 'major option;
      promote: 'minor -> 'major option;
      dealloc_minor: 'minor -> unit;
      dealloc_major: 'major -> unit;
    }
    (**
       A [('minor, 'major) tracker] describes how memprof should track
       sampled blocks over their lifetime, keeping a user-defined piece
       of metadata for each of them: ['minor] is the type of metadata
       to keep for minor blocks, and ['major] the type of metadata
       for major blocks.

       When using threads, it is guaranteed that allocation callbacks are
       always run in the thread where the allocation takes place.

       If an allocation-tracking or promotion-tracking function returns [None],
       memprof stops tracking the corresponding value.
     *)

    val null_tracker: ('minor, 'major) tracker
    (** Default callbacks simply return [None] or [()] *)

    val start :
      sampling_rate:float ->
      ?callstack_size:int ->
      ('minor, 'major) tracker ->
      unit
    (** Start the sampling with the given parameters. Fails if
       sampling is already active.

       The parameter [sampling_rate] is the sampling rate in samples
       per word (including headers). Usually, with cheap callbacks, a
       rate of 1e-4 has no visible effect on performance, and 1e-3
       causes the program to run a few percent slower

       The parameter [callstack_size] is the length of the callstack
       recorded at every sample. Its default is [max_int].

       The parameter [tracker] determines how to track sampled blocks
       over their lifetime in the minor and major heap.

       Sampling is temporarily disabled when calling a callback
       for the current thread. So they do not need to be re-entrant if
       the program is single-threaded. However, if threads are used,
       it is possible that a context switch occurs during a callback,
       in this case the callback functions must be re-entrant.

       Note that the callback can be postponed slightly after the
       actual event. The callstack passed to the callback is always
       accurate, but the program state may have evolved. *)

    val stop : unit -> unit
    (** Stop the sampling. Fails if sampling is not active.

        This function does not allocate memory.

        All the already tracked blocks are discarded. If there are
        pending postponed callbacks, they may be discarded.

        Calling [stop] when a callback is running can lead to
        callbacks not being called even though some events happened. *)
end