diff --git a/man/en/functions.html b/man/en/functions.html index 2dce84a73f..013ecb1e6f 100644 --- a/man/en/functions.html +++ b/man/en/functions.html @@ -440,6 +440,22 @@
requirement
, e.g., ">=0.1.0"
, returning "true"
if so and "false"
otherwise.
+style(name)
master - Return a named terminal display attribute
+escape sequence used by just
. Unlike terminal display attribute escape
+sequence constants, which contain standard colors and styles, style(name)
+returns an escape sequence used by just
itself, and can be used to make
+recipe output match just
’s own output.
Recognized values for name
are 'command'
, for echoed recipe lines,
+error
, and warning
.
For example, to style an error message:
+scary:
+ @echo '{{ style("error") }}OH NO{{ NORMAL }}'
+
+These functions return paths to user-specific directories for things like configuration, data, caches, executables, and the user’s home directory. These diff --git a/man/en/print.html b/man/en/print.html index dd40e1747d..30be9f6cac 100644 --- a/man/en/print.html +++ b/man/en/print.html @@ -1572,6 +1572,22 @@
requirement
, e.g., ">=0.1.0"
, returning "true"
if so and "false"
otherwise.
+style(name)
master - Return a named terminal display attribute
+escape sequence used by just
. Unlike terminal display attribute escape
+sequence constants, which contain standard colors and styles, style(name)
+returns an escape sequence used by just
itself, and can be used to make
+recipe output match just
’s own output.
Recognized values for name
are 'command'
, for echoed recipe lines,
+error
, and warning
.
For example, to style an error message:
+scary:
+ @echo '{{ style("error") }}OH NO{{ NORMAL }}'
+
+These functions return paths to user-specific directories for things like
configuration, data, caches, executables, and the user’s home directory. These
diff --git a/man/en/searchindex.js b/man/en/searchindex.js
index 54d2ba159e..1e61301f0e 100644
--- a/man/en/searchindex.js
+++ b/man/en/searchindex.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Object.assign(window.search, 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just is a handy way to save and run project-specific commands. This readme is also available as a book . (中文文档在 这里 , 快看过来!) Commands, called recipes, are stored in a file called justfile with syntax inspired by make: screenshot You can then run them with just RECIPE: $ just test-all\ncc *.c -o main\n./test --all\nYay, all your tests passed! just has a ton of useful features, and many improvements over make: just is a command runner, not a build system, so it avoids much of make’s complexity and idiosyncrasies . No need for .PHONY recipes! Linux, MacOS, and Windows are supported with no additional dependencies. (Although if your system doesn’t have an sh, you’ll need to choose a different shell .) Errors are specific and informative, and syntax errors are reported along with their source context. Recipes can accept command line arguments . Wherever possible, errors are resolved statically. Unknown recipes and circular dependencies are reported before anything runs. just loads .env files , making it easy to populate environment variables. Recipes can be listed from the command line . Command line completion scripts are available for most popular shells . Recipes can be written in arbitrary languages , like Python or NodeJS. just can be invoked from any subdirectory, not just the directory that contains the justfile. And much more ! If you need help with just please feel free to open an issue or ping me on Discord . Feature requests and bug reports are always welcome!","breadcrumbs":"Introduction","id":"0","title":"Introduction"},"1":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Installation » Installation","id":"1","title":"Installation"},"10":{"body":"vim-just The vim-just plugin provides syntax highlighting for justfiles. Install it with your favorite package manager, like Plug : call plug#begin() Plug 'NoahTheDuke/vim-just' call plug#end() Or with Vim’s built-in package support: mkdir -p ~/.vim/pack/vendor/start\ncd ~/.vim/pack/vendor/start\ngit clone https://github.com/NoahTheDuke/vim-just.git tree-sitter-just tree-sitter-just is an Nvim Treesitter plugin for Neovim. Makefile Syntax Highlighting Vim’s built-in makefile syntax highlighting isn’t perfect for justfiles, but it’s better than nothing. You can put the following in ~/.vim/filetype.vim: if exists(\"did_load_filetypes\") finish\nendif augroup filetypedetect au BufNewFile,BufRead justfile setf make\naugroup END Or add the following to an individual justfile to enable make mode on a per-file basis: # vim: set ft=make :","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Editor Support » Vim and Neovim » Vim and Neovim","id":"10","title":"Vim and Neovim"},"11":{"body":"just-mode provides syntax highlighting and automatic indentation of justfiles. It is available on MELPA as just-mode . justl provides commands for executing and listing recipes. You can add the following to an individual justfile to enable make mode on a per-file basis: # Local Variables:\n# mode: makefile\n# End:","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Editor Support » Emacs » Emacs","id":"11","title":"Emacs"},"12":{"body":"An extension for VS Code is available here . Unmaintained VS Code extensions include skellock/vscode-just and sclu1034/vscode-just .","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Editor Support » Visual Studio Code » Visual Studio Code","id":"12","title":"Visual Studio Code"},"13":{"body":"A plugin for JetBrains IDEs by linux_china is available here .","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Editor Support » JetBrains IDEs » JetBrains IDEs","id":"13","title":"JetBrains IDEs"},"14":{"body":"Kakoune supports justfile syntax highlighting out of the box, thanks to TeddyDD.","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Editor Support » Kakoune » Kakoune","id":"14","title":"Kakoune"},"15":{"body":"Helix supports justfile syntax highlighting out-of-the-box since version 23.05.","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Editor Support » Helix » Helix","id":"15","title":"Helix"},"16":{"body":"The Just package by nk9 with just syntax and some other tools is available on PackageControl .","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Editor Support » Sublime Text » Sublime Text","id":"16","title":"Sublime Text"},"17":{"body":"Micro supports Justfile syntax highlighting out of the box, thanks to tomodachi94 .","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Editor Support » Micro » Micro","id":"17","title":"Micro"},"18":{"body":"Feel free to send me the commands necessary to get syntax highlighting working in your editor of choice so that I may include them here.","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Editor Support » Other Editors » Other Editors","id":"18","title":"Other Editors"},"19":{"body":"See the installation section for how to install just on your computer. Try running just --version to make sure that it’s installed correctly. For an overview of the syntax, check out this cheatsheet . Once just is installed and working, create a file named justfile in the root of your project with the following contents: recipe-name: echo 'This is a recipe!' # this is a comment\nanother-recipe: @echo 'This is another recipe.' When you invoke just it looks for file justfile in the current directory and upwards, so you can invoke it from any subdirectory of your project. The search for a justfile is case insensitive, so any case, like Justfile, JUSTFILE, or JuStFiLe, will work. just will also look for files with the name .justfile, in case you’d like to hide a justfile. Running just with no arguments runs the first recipe in the justfile: $ just\necho 'This is a recipe!'\nThis is a recipe! One or more arguments specify the recipe(s) to run: $ just another-recipe\nThis is another recipe. just prints each command to standard error before running it, which is why echo 'This is a recipe!' was printed. This is suppressed for lines starting with @, which is why echo 'This is another recipe.' was not printed. Recipes stop running if a command fails. Here cargo publish will only run if cargo test succeeds: publish: cargo test # tests passed, time to publish! cargo publish Recipes can depend on other recipes. Here the test recipe depends on the build recipe, so build will run before test: build: cc main.c foo.c bar.c -o main test: build ./test sloc: @echo \"`wc -l *.c` lines of code\" $ just test\ncc main.c foo.c bar.c -o main\n./test\ntesting… all tests passed! Recipes without dependencies will run in the order they’re given on the command line: $ just build sloc\ncc main.c foo.c bar.c -o main\n1337 lines of code Dependencies will always run first, even if they are passed after a recipe that depends on them: $ just test build\ncc main.c foo.c bar.c -o main\n./test\ntesting… all tests passed!","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Quick Start » Quick Start","id":"19","title":"Quick Start"},"2":{"body":"just should run on any system with a reasonable sh, including Linux, MacOS, and the BSDs. On Windows, just works with the sh provided by Git for Windows , GitHub Desktop , or Cygwin . If you’d rather not install sh, you can use the shell setting to use the shell of your choice. Like PowerShell: # use PowerShell instead of sh:\nset shell := [\"powershell.exe\", \"-c\"] hello: Write-Host \"Hello, world!\" …or cmd.exe: # use cmd.exe instead of sh:\nset shell := [\"cmd.exe\", \"/c\"] list: dir You can also set the shell using command-line arguments. For example, to use PowerShell, launch just with --shell powershell.exe --shell-arg -c. (PowerShell is installed by default on Windows 7 SP1 and Windows Server 2008 R2 S1 and later, and cmd.exe is quite fiddly, so PowerShell is recommended for most Windows users.)","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Installation » Prerequisites » Prerequisites","id":"2","title":"Prerequisites"},"20":{"body":"A variety of justfiles can be found in the examples directory and on GitHub .","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Examples » Examples","id":"20","title":"Examples"},"21":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Features","id":"21","title":"Features"},"22":{"body":"When just is invoked without a recipe, it runs the first recipe in the justfile. This recipe might be the most frequently run command in the project, like running the tests: test: cargo test You can also use dependencies to run multiple recipes by default: default: lint build test build: echo Building… test: echo Testing… lint: echo Linting… If no recipe makes sense as the default recipe, you can add a recipe to the beginning of your justfile that lists the available recipes: default: just --list","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » The Default Recipe » The Default Recipe","id":"22","title":"The Default Recipe"},"23":{"body":"Recipes can be listed in alphabetical order with just --list: $ just --list\nAvailable recipes: build test deploy lint Recipes in submodules can be listed with just --list PATH, where PATH is a space- or ::-separated module path: $ cat justfile\nmod foo\n$ cat foo.just\nmod bar\n$ cat bar.just\nbaz:\n$ just foo bar\nAvailable recipes: baz\n$ just foo::bar\nAvailable recipes: baz just --summary is more concise: $ just --summary\nbuild test deploy lint Pass --unsorted to print recipes in the order they appear in the justfile: test: echo 'Testing!' build: echo 'Building!' $ just --list --unsorted\nAvailable recipes: test build $ just --summary --unsorted\ntest build If you’d like just to default to listing the recipes in the justfile, you can use this as your default recipe: default: @just --list Note that you may need to add --justfile {{justfile()}} to the line above. Without it, if you executed just -f /some/distant/justfile -d . or just -f ./non-standard-justfile, the plain just --list inside the recipe would not necessarily use the file you provided. It would try to find a justfile in your current path, maybe even resulting in a No justfile found error. The heading text can be customized with --list-heading: $ just --list --list-heading $'Cool stuff…\\n'\nCool stuff… test build And the indentation can be customized with --list-prefix: $ just --list --list-prefix ····\nAvailable recipes:\n····test\n····build The argument to --list-heading replaces both the heading and the newline following it, so it should contain a newline if non-empty. It works this way so you can suppress the heading line entirely by passing the empty string: $ just --list --list-heading '' test build","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Listing Available Recipes » Listing Available Recipes","id":"23","title":"Listing Available Recipes"},"24":{"body":"Multiple recipes may be invoked on the command line at once: build: make web serve: python3 -m http.server -d out 8000 $ just build serve\nmake web\npython3 -m http.server -d out 8000 Keep in mind that recipes with parameters will swallow arguments, even if they match the names of other recipes: build project: make {{project}} serve: python3 -m http.server -d out 8000 $ just build serve\nmake: *** No rule to make target `serve'. Stop. The --one flag can be used to restrict command-line invocations to a single recipe: $ just --one build serve\nerror: Expected 1 command-line recipe invocation but found 2.","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Invoking Multiple Recipes » Invoking Multiple Recipes","id":"24","title":"Invoking Multiple Recipes"},"25":{"body":"By default, recipes run with the working directory set to the directory that contains the justfile. The [no-cd] attribute can be used to make recipes run with the working directory set to directory in which just was invoked. @foo: pwd [no-cd]\n@bar: pwd $ cd subdir\n$ just foo\n/\n$ just bar\n/subdir You can override working directory with set working-directory := '…', whose value is relative to the default working directory. set working-directory := 'bar' @foo: pwd $ pwd\n/home/bob\n$ just foo\n/home/bob/bar","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Working Directory » Working Directory","id":"25","title":"Working Directory"},"26":{"body":"Aliases allow recipes to be invoked on the command line with alternative names: alias b := build build: echo 'Building!' $ just b\necho 'Building!'\nBuilding!","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Aliases » Aliases","id":"26","title":"Aliases"},"27":{"body":"Settings control interpretation and execution. Each setting may be specified at most once, anywhere in the justfile. For example: set shell := [\"zsh\", \"-cu\"] foo: # this line will be run as `zsh -cu 'ls **/*.txt'` ls **/*.txt Table of Settings Name Value Default Description allow-duplicate-recipes boolean false Allow recipes appearing later in a justfile to override earlier recipes with the same name. allow-duplicate-variables boolean false Allow variables appearing later in a justfile to override earlier variables with the same name. dotenv-filename string - Load a .env file with a custom name, if present. dotenv-load boolean false Load a .env file, if present. dotenv-path string - Load a .env file from a custom path and error if not present. Overrides dotenv-filename. dotenv-required boolean false Error if a .env file isn’t found. export boolean false Export all variables as environment variables. fallback boolean false Search justfile in parent directory if the first recipe on the command line is not found. ignore-comments boolean false Ignore recipe lines beginning with #. positional-arguments boolean false Pass positional arguments. script-interpreter1.33.0 [COMMAND, ARGS…] ['sh', '-eu'] Set command used to invoke recipes with empty [script] attribute. shell [COMMAND, ARGS…] - Set command used to invoke recipes and evaluate backticks. tempdir string - Create temporary directories in tempdir instead of the system default temporary directory. unstable1.31.0 boolean false Enable unstable features. windows-powershell boolean false Use PowerShell on Windows as default shell. (Deprecated. Use windows-shell instead. windows-shell [COMMAND, ARGS…] - Set the command used to invoke recipes and evaluate backticks. working-directory1.33.0 string - Set the working directory for recipes and backticks, relative to the default working directory. Boolean settings can be written as: set NAME Which is equivalent to: set NAME := true Allow Duplicate Recipes If allow-duplicate-recipes is set to true, defining multiple recipes with the same name is not an error and the last definition is used. Defaults to false. set allow-duplicate-recipes @foo: echo foo @foo: echo bar $ just foo\nbar Allow Duplicate Variables If allow-duplicate-variables is set to true, defining multiple variables with the same name is not an error and the last definition is used. Defaults to false. set allow-duplicate-variables a := \"foo\"\na := \"bar\" @foo: echo $a $ just foo\nbar Dotenv Settings If any of dotenv-load, dotenv-filename, dotenv-path, or dotenv-required are set, just will try to load environment variables from a file. If dotenv-path is set, just will look for a file at the given path, which may be absolute, or relative to the working directory. The command-line option --dotenv-path, short form -E, can be used to set or override dotenv-path at runtime. If dotenv-filename is set just will look for a file at the given path, relative to the working directory and each of its ancestors. If dotenv-filename is not set, but dotenv-load or dotenv-required are set, just will look for a file named .env, relative to the working directory and each of its ancestors. dotenv-filename and dotenv-path are similar, but dotenv-path is only checked relative to the working directory, whereas dotenv-filename is checked relative to the working directory and each of its ancestors. It is not an error if an environment file is not found, unless dotenv-required is set. The loaded variables are environment variables, not just variables, and so must be accessed using $VARIABLE_NAME in recipes and backticks. For example, if your .env file contains: # a comment, will be ignored\nDATABASE_ADDRESS=localhost:6379\nSERVER_PORT=1337 And your justfile contains: set dotenv-load serve: @echo \"Starting server with database $DATABASE_ADDRESS on port $SERVER_PORT…\" ./server --database $DATABASE_ADDRESS --port $SERVER_PORT just serve will output: $ just serve\nStarting server with database localhost:6379 on port 1337…\n./server --database $DATABASE_ADDRESS --port $SERVER_PORT Export The export setting causes all just variables to be exported as environment variables. Defaults to false. set export a := \"hello\" @foo b: echo $a echo $b $ just foo goodbye\nhello\ngoodbye Positional Arguments If positional-arguments is true, recipe arguments will be passed as positional arguments to commands. For linewise recipes, argument $0 will be the name of the recipe. For example, running this recipe: set positional-arguments @foo bar: echo $0 echo $1 Will produce the following output: $ just foo hello\nfoo\nhello When using an sh-compatible shell, such as bash or zsh, $@ expands to the positional arguments given to the recipe, starting from one. When used within double quotes as \"$@\", arguments including whitespace will be passed on as if they were double-quoted. That is, \"$@\" is equivalent to \"$1\" \"$2\"… When there are no positional parameters, \"$@\" and $@ expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). This example recipe will print arguments one by one on separate lines: set positional-arguments @test *args='': bash -c 'while (( \"$#\" )); do echo - $1; shift; done' -- \"$@\" Running it with two arguments: $ just test foo \"bar baz\"\n- foo\n- bar baz Positional arguments may also be turned on on a per-recipe basis with the [positional-arguments] attribute1.29.0: [positional-arguments]\n@foo bar: echo $0 echo $1 Note that PowerShell does not handle positional arguments in the same way as other shells, so turning on positional arguments will likely break recipes that use PowerShell. If using PowerShell 7.4 or better, the -CommandWithArgs flag will make positional arguments work as expected: set shell := ['pwsh.exe', '-CommandWithArgs']\nset positional-arguments print-args a b c: Write-Output @($args[1..($args.Count - 1)]) Shell The shell setting controls the command used to invoke recipe lines and backticks. Shebang recipes are unaffected. The default shell is sh -cu. # use python3 to execute recipe lines and backticks\nset shell := [\"python3\", \"-c\"] # use print to capture result of evaluation\nfoos := `print(\"foo\" * 4)` foo: print(\"Snake snake snake snake.\") print(\"{{foos}}\") just passes the command to be executed as an argument. Many shells will need an additional flag, often -c, to make them evaluate the first argument. Windows Shell just uses sh on Windows by default. To use a different shell on Windows, use windows-shell: set windows-shell := [\"powershell.exe\", \"-NoLogo\", \"-Command\"] hello: Write-Host \"Hello, world!\" See powershell.just for a justfile that uses PowerShell on all platforms. Windows PowerShell set windows-powershell uses the legacy powershell.exe binary, and is no longer recommended. See the windows-shell setting above for a more flexible way to control which shell is used on Windows. just uses sh on Windows by default. To use powershell.exe instead, set windows-powershell to true. set windows-powershell := true hello: Write-Host \"Hello, world!\" Python 3 set shell := [\"python3\", \"-c\"] Bash set shell := [\"bash\", \"-uc\"] Z Shell set shell := [\"zsh\", \"-uc\"] Fish set shell := [\"fish\", \"-c\"] Nushell set shell := [\"nu\", \"-c\"] If you want to change the default table mode to light: set shell := ['nu', '-m', 'light', '-c'] Nushell was written in Rust, and has cross-platform support for Windows / macOS and Linux .","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Settings » Settings","id":"27","title":"Settings"},"28":{"body":"Comments immediately preceding a recipe will appear in just --list: # build stuff\nbuild: ./bin/build # test stuff\ntest: ./bin/test $ just --list\nAvailable recipes: build # build stuff test # test stuff The [doc] attribute can be used to set or suppress a recipe’s doc comment: # This comment won't appear\n[doc('Build stuff')]\nbuild: ./bin/build # This one won't either\n[doc]\ntest: ./bin/test $ just --list\nAvailable recipes: build # Build stuff test","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Documentation Comments » Documentation Comments","id":"28","title":"Documentation Comments"},"29":{"body":"Various operators and function calls are supported in expressions, which may be used in assignments, default recipe arguments, and inside recipe body {{…}} substitutions. tmpdir := `mktemp -d`\nversion := \"0.2.7\"\ntardir := tmpdir / \"awesomesauce-\" + version\ntarball := tardir + \".tar.gz\"\nconfig := quote(config_dir() / \".project-config\") publish: rm -f {{tarball}} mkdir {{tardir}} cp README.md *.c {{ config }} {{tardir}} tar zcvf {{tarball}} {{tardir}} scp {{tarball}} me@server.com:release/ rm -rf {{tarball}} {{tardir}} Concatenation The + operator returns the left-hand argument concatenated with the right-hand argument: foobar := 'foo' + 'bar' Logical Operators The logical operators && and || can be used to coalesce string valuesmaster, similar to Python’s and and or. These operators consider the empty string '' to be false, and all other strings to be true. These operators are currently unstable. The && operator returns the empty string if the left-hand argument is the empty string, otherwise it returns the right-hand argument: foo := '' && 'goodbye' # ''\nbar := 'hello' && 'goodbye' # 'goodbye' The || operator returns the left-hand argument if it is non-empty, otherwise it returns the right-hand argument: foo := '' || 'goodbye' # 'goodbye'\nbar := 'hello' || 'goodbye' # 'hello' Joining Paths The / operator can be used to join two strings with a slash: foo := \"a\" / \"b\" $ just --evaluate foo\na/b Note that a / is added even if one is already present: foo := \"a/\"\nbar := foo / \"b\" $ just --evaluate bar\na//b Absolute paths can also be constructed1.5.0: foo := / \"b\" $ just --evaluate foo\n/b The / operator uses the / character, even on Windows. Thus, using the / operator should be avoided with paths that use universal naming convention (UNC), i.e., those that start with \\?, since forward slashes are not supported with UNC paths. Escaping {{ To write a recipe containing {{, use {{{{: braces: echo 'I {{{{LOVE}} curly braces!' (An unmatched }} is ignored, so it doesn’t need to be escaped.) Another option is to put all the text you’d like to escape inside of an interpolation: braces: echo '{{'I {{LOVE}} curly braces!'}}' Yet another option is to use {{ \"{{\" }}: braces: echo 'I {{ \"{{\" }}LOVE}} curly braces!'","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Expressions and Substitutions » Expressions and Substitutions","id":"29","title":"Expressions and Substitutions"},"3":{"body":"Cross-platform Package Manager Package Command asdf just asdf plugin add just asdf install just <version> Cargo just cargo install just Conda just conda install -c conda-forge just Homebrew just brew install just Nix just nix-env -iA nixpkgs.just npm rust-just npm install -g rust-just PyPI rust-just pipx install rust-just BSD Operating System Package Manager Package Command FreeBSD pkg just pkg install just Linux Operating System Package Manager Package Command Alpine apk-tools just apk add just Arch pacman just pacman -S just Debian 13 (unreleased) and Ubuntu 24.04 derivatives apt just apt install just Debian and Ubuntu derivatives MPR just git clone https://mpr.makedeb.org/just cd just makedeb -si Debian and Ubuntu derivatives Prebuilt-MPR just You must have the Prebuilt-MPR set up on your system in order to run this command. apt install just Fedora DNF just dnf install just Gentoo Portage guru/dev-build/just eselect repository enable guru emerge --sync guru emerge dev-build/just NixOS Nix just nix-env -iA nixos.just openSUSE Zypper just zypper in just Solus eopkg just eopkg install just Void XBPS just xbps-install -S just Windows Package Manager Package Command Chocolatey just choco install just Scoop just scoop install just Windows Package Manager Casey/Just winget install --id Casey.Just --exact macOS Package Manager Package Command MacPorts just port install just just package version table rust:just package version table","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Installation » Packages » Packages","id":"3","title":"Packages"},"30":{"body":"Double-quoted strings support escape sequences: carriage-return := \"\\r\"\ndouble-quote := \"\\\"\"\nnewline := \"\\n\"\nno-newline := \"\\\n\"\nslash := \"\\\\\"\ntab := \"\\t\"\nunicode-codepoint := \"\\u{1F916}\" $ just --evaluate\n\"arriage-return := \"\ndouble-quote := \"\"\"\nnewline := \"\n\"\nno-newline := \"\"\nslash := \"\\\"\ntab := \" \"\nunicode-codepoint := \"🤖\" The unicode character escape sequence \\u{…}1.36.0 accepts up to six hex digits. Strings may contain line breaks: single := '\nhello\n' double := \"\ngoodbye\n\" Single-quoted strings do not recognize escape sequences: escapes := '\\t\\n\\r\\\"\\\\' $ just --evaluate\nescapes := \"\\t\\n\\r\\\"\\\\\" Indented versions of both single- and double-quoted strings, delimited by triple single- or double-quotes, are supported. Indented string lines are stripped of a leading line break, and leading whitespace common to all non-blank lines: # this string will evaluate to `foo\\nbar\\n`\nx := ''' foo bar\n''' # this string will evaluate to `abc\\n wuv\\nxyz\\n`\ny := \"\"\" abc wuv xyz\n\"\"\" Similar to unindented strings, indented double-quoted strings process escape sequences, and indented single-quoted strings ignore escape sequences. Escape sequence processing takes place after unindentation. The unindentation algorithm does not take escape-sequence produced whitespace or newlines into account. Strings prefixed with x are shell expanded1.27.0: foobar := x'~/$FOO/${BAR}' Value Replacement $VAR value of environment variable VAR ${VAR} value of environment variable VAR ${VAR:-DEFAULT} value of environment variable VAR, or DEFAULT if VAR is not set Leading ~ path to current user’s home directory Leading ~USER path to USER’s home directory This expansion is performed at compile time, so variables from .env files and exported just variables cannot be used. However, this allows shell expanded strings to be used in places like settings and import paths, which cannot depend on just variables and .env files.","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Strings » Strings","id":"30","title":"Strings"},"31":{"body":"Normally, if a command returns a non-zero exit status, execution will stop. To continue execution after a command, even if it fails, prefix the command with -: foo: -cat foo echo 'Done!' $ just foo\ncat foo\ncat: foo: No such file or directory\necho 'Done!'\nDone!","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Ignoring Errors » Ignoring Errors","id":"31","title":"Ignoring Errors"},"32":{"body":"just provides many built-in functions for use in expressions, including recipe body {{…}} substitutions, assignments, and default parameter values. All functions ending in _directory can be abbreviated to _dir. So home_directory() can also be written as home_dir(). In addition, invocation_directory_native() can be abbreviated to invocation_dir_native(). System Information arch() — Instruction set architecture. Possible values are: \"aarch64\", \"arm\", \"asmjs\", \"hexagon\", \"mips\", \"msp430\", \"powerpc\", \"powerpc64\", \"s390x\", \"sparc\", \"wasm32\", \"x86\", \"x86_64\", and \"xcore\". num_cpus()1.15.0 - Number of logical CPUs. os() — Operating system. Possible values are: \"android\", \"bitrig\", \"dragonfly\", \"emscripten\", \"freebsd\", \"haiku\", \"ios\", \"linux\", \"macos\", \"netbsd\", \"openbsd\", \"solaris\", and \"windows\". os_family() — Operating system family; possible values are: \"unix\" and \"windows\". For example: system-info: @echo \"This is an {{arch()}} machine\". $ just system-info\nThis is an x86_64 machine The os_family() function can be used to create cross-platform justfiles that work on various operating systems. For an example, see cross-platform.just file. External Commands shell(command, args...)1.27.0 returns the standard output of shell script command with zero or more positional arguments args. The shell used to interpret command is the same shell that is used to evaluate recipe lines, and can be changed with set shell := […]. command is passed as the first argument, so if the command is 'echo $@', the full command line, with the default shell command sh -cu and args 'foo' and 'bar' will be: 'sh' '-cu' 'echo $@' 'echo $@' 'foo' 'bar' This is so that $@ works as expected, and $1 refers to the first argument. $@ does not include the first positional argument, which is expected to be the name of the program being run. # arguments can be variables or expressions\nfile := '/sys/class/power_supply/BAT0/status'\nbat0stat := shell('cat $1', file) # commands can be variables or expressions\ncommand := 'wc -l'\noutput := shell(command + ' \"$1\"', 'main.c') # arguments referenced by the shell command must be used\nempty := shell('echo', 'foo')\nfull := shell('echo $1', 'foo')\nerror := shell('echo $1') # Using python as the shell. Since `python -c` sets `sys.argv[0]` to `'-c'`,\n# the first \"real\" positional argument will be `sys.argv[2]`.\nset shell := [\"python3\", \"-c\"]\nolleh := shell('import sys; print(sys.argv[2][::-1])', 'hello') Environment Variables env_var(key) — Retrieves the environment variable with name key, aborting if it is not present. home_dir := env_var('HOME') test: echo \"{{home_dir}}\" $ just\n/home/user1 env_var_or_default(key, default) — Retrieves the environment variable with name key, returning default if it is not present. env(key)1.15.0 — Alias for env_var(key). env(key, default)1.15.0 — Alias for env_var_or_default(key, default). Invocation Information is_dependency() - Returns the string true if the current recipe is being run as a dependency of another recipe, rather than being run directly, otherwise returns the string false. Invocation Directory invocation_directory() - Retrieves the absolute path to the current directory when just was invoked, before just changed it (chdir’d) prior to executing commands. On Windows, invocation_directory() uses cygpath to convert the invocation directory to a Cygwin-compatible /-separated path. Use invocation_directory_native() to return the verbatim invocation directory on all platforms. For example, to call rustfmt on files just under the “current directory” (from the user/invoker’s perspective), use the following rule: rustfmt: find {{invocation_directory()}} -name \\*.rs -exec rustfmt {} \\; Alternatively, if your command needs to be run from the current directory, you could use (e.g.): build: cd {{invocation_directory()}}; ./some_script_that_needs_to_be_run_from_here invocation_directory_native() - Retrieves the absolute path to the current directory when just was invoked, before just changed it (chdir’d) prior to executing commands. Justfile and Justfile Directory justfile() - Retrieves the path of the current justfile. justfile_directory() - Retrieves the path of the parent directory of the current justfile. For example, to run a command relative to the location of the current justfile: script: {{justfile_directory()}}/scripts/some_script Source and Source Directory source_file()1.27.0 - Retrieves the path of the current source file. source_directory()1.27.0 - Retrieves the path of the parent directory of the current source file. source_file() and source_directory() behave the same as justfile() and justfile_directory() in the root justfile, but will return the path and directory, respectively, of the current import or mod source file when called from within an import or submodule. Just Executable just_executable() - Absolute path to the just executable. For example: executable: @echo The executable is at: {{just_executable()}} $ just\nThe executable is at: /bin/just Just Process ID just_pid() - Process ID of the just executable. For example: pid: @echo The process ID is: {{ just_pid() }} $ just\nThe process ID is: 420 String Manipulation append(suffix, s)1.27.0 Append suffix to whitespace-separated strings in s. append('/src', 'foo bar baz') → 'foo/src bar/src baz/src' prepend(prefix, s)1.27.0 Prepend prefix to whitespace-separated strings in s. prepend('src/', 'foo bar baz') → 'src/foo src/bar src/baz' encode_uri_component(s)1.27.0 - Percent-encode characters in s except [A-Za-z0-9_.!~*'()-], matching the behavior of the JavaScript encodeURIComponent function . quote(s) - Replace all single quotes with '\\'' and prepend and append single quotes to s. This is sufficient to escape special characters for many shells, including most Bourne shell descendants. replace(s, from, to) - Replace all occurrences of from in s to to. replace_regex(s, regex, replacement) - Replace all occurrences of regex in s to replacement. Regular expressions are provided by the Rust regex crate . See the syntax documentation for usage examples. Capture groups are supported. The replacement string uses Replacement string syntax . trim(s) - Remove leading and trailing whitespace from s. trim_end(s) - Remove trailing whitespace from s. trim_end_match(s, pat) - Remove suffix of s matching pat. trim_end_matches(s, pat) - Repeatedly remove suffixes of s matching pat. trim_start(s) - Remove leading whitespace from s. trim_start_match(s, pat) - Remove prefix of s matching pat. trim_start_matches(s, pat) - Repeatedly remove prefixes of s matching pat. Case Conversion capitalize(s)1.7.0 - Convert first character of s to uppercase and the rest to lowercase. kebabcase(s)1.7.0 - Convert s to kebab-case. lowercamelcase(s)1.7.0 - Convert s to lowerCamelCase. lowercase(s) - Convert s to lowercase. shoutykebabcase(s)1.7.0 - Convert s to SHOUTY-KEBAB-CASE. shoutysnakecase(s)1.7.0 - Convert s to SHOUTY_SNAKE_CASE. snakecase(s)1.7.0 - Convert s to snake_case. titlecase(s)1.7.0 - Convert s to Title Case. uppercamelcase(s)1.7.0 - Convert s to UpperCamelCase. uppercase(s) - Convert s to uppercase. Path Manipulation Fallible absolute_path(path) - Absolute path to relative path in the working directory. absolute_path(\"./bar.txt\") in directory /foo is /foo/bar.txt. canonicalize(path)1.24.0 - Canonicalize path by resolving symlinks and removing ., .., and extra /s where possible. extension(path) - Extension of path. extension(\"/foo/bar.txt\") is txt. file_name(path) - File name of path with any leading directory components removed. file_name(\"/foo/bar.txt\") is bar.txt. file_stem(path) - File name of path without extension. file_stem(\"/foo/bar.txt\") is bar. parent_directory(path) - Parent directory of path. parent_directory(\"/foo/bar.txt\") is /foo. without_extension(path) - path without extension. without_extension(\"/foo/bar.txt\") is /foo/bar. These functions can fail, for example if a path does not have an extension, which will halt execution. Infallible clean(path) - Simplify path by removing extra path separators, intermediate . components, and .. where possible. clean(\"foo//bar\") is foo/bar, clean(\"foo/..\") is ., clean(\"foo/./bar\") is foo/bar. join(a, b…) - This function uses / on Unix and \\ on Windows, which can be lead to unwanted behavior. The / operator, e.g., a / b, which always uses /, should be considered as a replacement unless \\s are specifically desired on Windows. Join path a with path b. join(\"foo/bar\", \"baz\") is foo/bar/baz. Accepts two or more arguments. Filesystem Access path_exists(path) - Returns true if the path points at an existing entity and false otherwise. Traverses symbolic links, and returns false if the path is inaccessible or points to a broken symlink. Error Reporting error(message) - Abort execution and report error message to user. UUID and Hash Generation blake3(string)1.25.0 - Return BLAKE3 hash of string as hexadecimal string. blake3_file(path)1.25.0 - Return BLAKE3 hash of file at path as hexadecimal string. sha256(string) - Return the SHA-256 hash of string as hexadecimal string. sha256_file(path) - Return SHA-256 hash of file at path as hexadecimal string. uuid() - Generate a random version 4 UUID. Random choose(n, alphabet)1.27.0 - Generate a string of n randomly selected characters from alphabet, which may not contain repeated characters. For example, choose('64', HEX) will generate a random 64-character lowercase hex string. Datetime datetime(format)1.30.0 - Return local time with format. datetime_utc(format)1.30.0 - Return UTC time with format. The arguments to datetime and datetime_utc are strftime-style format strings, see the chrono library docs for details. Semantic Versions semver_matches(version, requirement)1.16.0 - Check whether a semantic version , e.g., \"0.1.0\" matches a requirement, e.g., \">=0.1.0\", returning \"true\" if so and \"false\" otherwise. XDG Directories1.23.0 These functions return paths to user-specific directories for things like configuration, data, caches, executables, and the user’s home directory. These functions follow the XDG Base Directory Specification , and are implemented with the dirs crate. cache_directory() - The user-specific cache directory. config_directory() - The user-specific configuration directory. config_local_directory() - The local user-specific configuration directory. data_directory() - The user-specific data directory. data_local_directory() - The local user-specific data directory. executable_directory() - The user-specific executable directory. home_directory() - The user’s home directory.","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Functions » Functions","id":"32","title":"Functions"},"33":{"body":"A number of constants are predefined: Name Value HEX1.27.0 \"0123456789abcdef\" HEXLOWER1.27.0 \"0123456789abcdef\" HEXUPPER1.27.0 \"0123456789ABCDEF\" CLEARmaster \"\\ec\" NORMALmaster \"\\e[0m\" BOLDmaster \"\\e[1m\" ITALICmaster \"\\e[3m\" UNDERLINEmaster \"\\e[4m\" INVERTmaster \"\\e[7m\" HIDEmaster \"\\e[8m\" STRIKETHROUGHmaster \"\\e[9m\" BLACKmaster \"\\e[30m\" REDmaster \"\\e[31m\" GREENmaster \"\\e[32m\" YELLOWmaster \"\\e[33m\" BLUEmaster \"\\e[34m\" MAGENTAmaster \"\\e[35m\" CYANmaster \"\\e[36m\" WHITEmaster \"\\e[37m\" BG_BLACKmaster \"\\e[40m\" BG_REDmaster \"\\e[41m\" BG_GREENmaster \"\\e[42m\" BG_YELLOWmaster \"\\e[43m\" BG_BLUEmaster \"\\e[44m\" BG_MAGENTAmaster \"\\e[45m\" BG_CYANmaster \"\\e[46m\" BG_WHITEmaster \"\\e[47m\" @foo: echo {{HEX}} $ just foo\n0123456789abcdef Constants starting with \\e are ANSI escape sequences . CLEAR clears the screen, similar to the clear command. The rest are of the form \\e[Nm, where N is an integer, and set terminal display attributes. Terminal display attribute escape sequences can be combined, for example text weight BOLD, text style STRIKETHROUGH, foreground color CYAN, and background color BG_BLUE. They should be followed by NORMAL, to reset the terminal back to normal. Escape sequences should be quoted, since [ is treated as a special character by some shells. @foo: echo '{{BOLD + STRIKETHROUGH + CYAN + BG_BLUE}}Hi!{{NORMAL}}'","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Constants » Constants","id":"33","title":"Constants"},"34":{"body":"Recipes, mod statements, and aliases may be annotated with attributes that change their behavior. Name Type Description [confirm]1.17.0 recipe Require confirmation prior to executing recipe. [confirm('PROMPT')]1.23.0 recipe Require confirmation prior to executing recipe with a custom prompt. [doc('DOC')]1.27.0 module, recipe Set recipe or module’s documentation comment to DOC. [extension('EXT')]1.32.0 recipe Set shebang recipe script’s file extension to EXT. EXT should include a period if one is desired. [group('NAME')]1.27.0 module, recipe Put recipe or module in in group NAME. [linux]1.8.0 recipe Enable recipe on Linux. [macos]1.8.0 recipe Enable recipe on MacOS. [no-cd]1.9.0 recipe Don’t change directory before executing recipe. [no-exit-message]1.7.0 recipe Don’t print an error message if recipe fails. [no-quiet]1.23.0 recipe Override globally quiet recipes and always echo out the recipe. [positional-arguments]1.29.0 recipe Turn on positional arguments for this recipe. [private]1.10.0 alias, recipe Make recipe, alias, or variable private. See Private Recipes . [script]1.33.0 recipe Execute recipe as script. See script recipes for more details. [script(COMMAND)]1.32.0 recipe Execute recipe as a script interpreted by COMMAND. See script recipes for more details. [unix]1.8.0 recipe Enable recipe on Unixes. (Includes MacOS). [windows]1.8.0 recipe Enable recipe on Windows. A recipe can have multiple attributes, either on multiple lines: [no-cd]\n[private]\nfoo: echo \"foo\" Or separated by commas on a single line1.14.0: [no-cd, private]\nfoo: echo \"foo\" Enabling and Disabling Recipes1.8.0 The [linux], [macos], [unix], and [windows] attributes are configuration attributes. By default, recipes are always enabled. A recipe with one or more configuration attributes will only be enabled when one or more of those configurations is active. This can be used to write justfiles that behave differently depending on which operating system they run on. The run recipe in this justfile will compile and run main.c, using a different C compiler and using the correct output binary name for that compiler depending on the operating system: [unix]\nrun: cc main.c ./a.out [windows]\nrun: cl main.c main.exe Disabling Changing Directory1.9.0 just normally executes recipes with the current directory set to the directory that contains the justfile. This can be disabled using the [no-cd] attribute. This can be used to create recipes which use paths relative to the invocation directory, or which operate on the current directory. For example, this commit recipe: [no-cd]\ncommit file: git add {{file}} git commit Can be used with paths that are relative to the current directory, because [no-cd] prevents just from changing the current directory when executing commit. Requiring Confirmation for Recipes1.17.0 just normally executes all recipes unless there is an error. The [confirm] attribute allows recipes require confirmation in the terminal prior to running. This can be overridden by passing --yes to just, which will automatically confirm any recipes marked by this attribute. Recipes dependent on a recipe that requires confirmation will not be run if the relied upon recipe is not confirmed, as well as recipes passed after any recipe that requires confirmation. [confirm]\ndelete-all: rm -rf * Custom Confirmation Prompt1.23.0 The default confirmation prompt can be overridden with [confirm(PROMPT)]: [confirm(\"Are you sure you want to delete everything?\")]\ndelete-everything: rm -rf *","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Attributes » Attributes","id":"34","title":"Attributes"},"35":{"body":"Recipes and modules may be annotated with a group name: [group('lint')]\njs-lint: echo 'Running JS linter…' [group('rust recipes')]\n[group('lint')]\nrust-lint: echo 'Running Rust linter…' [group('lint')]\ncpp-lint: echo 'Running C++ linter…' # not in any group\nemail-everyone: echo 'Sending mass email…' Recipes are listed by group: $ just --list\nAvailable recipes: email-everyone # not in any group [lint] cpp-lint js-lint rust-lint [rust recipes] rust-lint just --list --unsorted prints recipes in their justfile order within each group: $ just --list --unsorted\nAvailable recipes: (no group) email-everyone # not in any group [lint] js-lint rust-lint cpp-lint [rust recipes] rust-lint Groups can be listed with --groups: $ just --groups\nRecipe groups: lint rust recipes Use just --groups --unsorted to print groups in their justfile order.","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Groups » Groups","id":"35","title":"Groups"},"36":{"body":"Backticks can be used to store the result of commands: localhost := `dumpinterfaces | cut -d: -f2 | sed 's/\\/.*//' | sed 's/ //g'` serve: ./serve {{localhost}} 8080 Indented backticks, delimited by three backticks, are de-indented in the same manner as indented strings: # This backtick evaluates the command `echo foo\\necho bar\\n`, which produces the value `foo\\nbar\\n`.\nstuff := ``` echo foo echo bar ``` See the Strings section for details on unindenting. Backticks may not start with #!. This syntax is reserved for a future upgrade. The shell(…) function provides a more general mechanism to invoke external commands, including the ability to execute the contents of a variable as a command, and to pass arguments to a command.","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Command Evaluation Using Backticks » Command Evaluation Using Backticks","id":"36","title":"Command Evaluation Using Backticks"},"37":{"body":"if/else expressions evaluate different branches depending on if two expressions evaluate to the same value: foo := if \"2\" == \"2\" { \"Good!\" } else { \"1984\" } bar: @echo \"{{foo}}\" $ just bar\nGood! It is also possible to test for inequality: foo := if \"hello\" != \"goodbye\" { \"xyz\" } else { \"abc\" } bar: @echo {{foo}} $ just bar\nxyz And match against regular expressions: foo := if \"hello\" =~ 'hel+o' { \"match\" } else { \"mismatch\" } bar: @echo {{foo}} $ just bar\nmatch Regular expressions are provided by the regex crate , whose syntax is documented on docs.rs . Since regular expressions commonly use backslash escape sequences, consider using single-quoted string literals, which will pass slashes to the regex parser unmolested. Conditional expressions short-circuit, which means they only evaluate one of their branches. This can be used to make sure that backtick expressions don’t run when they shouldn’t. foo := if env_var(\"RELEASE\") == \"true\" { `get-something-from-release-database` } else { \"dummy-value\" } Conditionals can be used inside of recipes: bar foo: echo {{ if foo == \"bar\" { \"hello\" } else { \"goodbye\" } }} Note the space after the final }! Without the space, the interpolation will be prematurely closed. Multiple conditionals can be chained: foo := if \"hello\" == \"goodbye\" { \"xyz\"\n} else if \"a\" == \"a\" { \"abc\"\n} else { \"123\"\n} bar: @echo {{foo}} $ just bar\nabc","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Conditional Expressions » Conditional Expressions","id":"37","title":"Conditional Expressions"},"38":{"body":"Execution can be halted with the error function. For example: foo := if \"hello\" == \"goodbye\" { \"xyz\"\n} else if \"a\" == \"b\" { \"abc\"\n} else { error(\"123\")\n} Which produce the following error when run: error: Call to function `error` failed: 123 |\n16 | error(\"123\")","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Stopping execution with error » Stopping execution with error","id":"38","title":"Stopping execution with error"},"39":{"body":"Variables can be overridden from the command line. os := \"linux\" test: build ./test --test {{os}} build: ./build {{os}} $ just\n./build linux\n./test --test linux Any number of arguments of the form NAME=VALUE can be passed before recipes: $ just os=plan9\n./build plan9\n./test --test plan9 Or you can use the --set flag: $ just --set os bsd\n./build bsd\n./test --test bsd","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Setting Variables from the Command Line » Setting Variables from the Command Line","id":"39","title":"Setting Variables from the Command Line"},"4":{"body":"Pre-built binaries for Linux, MacOS, and Windows can be found on the releases page . You can use the following command on Linux, MacOS, or Windows to download the latest release, just replace DEST with the directory where you’d like to put just: curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://just.systems/install.sh | bash -s -- --to DEST For example, to install just to ~/bin: # create ~/bin\nmkdir -p ~/bin # download and extract just to ~/bin/just\ncurl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://just.systems/install.sh | bash -s -- --to ~/bin # add `~/bin` to the paths that your shell searches for executables\n# this line should be added to your shells initialization file,\n# e.g. `~/.bashrc` or `~/.zshrc`\nexport PATH=\"$PATH:$HOME/bin\" # just should now be executable\njust --help Note that install.sh may fail on GitHub Actions, or in other environments where many machines share IP addresses. install.sh calls GitHub APIs in order to determine the latest version of just to install, and those API calls are rate-limited on a per-IP basis. To make install.sh more reliable in such circumstances, pass a specific tag to install with --tag. Releases include a SHA256SUM file which can be used to verify the integrity of pre-built binary archives. To verify a release, download the pre-built binary archive along with the SHA256SUM file and run: shasum --algorithm 256 --ignore-missing --check SHA256SUMS","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Installation » Pre-Built Binaries » Pre-Built Binaries","id":"4","title":"Pre-Built Binaries"},"40":{"body":"Exporting just Variables Assignments prefixed with the export keyword will be exported to recipes as environment variables: export RUST_BACKTRACE := \"1\" test: # will print a stack trace if it crashes cargo test Parameters prefixed with a $ will be exported as environment variables: test $RUST_BACKTRACE=\"1\": # will print a stack trace if it crashes cargo test Exported variables and parameters are not exported to backticks in the same scope. export WORLD := \"world\"\n# This backtick will fail with \"WORLD: unbound variable\"\nBAR := `echo hello $WORLD` # Running `just a foo` will fail with \"A: unbound variable\"\na $A $B=`echo $A`: echo $A $B When export is set, all just variables are exported as environment variables. Unexporting Environment Variables1.29.0 Environment variables can be unexported with the unexport keyword: unexport FOO @foo: echo $FOO $ export FOO=bar\n$ just foo\nsh: FOO: unbound variable Getting Environment Variables from the environment Environment variables from the environment are passed automatically to the recipes. print_home_folder: echo \"HOME is: '${HOME}'\" $ just\nHOME is '/home/myuser' Setting just Variables from Environment Variables Environment variables can be propagated to just variables using the functions env_var() and env_var_or_default(). See environment-variables .","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Getting and Setting Environment Variables » Getting and Setting Environment Variables","id":"40","title":"Getting and Setting Environment Variables"},"41":{"body":"Recipes may have parameters. Here recipe build has a parameter called target: build target: @echo 'Building {{target}}…' cd {{target}} && make To pass arguments on the command line, put them after the recipe name: $ just build my-awesome-project\nBuilding my-awesome-project…\ncd my-awesome-project && make To pass arguments to a dependency, put the dependency in parentheses along with the arguments: default: (build \"main\") build target: @echo 'Building {{target}}…' cd {{target}} && make Variables can also be passed as arguments to dependencies: target := \"main\" _build version: @echo 'Building {{version}}…' cd {{version}} && make build: (_build target) A command’s arguments can be passed to dependency by putting the dependency in parentheses along with the arguments: build target: @echo \"Building {{target}}…\" push target: (build target) @echo 'Pushing {{target}}…' Parameters may have default values: default := 'all' test target tests=default: @echo 'Testing {{target}}:{{tests}}…' ./test --tests {{tests}} {{target}} Parameters with default values may be omitted: $ just test server\nTesting server:all…\n./test --tests all server Or supplied: $ just test server unit\nTesting server:unit…\n./test --tests unit server Default values may be arbitrary expressions, but expressions containing the +, &&, ||, or / operators must be parenthesized: arch := \"wasm\" test triple=(arch + \"-unknown-unknown\") input=(arch / \"input.dat\"): ./test {{triple}} The last parameter of a recipe may be variadic, indicated with either a + or a * before the argument name: backup +FILES: scp {{FILES}} me@server.com: Variadic parameters prefixed with + accept one or more arguments and expand to a string containing those arguments separated by spaces: $ just backup FAQ.md GRAMMAR.md\nscp FAQ.md GRAMMAR.md me@server.com:\nFAQ.md 100% 1831 1.8KB/s 00:00\nGRAMMAR.md 100% 1666 1.6KB/s 00:00 Variadic parameters prefixed with * accept zero or more arguments and expand to a string containing those arguments separated by spaces, or an empty string if no arguments are present: commit MESSAGE *FLAGS: git commit {{FLAGS}} -m \"{{MESSAGE}}\" Variadic parameters can be assigned default values. These are overridden by arguments passed on the command line: test +FLAGS='-q': cargo test {{FLAGS}} {{…}} substitutions may need to be quoted if they contain spaces. For example, if you have the following recipe: search QUERY: lynx https://www.google.com/?q={{QUERY}} And you type: $ just search \"cat toupee\" just will run the command lynx https://www.google.com/?q=cat toupee, which will get parsed by sh as lynx, https://www.google.com/?q=cat, and toupee, and not the intended lynx and https://www.google.com/?q=cat toupee. You can fix this by adding quotes: search QUERY: lynx 'https://www.google.com/?q={{QUERY}}' Parameters prefixed with a $ will be exported as environment variables: foo $bar: echo $bar","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Recipe Parameters » Recipe Parameters","id":"41","title":"Recipe Parameters"},"42":{"body":"Dependencies run before recipes that depend on them: a: b @echo A b: @echo B $ just a\nB\nA In a given invocation of just, a recipe with the same arguments will only run once, regardless of how many times it appears in the command-line invocation, or how many times it appears as a dependency: a: @echo A b: a @echo B c: a @echo C $ just a a a a a\nA\n$ just b c\nA\nB\nC Multiple recipes may depend on a recipe that performs some kind of setup, and when those recipes run, that setup will only be performed once: build: cc main.c test-foo: build ./a.out --test foo test-bar: build ./a.out --test bar $ just test-foo test-bar\ncc main.c\n./a.out --test foo\n./a.out --test bar Recipes in a given run are only skipped when they receive the same arguments: build: cc main.c test TEST: build ./a.out --test {{TEST}} $ just test foo test bar\ncc main.c\n./a.out --test foo\n./a.out --test bar Running Recipes at the End of a Recipe Normal dependencies of a recipes always run before a recipe starts. That is to say, the dependee always runs before the depender. These dependencies are called “prior dependencies”. A recipe can also have subsequent dependencies, which run immediately after the recipe and are introduced with an &&: a: echo 'A!' b: a && c d echo 'B!' c: echo 'C!' d: echo 'D!' …running b prints: $ just b\necho 'A!'\nA!\necho 'B!'\nB!\necho 'C!'\nC!\necho 'D!'\nD! Running Recipes in the Middle of a Recipe just doesn’t support running recipes in the middle of another recipe, but you can call just recursively in the middle of a recipe. Given the following justfile: a: echo 'A!' b: a echo 'B start!' just c echo 'B end!' c: echo 'C!' …running b prints: $ just b\necho 'A!'\nA!\necho 'B start!'\nB start!\necho 'C!'\nC!\necho 'B end!'\nB end! This has limitations, since recipe c is run with an entirely new invocation of just: Assignments will be recalculated, dependencies might run twice, and command line arguments will not be propagated to the child just process.","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Dependencies » Dependencies","id":"42","title":"Dependencies"},"43":{"body":"Recipes that start with #! are called shebang recipes, and are executed by saving the recipe body to a file and running it. This lets you write recipes in different languages: polyglot: python js perl sh ruby nu python: #!/usr/bin/env python3 print('Hello from python!') js: #!/usr/bin/env node console.log('Greetings from JavaScript!') perl: #!/usr/bin/env perl print \"Larry Wall says Hi!\\n\"; sh: #!/usr/bin/env sh hello='Yo' echo \"$hello from a shell script!\" nu: #!/usr/bin/env nu let hello = 'Hola' echo $\"($hello) from a nushell script!\" ruby: #!/usr/bin/env ruby puts \"Hello from ruby!\" $ just polyglot\nHello from python!\nGreetings from JavaScript!\nLarry Wall says Hi!\nYo from a shell script!\nHola from a nushell script!\nHello from ruby! On Unix-like operating systems, including Linux and MacOS, shebang recipes are executed by saving the recipe body to a file in a temporary directory, marking the file as executable, and executing it. The OS then parses the shebang line into a command line and invokes it, including the path to the file. For example, if a recipe starts with #!/usr/bin/env bash, the final command that the OS runs will be something like /usr/bin/env bash /tmp/PATH_TO_SAVED_RECIPE_BODY. Shebang line splitting is operating system dependent. When passing a command with arguments, you may need to tell env to split them explicitly by using the -S flag: run: #!/usr/bin/env -S bash -x ls Windows does not support shebang lines. On Windows, just splits the shebang line into a command and arguments, saves the recipe body to a file, and invokes the split command and arguments, adding the path to the saved recipe body as the final argument. For example, on Windows, if a recipe starts with #! py, the final command the OS runs will be something like py C:\\Temp\\PATH_TO_SAVED_RECIPE_BODY.","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Shebang Recipes » Shebang Recipes","id":"43","title":"Shebang Recipes"},"44":{"body":"Recipes with a [script(COMMAND)]1.32.0 attribute are run as scripts interpreted by COMMAND. This avoids some of the issues with shebang recipes, such as the use of cygpath on Windows, the need to use /usr/bin/env, and inconsistences in shebang line splitting across Unix OSs. Recipes with an empty [script] attribute are executed with the value of set script-interpreter := […]1.33.0, defaulting to sh -eu, and not the value of set shell. The body of the recipe is evaluated, written to disk in the temporary directory, and run by passing its path as an argument to COMMAND. The [script(…)] attribute is unstable, so you’ll need to use set unstable, set the JUST_UNSTABLE environment variable, or pass --unstable on the command line.","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Script Recipes » Script Recipes","id":"44","title":"Script Recipes"},"45":{"body":"If you’re writing a bash shebang recipe, consider adding set -euxo pipefail: foo: #!/usr/bin/env bash set -euxo pipefail hello='Yo' echo \"$hello from Bash!\" It isn’t strictly necessary, but set -euxo pipefail turns on a few useful features that make bash shebang recipes behave more like normal, linewise just recipe: set -e makes bash exit if a command fails. set -u makes bash exit if a variable is undefined. set -x makes bash print each script line before it’s run. set -o pipefail makes bash exit if a command in a pipeline fails. This is bash-specific, so isn’t turned on in normal linewise just recipes. Together, these avoid a lot of shell scripting gotchas. Shebang Recipe Execution on Windows On Windows, shebang interpreter paths containing a / are translated from Unix-style paths to Windows-style paths using cygpath, a utility that ships with Cygwin . For example, to execute this recipe on Windows: echo: #!/bin/sh echo \"Hello!\" The interpreter path /bin/sh will be translated to a Windows-style path using cygpath before being executed. If the interpreter path does not contain a / it will be executed without being translated. This is useful if cygpath is not available, or you wish to pass a Windows-style path to the interpreter.","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Safer Bash Shebang Recipes » Safer Bash Shebang Recipes","id":"45","title":"Safer Bash Shebang Recipes"},"46":{"body":"Recipe lines are interpreted by the shell, not just, so it’s not possible to set just variables in the middle of a recipe: foo: x := \"hello\" # This doesn't work! echo {{x}} It is possible to use shell variables, but there’s another problem. Every recipe line is run by a new shell instance, so variables set in one line won’t be set in the next: foo: x=hello && echo $x # This works! y=bye echo $y # This doesn't, `y` is undefined here! The best way to work around this is to use a shebang recipe. Shebang recipe bodies are extracted and run as scripts, so a single shell instance will run the whole thing: foo: #!/usr/bin/env bash set -euxo pipefail x=hello echo $x","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Setting Variables in a Recipe » Setting Variables in a Recipe","id":"46","title":"Setting Variables in a Recipe"},"47":{"body":"Each line of each recipe is executed by a fresh shell, so it is not possible to share environment variables between recipes. Using Python Virtual Environments Some tools, like Python’s venv , require loading environment variables in order to work, making them challenging to use with just. As a workaround, you can execute the virtual environment binaries directly: venv: [ -d foo ] || python3 -m venv foo run: venv ./foo/bin/python3 main.py","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Sharing Environment Variables Between Recipes » Sharing Environment Variables Between Recipes","id":"47","title":"Sharing Environment Variables Between Recipes"},"48":{"body":"Each recipe line is executed by a new shell, so if you change the working directory on one line, it won’t have an effect on later lines: foo: pwd # This `pwd` will print the same directory… cd bar pwd # …as this `pwd`! There are a couple ways around this. One is to call cd on the same line as the command you want to run: foo: cd bar && pwd The other is to use a shebang recipe. Shebang recipe bodies are extracted and run as scripts, so a single shell instance will run the whole thing, and thus a pwd on one line will affect later lines, just like a shell script: foo: #!/usr/bin/env bash set -euxo pipefail cd bar pwd","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Changing the Working Directory in a Recipe » Changing the Working Directory in a Recipe","id":"48","title":"Changing the Working Directory in a Recipe"},"49":{"body":"Recipe lines can be indented with spaces or tabs, but not a mix of both. All of a recipe’s lines must have the same type of indentation, but different recipes in the same justfile may use different indentation. Each recipe must be indented at least one level from the recipe-name but after that may be further indented. Here’s a justfile with a recipe indented with spaces, represented as ·, and tabs, represented as →. set windows-shell := [\"pwsh\", \"-NoLogo\", \"-NoProfileLoadTime\", \"-Command\"] set ignore-comments list-space directory:\n··#!pwsh\n··foreach ($item in $(Get-ChildItem {{directory}} )) {\n····echo $item.Name\n··}\n··echo \"\" # indentation nesting works even when newlines are escaped\nlist-tab directory:\n→ @foreach ($item in $(Get-ChildItem {{directory}} )) { \\\n→ → echo $item.Name \\\n→ }\n→ @echo \"\" PS > just list-space ~\nDesktop\nDocuments\nDownloads PS > just list-tab ~\nDesktop\nDocuments\nDownloads","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Indentation » Indentation","id":"49","title":"Indentation"},"5":{"body":"just can be installed on GitHub Actions in a few ways. Using package managers pre-installed on GitHub Actions runners on MacOS with brew install just, and on Windows with choco install just. With extractions/setup-just : - uses: extractions/setup-just@v2 with: just-version: 1.5.0 # optional semver specification, otherwise latest Or with taiki-e/install-action : - uses: taiki-e/install-action@just","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Installation » GitHub Actions » GitHub Actions","id":"5","title":"GitHub Actions"},"50":{"body":"Recipes without an initial shebang are evaluated and run line-by-line, which means that multi-line constructs probably won’t do what you want. For example, with the following justfile: conditional: if true; then echo 'True!' fi The extra leading whitespace before the second line of the conditional recipe will produce a parse error: $ just conditional\nerror: Recipe line has extra leading whitespace |\n3 | echo 'True!' | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ To work around this, you can write conditionals on one line, escape newlines with slashes, or add a shebang to your recipe. Some examples of multi-line constructs are provided for reference. if statements conditional: if true; then echo 'True!'; fi conditional: if true; then \\ echo 'True!'; \\ fi conditional: #!/usr/bin/env sh if true; then echo 'True!' fi for loops for: for file in `ls .`; do echo $file; done for: for file in `ls .`; do \\ echo $file; \\ done for: #!/usr/bin/env sh for file in `ls .`; do echo $file done while loops while: while `server-is-dead`; do ping -c 1 server; done while: while `server-is-dead`; do \\ ping -c 1 server; \\ done while: #!/usr/bin/env sh while `server-is-dead`; do ping -c 1 server done Outside Recipe Bodies Parenthesized expressions can span multiple lines: abc := ('a' + 'b' + 'c') abc2 := ( 'a' + 'b' + 'c'\n) foo param=('foo' + 'bar' ): echo {{param}} bar: (foo 'Foo' ) echo 'Bar!' Lines ending with a backslash continue on to the next line as if the lines were joined by whitespace1.15.0: a := 'foo' + \\ 'bar' foo param1 \\ param2='foo' \\ *varparam='': dep1 \\ (dep2 'foo') echo {{param1}} {{param2}} {{varparam}} dep1: \\ # this comment is not part of the recipe body echo 'dep1' dep2 \\ param: echo 'Dependency with parameter {{param}}' Backslash line continuations can also be used in interpolations. The line following the backslash must be indented. recipe: echo '{{ \\ \"This interpolation \" + \\ \"has a lot of text.\" \\ }}' echo 'back to recipe body'","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Multi-Line Constructs » Multi-Line Constructs","id":"50","title":"Multi-Line Constructs"},"51":{"body":"just supports a number of useful command line options for listing, dumping, and debugging recipes and variables: $ just --list\nAvailable recipes: js perl polyglot python ruby\n$ just --show perl\nperl: #!/usr/bin/env perl print \"Larry Wall says Hi!\\n\";\n$ just --show polyglot\npolyglot: python js perl sh ruby Some command-line options can be set with environment variables. For example: $ export JUST_UNSTABLE=1\n$ just Is equivalent to: $ just --unstable Consult just --help to see which options can be set from environment variables.","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Command Line Options » Command Line Options","id":"51","title":"Command Line Options"},"52":{"body":"Recipes and aliases whose name starts with a _ are omitted from just --list: test: _test-helper ./bin/test _test-helper: ./bin/super-secret-test-helper-stuff $ just --list\nAvailable recipes: test And from just --summary: $ just --summary\ntest The [private] attribute1.10.0 may also be used to hide recipes or aliases without needing to change the name: [private]\nfoo: [private]\nalias b := bar bar: $ just --list\nAvailable recipes: bar This is useful for helper recipes which are only meant to be used as dependencies of other recipes.","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Private Recipes » Private Recipes","id":"52","title":"Private Recipes"},"53":{"body":"A recipe name may be prefixed with @ to invert the meaning of @ before each line: @quiet: echo hello echo goodbye @# all done! Now only the lines starting with @ will be echoed: $ just quiet\nhello\ngoodbye\n# all done! All recipes in a Justfile can be made quiet with set quiet: set quiet foo: echo \"This is quiet\" @foo2: echo \"This is also quiet\" The [no-quiet] attribute overrides this setting: set quiet foo: echo \"This is quiet\" [no-quiet]\nfoo2: echo \"This is not quiet\" Shebang recipes are quiet by default: foo: #!/usr/bin/env bash echo 'Foo!' $ just foo\nFoo! Adding @ to a shebang recipe name makes just print the recipe before executing it: @bar: #!/usr/bin/env bash echo 'Bar!' $ just bar\n#!/usr/bin/env bash\necho 'Bar!'\nBar! just normally prints error messages when a recipe line fails. These error messages can be suppressed using the [no-exit-message]1.7.0 attribute. You may find this especially useful with a recipe that wraps a tool: git *args: @git {{args}} $ just git status\nfatal: not a git repository (or any of the parent directories): .git\nerror: Recipe `git` failed on line 2 with exit code 128 Add the attribute to suppress the exit error message when the tool exits with a non-zero code: [no-exit-message]\ngit *args: @git {{args}} $ just git status\nfatal: not a git repository (or any of the parent directories): .git","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Quiet Recipes » Quiet Recipes","id":"53","title":"Quiet Recipes"},"54":{"body":"The --choose subcommand makes just invoke a chooser to select which recipes to run. Choosers should read lines containing recipe names from standard input and print one or more of those names separated by spaces to standard output. Because there is currently no way to run a recipe that requires arguments with --choose, such recipes will not be given to the chooser. Private recipes and aliases are also skipped. The chooser can be overridden with the --chooser flag. If --chooser is not given, then just first checks if $JUST_CHOOSER is set. If it isn’t, then the chooser defaults to fzf, a popular fuzzy finder. Arguments can be included in the chooser, i.e. fzf --exact. The chooser is invoked in the same way as recipe lines. For example, if the chooser is fzf, it will be invoked with sh -cu 'fzf', and if the shell, or the shell arguments are overridden, the chooser invocation will respect those overrides. If you’d like just to default to selecting recipes with a chooser, you can use this as your default recipe: default: @just --choose","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Selecting Recipes to Run With an Interactive Chooser » Selecting Recipes to Run With an Interactive Chooser","id":"54","title":"Selecting Recipes to Run With an Interactive Chooser"},"55":{"body":"If the first argument passed to just contains a /, then the following occurs: The argument is split at the last /. The part before the last / is treated as a directory. just will start its search for the justfile there, instead of in the current directory. The part after the last slash is treated as a normal argument, or ignored if it is empty. This may seem a little strange, but it’s useful if you wish to run a command in a justfile that is in a subdirectory. For example, if you are in a directory which contains a subdirectory named foo, which contains a justfile with the recipe build, which is also the default recipe, the following are all equivalent: $ (cd foo && just build)\n$ just foo/build\n$ just foo/ Additional recipes after the first are sought in the same justfile. For example, the following are both equivalent: $ just foo/a b\n$ (cd foo && just a b) And will both invoke recipes a and b in foo/justfile.","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Invoking justfiles in Other Directories » Invoking justfiles in Other Directories","id":"55","title":"Invoking justfiles in Other Directories"},"56":{"body":"One justfile can include the contents of another using import statements. If you have the following justfile: import 'foo/bar.just' a: b @echo A And the following text in foo/bar.just: b: @echo B foo/bar.just will be included in justfile and recipe b will be defined: $ just b\nB\n$ just a\nB\nA The import path can be absolute or relative to the location of the justfile containing it. A leading ~/ in the import path is replaced with the current users home directory. Justfiles are insensitive to order, so included files can reference variables and recipes defined after the import statement. Imported files can themselves contain imports, which are processed recursively. When allow-duplicate-recipes is set, recipes in parent modules override recipes in imports. In a similar manner, when allow-duplicate-variables is set, variables in parent modules override variables in imports. Imports may be made optional by putting a ? after the import keyword: import? 'foo/bar.just' Importing the same source file multiple times is not an errormaster. This allows importing multiple justfiles, for example foo.just and bar.just, which both import a third justfile containing shared recipes, for example baz.just, without the duplicate import of baz.just being an error: # justfile\nimport 'foo.just'\nimport 'bar.just' # foo.just\nimport 'baz.just'\nfoo: baz # bar.just\nimport 'baz.just'\nbar: baz # baz\nbaz:","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Imports » Imports","id":"56","title":"Imports"},"57":{"body":"A justfile can declare modules using mod statements. mod statements were stabilized in just1.31.0. In earlier versions, you’ll need to use the --unstable flag, set unstable, or set the JUST_UNSTABLE environment variable to use them. If you have the following justfile: mod bar a: @echo A And the following text in bar.just: b: @echo B bar.just will be included in justfile as a submodule. Recipes, aliases, and variables defined in one submodule cannot be used in another, and each module uses its own settings. Recipes in submodules can be invoked as subcommands: $ just bar b\nB Or with path syntax: $ just bar::b\nB If a module is named foo, just will search for the module file in foo.just, foo/mod.just, foo/justfile, and foo/.justfile. In the latter two cases, the module file may have any capitalization. Module statements may be of the form: mod foo 'PATH' Which loads the module’s source file from PATH, instead of from the usual locations. A leading ~/ in PATH is replaced with the current user’s home directory. PATH may point to the module source file itself, or to a directory containing the module source file with the name mod.just, justfile, or .justfile. In the latter two cases, the module file may have any capitalization. Environment files are only loaded for the root justfile, and loaded environment variables are available in submodules. Settings in submodules that affect environment file loading are ignored. Recipes in submodules without the [no-cd] attribute run with the working directory set to the directory containing the submodule source file. justfile() and justfile_directory() always return the path to the root justfile and the directory that contains it, even when called from submodule recipes. Modules may be made optional by putting a ? after the mod keyword: mod? foo Missing source files for optional modules do not produce an error. Optional modules with no source file do not conflict, so you can have multiple mod statements with the same name, but with different source file paths, as long as at most one source file exists: mod? foo 'bar.just'\nmod? foo 'baz.just' Modules may be given doc comments which appear in --list output1.30.0: # foo is a great module!\nmod foo $ just --list\nAvailable recipes: foo ... # foo is a great module! Modules are still missing a lot of features, for example, the ability to depend on recipes and refer to variables in other modules. See the module improvement tracking issue for more information.","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Modules1.19.0 » Modules1.19.0","id":"57","title":"Modules1.19.0"},"58":{"body":"just looks for justfiles named justfile and .justfile, which can be used to keep a justfile hidden.","breadcrumbs":"Introduction » Features » Hiding justfiles » Hiding justfiles","id":"58","title":"Hiding justfiles"},"59":{"body":"By adding a shebang line to the top of a justfile and making it executable, just can be used as an interpreter for scripts: $ cat > script <