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<h1><a style="color:black" href="http://maraisresearchgroup.co.uk/"><div class="transparent-box">Atmospheric Composition and Air Quality Group</div></a></h1>
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<h2>The impact of satellite megaconstellations on atmospheric composition and climate</h2>
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<p>Satellite megaconstellations (SMCs) are driving huge growth in the space sector, but lack environmental regulation.
Here we construct inventories of emissions from rocket launches and spacecraft re-entry, covering the pre-SMC era (2019) and post-SMC era (2020-2022).
We implement these in the GEOS-Chem model coupled to a radiative transfer model to determine the impact of current and future emissions on climate and the composition of the upper atmosphere.</p>
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<p><strong>People:</strong> <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/geography/connor-barker" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Connor Barker</a></p>
<p><strong>Funding:</strong> European Research Council (ERC) Starting Grant (StG) UpTrop (851854). <a href="https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/851854" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">European Commission project page</a>.</p>
<p><strong>External Collaborators:</strong> <a href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/people/jonathan-mcdowell" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Jonathan McDowell</a> (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics), <a href="https://lae.mit.edu/team/sebastian-eastham/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Seb Eastham</a> (Imperial), <a href="https://www.ch.cam.ac.uk/group/forse/person/cjb266" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Chloe Balhatchet</a> (U. Cambridge)</p>
<p><strong>Data and Tools Used: </strong>GEOS-Chem, RRTMG</p>
<p><strong>Media Coverage:</strong></p>
<p>Detailed media coverage on our <a href="https://maraisresearchgroup.co.uk/media_coverage.html" target="_blank">Media Coverage page.</a>
<p style="margin-left: 35px">Mashable, <a href="https://mashable.com/article/space-tourism-environmental-costs" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Space tourism sounds fun. But it could be terrible for the planet.</a><br/>
The Guardian, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jul/19/billionaires-space-tourism-environment-emissions" target="_blank">How the billionaire space race could be one giant leap for pollution</a><br/>
CTV News, <a href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/climate-and-environment/space-travel-is-open-for-business-but-what-about-the-environmental-impact-1.5506132" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Space travel is open for business, but what about the environmental impact?</a><br/>
UCL Geography News, <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/geography/news/2024/oct/first-database-pollutant-and-co2-emissions-satellite-megaconstellations" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">First database of pollutant and CO2 emissions from satellite megaconstellations</a><br/>
Space.com, <a href="https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-reentry-pollution-damage-earth-atmosphere" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">How much do SpaceX's reentering Starlink satellites pollute Earth's atmosphere?</a><br/>
The Guardian, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/nov/01/pollutionwatch-air-pollution-inventory-space-launches-reentries" target="_blank">Inventory counts air pollution cost of space launches and re-entries</a></p>
<p><strong>Datasets: </strong></p>
<p style="margin-left: 35px"><strong>Global 3D rocket launch and re-entry air pollutant and carbon dioxide emissions for 2020-2022</strong>. C. R. Barker, E. A. Marais (2024). doi:10.5522/04/26325382. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.5522/04/26325382" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Data</a>]. [<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-024-03910-z" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Publication</a>]</p>
<p style="margin-left: 35px"><strong>Rocket atmospheric impact - Emissions Inventory and Results</strong>. R. Ryan, E. A. Marais (2022). doi:10.5522/04/17032349. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.5522/04/17032349" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Data</a>]. [<a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2021EF002612" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Publication</a>]</p>
<p><strong>Publications and References:</strong></p>
<p style="margin-left: 35px">C. R. Barker, E. A. Marais, J. C. McDowell, <strong>Global 3D rocket launch and re-entry air pollutant and CO2 emissions at the onset of the megaconstellation era</strong>, <em>Nature Scientific Data</em>, 11, 1079 (2024), doi:10.1038/s41597-024-03910-z. [<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-024-03910-z" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Article Link</a>]. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.5522/04/26325382" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Data</a>].</p>
<p style="margin-left: 35px">R. G. Ryan, E. A. Marais, C. J. Balhatchet, S. D. Eastham, <strong>Impact of rocket launch and space debris air pollutant emissions on stratospheric ozone and global climate</strong>, <em>Earth's Future</em>, 10, e2021EF002612 (2022), doi:10.1029/2021EF002612. [<a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2021EF002612" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PDF</a>]. [<a href="https://wiley.altmetric.com/details/129725006" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Extensive media coverage</a>]. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.5522/04/17032349" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Data</a>],<strong><em> Awarded Wiley certificate for most downloaded article in 2022</strong></em>.</p>
<p style="margin-left: 35px">E. A. Marais, <strong>Axiom launch: why commercial space travel could be another giant leap for air pollution</strong>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/axiom-launch-why-commercial-space-travel-could-be-another-giant-leap-for-air-pollution-180990" target="_blank">The Conversation</a>, 8 April 2022.</p>
<p style="margin-left: 35px">E. A. Marais, <strong>Space tourism: rockets emit 100 times more CO₂ per passenger than flights – imagine a whole industry</strong>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/space-tourism-rockets-emit-100-times-more-co-per-passenger-than-flights-imagine-a-whole-industry-164601" target="_blank">The Conversation</a>, 19 July 2021.</p>
<p><strong>Latest Presentations:</strong></p>
<p>Complete list of research group presentations on our <a href="https://maraisresearchgroup.co.uk/presentations.html" target="_blank">Presentations page.</a>
<p style="margin-left: 35px"><strong>Air pollution and environmental impacts of megaconstellation satellite missions</strong>, talk by Connor Barker at the Royal Society of Chemistry Air Quality in the 21st Century conference, 10 December. [<a href="http://maraisresearchgroup.co.uk/Presentations/CBarker_RSC_AQ21.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PDF</a>]</p>
<p style="margin-left: 35px"><strong>Quantifying the emissions and modelling the environmental impacts of rapidly growing satellite megaconstellations</strong>, talk by Connor Barker, workshop on Protecting Earth and Outer Space from disposal of spacecraft and debris, University of Southampton, 24 September. <strong><em>Invited</em></strong>. [<a href="http://maraisresearchgroup.co.uk/Presentations/BarkerC-Southampton-workshop-2024.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PDF</a>]</p>
<p style="margin-left: 35px"><strong>The growing impact of satellite megaconstellation launch and re-entry emissions on radiative forcing and stratospheric ozone depletion</strong>, talk by Connor Barker at IGC11, WUSTL, US, 11 June. [<a href="http://maraisresearchgroup.co.uk/Presentations/CBarker-IGC11-Jun2024.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PDF</a>]</p>
<p style="margin-left: 35px"><strong>A global, 3D inventory of satellite megaconstellation emissions from rocket launches and satellite re-entries: Impacts on stratospheric ozone and climate</strong>, talk by Connor Barker at the UCL Physical Geography seminar series, 30 May. <strong><em>Invited</em></strong>. [<a href="http://maraisresearchgroup.co.uk/Presentations/CBarker-PGeog-seminar-May2024.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PDF</a>]</p>
<p style="margin-left: 35px"><strong>Developing inventories of by-products from satellite megaconstellation launches and disposal to determine the influence on stratospheric ozone and climate</strong>, talk by Connor Barker at EGU, 18 April. [<a href="http://maraisresearchgroup.co.uk/Presentations/BarkerC-EGU-2024.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PDF</a>]</p>
<p style="margin-left: 35px"><strong>Developing satellite megaconstellation emission inventories to determine the impact on stratospheric ozone and climate</strong>, talk by Connor Barker at the ESA ESTEC workshop on Understanding the Atmospheric Effects of Spacecraft Re-entry, 10 January. [<a href="http://maraisresearchgroup.co.uk/Presentations/CBarker-ESA-ESTEC-workshop-Jan2024.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PDF</a>]</p>
<p><strong>Disclaimer:</strong> This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 851854)</p>
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