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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" />
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1">
<title>Underscore.js</title>
<style>
body {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 24px;
background: #f0f0e5;
color: #252519;
font-family: "Palatino Linotype", "Book Antiqua", Palatino, FreeSerif, serif;
}
div.container {
width: 720px;
margin: 50px 0 50px 50px;
}
p {
width: 550px;
}
#documentation p {
margin-bottom: 4px;
}
a, a:visited {
padding: 0 2px;
text-decoration: none;
background: #dadaba;
color: #252519;
}
a:active, a:hover {
color: #000;
background: #f0c095;
}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
margin-top: 40px;
}
b.header {
font-size: 18px;
}
span.alias {
font-size: 14px;
font-style: italic;
margin-left: 20px;
}
table, tr, td {
margin: 0; padding: 0;
}
td {
padding: 2px 12px 2px 0;
}
code, pre, tt {
font-family: Monaco, Consolas, "Lucida Console", monospace;
font-size: 12px;
line-height: 18px;
color: #555529;
}
code {
margin-left: 20px;
}
pre {
font-size: 12px;
padding: 2px 0 2px 12px;
border-left: 6px solid #aaaa99;
margin: 0px 0 30px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<h1>Underscore.js</h1>
<p>
<a href="http://github.com/documentcloud/underscore/">Underscore</a> is a
utility-belt library for JavaScript that provides a lot of the
functional programming support that you would expect in
<a href="http://prototypejs.org/api">Prototype.js</a>
(or <a href="http://www.ruby-doc.org/core/classes/Enumerable.html">Ruby</a>),
but without extending any of the built-in JavaScript objects. It's the
tie to go along with <a href="http://docs.jquery.com">jQuery</a>'s tux.
</p>
<p>
Underscore provides 60-odd functions that support both the usual
functional suspects: <b>map</b>, <b>select</b>, <b>invoke</b> —
as well as more specialized helpers: function binding, javascript
templating, deep equality testing, and so on. It delegates to built-in
functions, if present, so modern browsers will use the
native implementations of <b>forEach</b>, <b>map</b>, <b>reduce</b>,
<b>filter</b>, <b>every</b>, <b>some</b> and <b>indexOf</b>.
</p>
<p>
A complete <a href="test/test.html">Test & Benchmark Suite</a>
is included for your perusal.
</p>
<p>
You may also read through the <a href="docs/underscore.html">annotated source code</a>.
</p>
<p>
The project is
<a href="http://github.com/documentcloud/underscore/">hosted on GitHub</a>.
You can report bugs and discuss features on the
<a href="http://github.com/documentcloud/underscore/issues">issues page</a>,
on Freenode in the <tt>#documentcloud</tt> channel,
or send tweets to <a href="http://twitter.com/documentcloud">@documentcloud</a>.
</p>
<p>
<i>Underscore is an open-source component of <a href="http://documentcloud.org/">DocumentCloud</a>.</i>
</p>
<h2>Downloads <i style="padding-left: 12px; font-size:12px;">(Right-click, and use "Save As")</i></h2>
<table>
<tr>
<td><a href="underscore.js">Development Version (1.1.7)</a></td>
<td><i>28kb, Uncompressed with Comments</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="underscore-min.js">Production Version (1.1.7)</a></td>
<td><i>3kb, Minified and Gzipped</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<a href="#styles">Object-Oriented and Functional Styles</a>
<p>
<b>Collections</b>
<br />
<span class="methods"><a href="#each">each</a>, <a href="#map">map</a>,
<a href="#reduce">reduce</a>, <a href="#reduceRight">reduceRight</a>,
<a href="#detect">detect</a>, <a href="#select">select</a>,
<a href="#reject">reject</a>, <a href="#all">all</a>,
<a href="#any">any</a>, <a href="#include">include</a>,
<a href="#invoke">invoke</a>, <a href="#pluck">pluck</a>,
<a href="#max">max</a>, <a href="#min">min</a>,
<a href="#sortBy">sortBy</a>, <a href="#groupBy">groupBy</a>, <a href="#sortedIndex">sortedIndex</a>,
<a href="#toArray">toArray</a>, <a href="#size">size</a></span>
</p>
<p>
<b>Arrays</b>
<br />
<span class="methods"><a href="#first">first</a>, <a href="#rest">rest</a>, <a href="#last">last</a>,
<a href="#compact">compact</a>, <a href="#flatten">flatten</a>, <a href="#without">without</a>,
<a href="#union">union</a>, <a href="#intersection">intersection</a>, <a href="#difference">difference</a>,
<a href="#uniq">uniq</a>, <a href="#zip">zip</a>, <a href="#indexOf">indexOf</a>,
<a href="#lastIndexOf">lastIndexOf</a>, <a href="#range">range</a></span>
</p>
<p>
<b>Functions</b>
<br />
<span class="methods"><a href="#bind">bind</a>, <a href="#bindAll">bindAll</a>,
<a href="#memoize">memoize</a>, <a href="#delay">delay</a>, <a href="#defer">defer</a>,
<a href="#throttle">throttle</a>, <a href="#debounce">debounce</a>,
<a href="#once">once</a>, <a href="#after">after</a>, <a href="#wrap">wrap</a>, <a href="#compose">compose</a></span>
</p>
<p>
<b>Objects</b>
<br />
<span class="methods"><a href="#keys">keys</a>, <a href="#values">values</a>,
<a href="#functions">functions</a>, <a href="#extend">extend</a>, <a href="#defaults">defaults</a>, <a href="#clone">clone</a>, <a href="#tap">tap</a>,
<a href="#isEqual">isEqual</a>, <a href="#isEmpty">isEmpty</a>, <a href="#isElement">isElement</a>,
<a href="#isArray">isArray</a>, <a href="#isArguments">isArguments</a>, <a href="#isFunction">isFunction</a>, <a href="#isString">isString</a>,
<a href="#isNumber">isNumber</a>, <a href="#isBoolean">isBoolean</a>, <a href="#isDate">isDate</a>, <a href="#isRegExp">isRegExp</a>
<a href="#isNaN">isNaN</a>, <a href="#isNull">isNull</a>,
<a href="#isUndefined">isUndefined</a>
</span>
</p>
<p>
<b>Utility</b>
<br />
<span class="methods"><a href="#noConflict">noConflict</a>,
<a href="#identity">identity</a>, <a href="#times">times</a>,
<a href="#mixin">mixin</a>, <a href="#uniqueId">uniqueId</a>,
<a href="#template">template</a></span>
</p>
<p>
<b>Chaining</b>
<br />
<span class="methods"><a href="#chain">chain</a>, <a href="#value">value</a>
</p>
<div id="documentation">
<h2 id="styles">Object-Oriented and Functional Styles</h2>
<p>
You can use Underscore in either an object-oriented or a functional style,
depending on your preference. The following two lines of code are
identical ways to double a list of numbers.
</p>
<pre>
_.map([1, 2, 3], function(n){ return n * 2; });
_([1, 2, 3]).map(function(n){ return n * 2; });</pre>
<p>
Using the object-oriented style allows you to chain together methods. Calling
<tt>chain</tt> on a wrapped object will cause all future method calls to
return wrapped objects as well. When you've finished the computation,
use <tt>value</tt> to retrieve the final value. Here's an example of chaining
together a <b>map/flatten/reduce</b>, in order to get the word count of
every word in a song.
</p>
<pre>
var lyrics = [
{line : 1, words : "I'm a lumberjack and I'm okay"},
{line : 2, words : "I sleep all night and I work all day"},
{line : 3, words : "He's a lumberjack and he's okay"},
{line : 4, words : "He sleeps all night and he works all day"}
];
_(lyrics).chain()
.map(function(line) { return line.words.split(' '); })
.flatten()
.reduce(function(counts, word) {
counts[word] = (counts[word] || 0) + 1;
return counts;
}, {}).value();
=> {lumberjack : 2, all : 4, night : 2 ... }</pre>
<p>
In addition, the
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/prototype">Array prototype's methods</a>
are proxied through the chained Underscore object, so you can slip a
<tt>reverse</tt> or a <tt>push</tt> into your chain, and continue to
modify the array.
</p>
<h2>Collection Functions (Arrays or Objects)</h2>
<p id="each">
<b class="header">each</b><code>_.each(list, iterator, [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>forEach</b></span>
<br />
Iterates over a <b>list</b> of elements, yielding each in turn to an <b>iterator</b>
function. The <b>iterator</b> is bound to the <b>context</b> object, if one is
passed. Each invocation of <b>iterator</b> is called with three arguments:
<tt>(element, index, list)</tt>. If <b>list</b> is a JavaScript object, <b>iterator</b>'s
arguments will be <tt>(value, key, list)</tt>. Delegates to the native
<b>forEach</b> function if it exists.
</p>
<pre>
_.each([1, 2, 3], function(num){ alert(num); });
=> alerts each number in turn...
_.each({one : 1, two : 2, three : 3}, function(num, key){ alert(num); });
=> alerts each number in turn...</pre>
<p id="map">
<b class="header">map</b><code>_.map(list, iterator, [context])</code>
<br />
Produces a new array of values by mapping each value in <b>list</b>
through a transformation function (<b>iterator</b>). If the native <b>map</b> method
exists, it will be used instead. If <b>list</b> is a JavaScript object,
<b>iterator</b>'s arguments will be <tt>(value, key, list)</tt>.
</p>
<pre>
_.map([1, 2, 3], function(num){ return num * 3; });
=> [3, 6, 9]
_.map({one : 1, two : 2, three : 3}, function(num, key){ return num * 3; });
=> [3, 6, 9]</pre>
<p id="reduce">
<b class="header">reduce</b><code>_.reduce(list, iterator, memo, [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Aliases: <b>inject, foldl</b></span>
<br />
Also known as <b>inject</b> and <b>foldl</b>, <b>reduce</b> boils down a
<b>list</b> of values into a single value. <b>Memo</b> is the initial state
of the reduction, and each successive step of it should be returned by
<b>iterator</b>.
</p>
<pre>
var sum = _.reduce([1, 2, 3], function(memo, num){ return memo + num; }, 0);
=> 6
</pre>
<p id="reduceRight">
<b class="header">reduceRight</b><code>_.reduceRight(list, iterator, memo, [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>foldr</b></span>
<br />
The right-associative version of <b>reduce</b>. Delegates to the
JavaScript 1.8 version of <b>reduceRight</b>, if it exists. <b>Foldr</b>
is not as useful in JavaScript as it would be in a language with lazy
evaluation.
</p>
<pre>
var list = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
var flat = _.reduceRight(list, function(a, b) { return a.concat(b); }, []);
=> [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]
</pre>
<p id="detect">
<b class="header">detect</b><code>_.detect(list, iterator, [context])</code>
<br />
Looks through each value in the <b>list</b>, returning the first one that
passes a truth test (<b>iterator</b>). The function returns as
soon as it finds an acceptable element, and doesn't traverse the
entire list.
</p>
<pre>
var even = _.detect([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
=> 2
</pre>
<p id="select">
<b class="header">select</b><code>_.select(list, iterator, [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>filter</b></span>
<br />
Looks through each value in the <b>list</b>, returning an array of all
the values that pass a truth test (<b>iterator</b>). Delegates to the
native <b>filter</b> method, if it exists.
</p>
<pre>
var evens = _.select([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
=> [2, 4, 6]
</pre>
<p id="reject">
<b class="header">reject</b><code>_.reject(list, iterator, [context])</code>
<br />
Returns the values in <b>list</b> without the elements that the truth
test (<b>iterator</b>) passes. The opposite of <b>select</b>.
</p>
<pre>
var odds = _.reject([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
=> [1, 3, 5]
</pre>
<p id="all">
<b class="header">all</b><code>_.all(list, iterator, [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>every</b></span>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if all of the values in the <b>list</b> pass the <b>iterator</b>
truth test. Delegates to the native method <b>every</b>, if present.
</p>
<pre>
_.all([true, 1, null, 'yes'], _.identity);
=> false
</pre>
<p id="any">
<b class="header">any</b><code>_.any(list, [iterator], [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>some</b></span>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if any of the values in the <b>list</b> pass the
<b>iterator</b> truth test. Short-circuits and stops traversing the list
if a true element is found. Delegates to the native method <b>some</b>,
if present.
</p>
<pre>
_.any([null, 0, 'yes', false]);
=> true
</pre>
<p id="include">
<b class="header">include</b><code>_.include(list, value)</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>contains</b></span>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if the <b>value</b> is present in the <b>list</b>, using
<i>===</i> to test equality. Uses <b>indexOf</b> internally, if <b>list</b>
is an Array.
</p>
<pre>
_.include([1, 2, 3], 3);
=> true
</pre>
<p id="invoke">
<b class="header">invoke</b><code>_.invoke(list, methodName, [*arguments])</code>
<br />
Calls the method named by <b>methodName</b> on each value in the <b>list</b>.
Any extra arguments passed to <b>invoke</b> will be forwarded on to the
method invocation.
</p>
<pre>
_.invoke([[5, 1, 7], [3, 2, 1]], 'sort');
=> [[1, 5, 7], [1, 2, 3]]
</pre>
<p id="pluck">
<b class="header">pluck</b><code>_.pluck(list, propertyName)</code>
<br />
A convenient version of what is perhaps the most common use-case for
<b>map</b>: extracting a list of property values.
</p>
<pre>
var stooges = [{name : 'moe', age : 40}, {name : 'larry', age : 50}, {name : 'curly', age : 60}];
_.pluck(stooges, 'name');
=> ["moe", "larry", "curly"]
</pre>
<p id="max">
<b class="header">max</b><code>_.max(list, [iterator], [context])</code>
<br />
Returns the maximum value in <b>list</b>. If <b>iterator</b> is passed,
it will be used on each value to generate the criterion by which the
value is ranked.
</p>
<pre>
var stooges = [{name : 'moe', age : 40}, {name : 'larry', age : 50}, {name : 'curly', age : 60}];
_.max(stooges, function(stooge){ return stooge.age; });
=> {name : 'curly', age : 60};
</pre>
<p id="min">
<b class="header">min</b><code>_.min(list, [iterator], [context])</code>
<br />
Returns the minimum value in <b>list</b>. If <b>iterator</b> is passed,
it will be used on each value to generate the criterion by which the
value is ranked.
</p>
<pre>
var numbers = [10, 5, 100, 2, 1000];
_.min(numbers);
=> 2
</pre>
<p id="sortBy">
<b class="header">sortBy</b><code>_.sortBy(list, iterator, [context])</code>
<br />
Returns a sorted copy of <b>list</b>, ranked by the results of running
each value through <b>iterator</b>.
</p>
<pre>
_.sortBy([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return Math.sin(num); });
=> [5, 4, 6, 3, 1, 2]
</pre>
<p id="groupBy">
<b class="header">groupBy</b><code>_.groupBy(list, iterator)</code>
<br />
Splits a collection into sets, grouped by the result of running each
value through <b>iterator</b>.
</p>
<pre>
_.groupBy([1.3, 2.1, 2.4], function(num){ return Math.floor(num); });
=> {1: [1.3], 2: [2.1, 2.4]}
</pre>
<p id="sortedIndex">
<b class="header">sortedIndex</b><code>_.sortedIndex(list, value, [iterator])</code>
<br />
Uses a binary search to determine the index at which the <b>value</b>
<i>should</i> be inserted into the <b>list</b> in order to maintain the <b>list</b>'s
sorted order. If an <b>iterator</b> is passed, it will be used to compute
the sort ranking of each value.
</p>
<pre>
_.sortedIndex([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], 35);
=> 3
</pre>
<p id="toArray">
<b class="header">toArray</b><code>_.toArray(list)</code>
<br />
Converts the <b>list</b> (anything that can be iterated over), into a
real Array. Useful for transmuting the <b>arguments</b> object.
</p>
<pre>
(function(){ return _.toArray(arguments).slice(0); })(1, 2, 3);
=> [1, 2, 3]
</pre>
<p id="size">
<b class="header">size</b><code>_.size(list)</code>
<br />
Return the number of values in the <b>list</b>.
</p>
<pre>
_.size({one : 1, two : 2, three : 3});
=> 3
</pre>
<h2>Array Functions</h2>
<p>
<i>Note: All array functions will also work on the <b>arguments</b> object.</i>
</p>
<p id="first">
<b class="header">first</b><code>_.first(array, [n])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>head</b></span>
<br />
Returns the first element of an <b>array</b>. Passing <b>n</b> will
return the first <b>n</b> elements of the array.
</p>
<pre>
_.first([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=> 5
</pre>
<p id="rest">
<b class="header">rest</b><code>_.rest(array, [index])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>tail</b></span>
<br />
Returns the <b>rest</b> of the elements in an array. Pass an <b>index</b>
to return the values of the array from that index onward.
</p>
<pre>
_.rest([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=> [4, 3, 2, 1]
</pre>
<p id="last">
<b class="header">last</b><code>_.last(array)</code>
<br />
Returns the last element of an <b>array</b>.
</p>
<pre>
_.last([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=> 1
</pre>
<p id="compact">
<b class="header">compact</b><code>_.compact(array)</code>
<br />
Returns a copy of the <b>array</b> with all falsy values removed.
In JavaScript, <i>false</i>, <i>null</i>, <i>0</i>, <i>""</i>,
<i>undefined</i> and <i>NaN</i> are all falsy.
</p>
<pre>
_.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
=> [1, 2, 3]
</pre>
<p id="flatten">
<b class="header">flatten</b><code>_.flatten(array)</code>
<br />
Flattens a nested <b>array</b> (the nesting can be to any depth).
</p>
<pre>
_.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[[4]]]]]);
=> [1, 2, 3, 4];
</pre>
<p id="without">
<b class="header">without</b><code>_.without(array, [*values])</code>
<br />
Returns a copy of the <b>array</b> with all instances of the <b>values</b>
removed. <i>===</i> is used for the equality test.
</p>
<pre>
_.without([1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4], 0, 1);
=> [2, 3, 4]
</pre>
<p id="union">
<b class="header">union</b><code>_.union(*arrays)</code>
<br />
Computes the union of the passed-in <b>arrays</b>: the list of unique items,
in order, that are present in one or more of the <b>arrays</b>.
</p>
<pre>
_.union([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
=> [1, 2, 3, 101, 10]
</pre>
<p id="intersection">
<b class="header">intersection</b><code>_.intersection(*arrays)</code>
<br />
Computes the list of values that are the intersection of all the <b>arrays</b>.
Each value in the result is present in each of the <b>arrays</b>.
</p>
<pre>
_.intersection([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
=> [1, 2]
</pre>
<p id="difference">
<b class="header">difference</b><code>_.difference(array, other)</code>
<br />
Similar to <b>without</b>, but returns the values from <b>array</b> that
are not present in <b>other</b>.
</p>
<pre>
_.difference([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [5, 2, 10]);
=> [1, 3, 4]
</pre>
<p id="uniq">
<b class="header">uniq</b><code>_.uniq(array, [isSorted])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>unique</b></span>
<br />
Produces a duplicate-free version of the <b>array</b>, using <i>===</i> to test
object equality. If you know in advance that the <b>array</b> is sorted,
passing <i>true</i> for <b>isSorted</b> will run a much faster algorithm.
</p>
<pre>
_.uniq([1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4]);
=> [1, 2, 3, 4]
</pre>
<p id="zip">
<b class="header">zip</b><code>_.zip(*arrays)</code>
<br />
Merges together the values of each of the <b>arrays</b> with the
values at the corresponding position. Useful when you have separate
data sources that are coordinated through matching array indexes.
If you're working with a matrix of nested arrays, <b>zip.apply</b>
can transpose the matrix in a similar fashion.
</p>
<pre>
_.zip(['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], [30, 40, 50], [true, false, false]);
=> [["moe", 30, true], ["larry", 40, false], ["curly", 50, false]]
</pre>
<p id="indexOf">
<b class="header">indexOf</b><code>_.indexOf(array, value, [isSorted])</code>
<br />
Returns the index at which <b>value</b> can be found in the <b>array</b>,
or <i>-1</i> if value is not present in the <b>array</b>. Uses the native
<b>indexOf</b> function unless it's missing. If you're working with a
large array, and you know that the array is already sorted, pass <tt>true</tt>
for <b>isSorted</b> to use a faster binary search.
</p>
<pre>
_.indexOf([1, 2, 3], 2);
=> 1
</pre>
<p id="lastIndexOf">
<b class="header">lastIndexOf</b><code>_.lastIndexOf(array, value)</code>
<br />
Returns the index of the last occurrence of <b>value</b> in the <b>array</b>,
or <i>-1</i> if value is not present. Uses the native <b>lastIndexOf</b>
function if possible.
</p>
<pre>
_.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
=> 4
</pre>
<p id="range">
<b class="header">range</b><code>_.range([start], stop, [step])</code>
<br />
A function to create flexibly-numbered lists of integers, handy for
<tt>each</tt> and <tt>map</tt> loops. <b>start</b>, if omitted, defaults
to <i>0</i>; <b>step</b> defaults to <i>1</i>. Returns a list of integers
from <b>start</b> to <b>stop</b>, incremented (or decremented) by <b>step</b>,
exclusive.
</p>
<pre>
_.range(10);
=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
_.range(1, 11);
=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
_.range(0, 30, 5);
=> [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
_.range(0, -10, -1);
=> [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9]
_.range(0);
=> []
</pre>
<h2>Function (uh, ahem) Functions</h2>
<p id="bind">
<b class="header">bind</b><code>_.bind(function, object, [*arguments])</code>
<br />
Bind a <b>function</b> to an <b>object</b>, meaning that whenever
the function is called, the value of <i>this</i> will be the <b>object</b>.
Optionally, bind <b>arguments</b> to the <b>function</b> to pre-fill them,
also known as <b>currying</b>.
</p>
<pre>
var func = function(greeting){ return greeting + ': ' + this.name };
func = _.bind(func, {name : 'moe'}, 'hi');
func();
=> 'hi: moe'
</pre>
<p id="bindAll">
<b class="header">bindAll</b><code>_.bindAll(object, [*methodNames])</code>
<br />
Binds a number of methods on the <b>object</b>, specified by
<b>methodNames</b>, to be run in the context of that object whenever they
are invoked. Very handy for binding functions that are going to be used
as event handlers, which would otherwise be invoked with a fairly useless
<i>this</i>. If no <b>methodNames</b> are provided, all of the object's
function properties will be bound to it.
</p>
<pre>
var buttonView = {
label : 'underscore',
onClick : function(){ alert('clicked: ' + this.label); },
onHover : function(){ console.log('hovering: ' + this.label); }
};
_.bindAll(buttonView);
jQuery('#underscore_button').bind('click', buttonView.onClick);
=> When the button is clicked, this.label will have the correct value...
</pre>
<p id="memoize">
<b class="header">memoize</b><code>_.memoize(function, [hashFunction])</code>
<br />
Memoizes a given <b>function</b> by caching the computed result. Useful
for speeding up slow-running computations. If passed an optional
<b>hashFunction</b>, it will be used to compute the hash key for storing
the result, based on the arguments to the original function. The default
<b>hashFunction</b> just uses the first argument to the memoized function
as the key.
</p>
<pre>
var fibonacci = function(n) {
return n < 2 ? n : fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
};
var fastFibonacci = _.memoize(fibonacci);
</pre>
<p id="delay">
<b class="header">delay</b><code>_.delay(function, wait, [*arguments])</code>
<br />
Much like <b>setTimeout</b>, invokes <b>function</b> after <b>wait</b>
milliseconds. If you pass the optional <b>arguments</b>, they will be
forwarded on to the <b>function</b> when it is invoked.
</p>
<pre>
var log = _.bind(console.log, console);
_.delay(log, 1000, 'logged later');
=> 'logged later' // Appears after one second.
</pre>
<p id="defer">
<b class="header">defer</b><code>_.defer(function)</code>
<br />
Defers invoking the <b>function</b> until the current call stack has cleared,
similar to using <b>setTimeout</b> with a delay of 0. Useful for performing
expensive computations or HTML rendering in chunks without blocking the UI thread
from updating.
</p>
<pre>
_.defer(function(){ alert('deferred'); });
// Returns from the function before the alert runs.
</pre>
<p id="throttle">
<b class="header">throttle</b><code>_.throttle(function, wait)</code>
<br />
Returns a throttled version of the function, that, when invoked repeatedly,
will only actually call the wrapped function at most once per every <b>wait</b>
milliseconds. Useful for rate-limiting events that occur faster than you
can keep up with.
</p>
<pre>
var throttled = _.throttle(updatePosition, 100);
$(window).scroll(throttled);
</pre>
<p id="debounce">
<b class="header">debounce</b><code>_.debounce(function, wait)</code>
<br />
Repeated calls to a debounced function will postpone it's execution
until after <b>wait</b> milliseconds have elapsed. Useful for implementing
behavior that should only happen <i>after</i> the input has stopped arriving.
For example: rendering a preview of a Markdown comment, recalculating a
layout after the window has stopped being resized...
</p>
<pre>
var lazyLayout = _.debounce(calculateLayout, 300);
$(window).resize(lazyLayout);
</pre>
<p id="once">
<b class="header">once</b><code>_.once(function)</code>
<br />
Creates a version of the function that can only be called one time.
Repeated calls to the modified function will have no effect, returning
the value from the original call. Useful for initialization functions,
instead of having to set a boolean flag and then check it later.
</p>
<pre>
var initialize = _.once(createApplication);
initialize();
initialize();
// Application is only created once.
</pre>
<p id="after">
<b class="header">after</b><code>_.after(count, function)</code>
<br />
Creates a version of the function that will only be run after first
being called <b>count</b> times. Useful for grouping asynchronous responses,
where you want to be sure that all the async calls have finished, before
proceeding.
</p>
<pre>
var renderNotes = _.after(notes.length, render);
_.each(notes, function(note) {
note.asyncSave({success: renderNotes});
});
// renderNotes is run once, after all notes have saved.
</pre>
<p id="wrap">
<b class="header">wrap</b><code>_.wrap(function, wrapper)</code>
<br />
Wraps the first <b>function</b> inside of the <b>wrapper</b> function,
passing it as the first argument. This allows the <b>wrapper</b> to
execute code before and after the <b>function</b> runs, adjust the arguments,
and execute it conditionally.
</p>
<pre>
var hello = function(name) { return "hello: " + name; };
hello = _.wrap(hello, function(func) {
return "before, " + func("moe") + ", after";
});
hello();
=> 'before, hello: moe, after'
</pre>
<p id="compose">
<b class="header">compose</b><code>_.compose(*functions)</code>
<br />
Returns the composition of a list of <b>functions</b>, where each function
consumes the return value of the function that follows. In math terms,
composing the functions <i>f()</i>, <i>g()</i>, and <i>h()</i> produces
<i>f(g(h()))</i>.
</p>
<pre>
var greet = function(name){ return "hi: " + name; };
var exclaim = function(statement){ return statement + "!"; };
var welcome = _.compose(exclaim, greet);
welcome('moe');
=> 'hi: moe!'
</pre>
<h2>Object Functions</h2>
<p id="keys">
<b class="header">keys</b><code>_.keys(object)</code>
<br />
Retrieve all the names of the <b>object</b>'s properties.
</p>
<pre>
_.keys({one : 1, two : 2, three : 3});
=> ["one", "two", "three"]
</pre>
<p id="values">
<b class="header">values</b><code>_.values(object)</code>
<br />
Return all of the values of the <b>object</b>'s properties.
</p>
<pre>
_.values({one : 1, two : 2, three : 3});
=> [1, 2, 3]
</pre>
<p id="functions">
<b class="header">functions</b><code>_.functions(object)</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>methods</b></span>
<br />
Returns a sorted list of the names of every method in an object —
that is to say, the name of every function property of the object.
</p>
<pre>
_.functions(_);
=> ["all", "any", "bind", "bindAll", "clone", "compact", "compose" ...
</pre>
<p id="extend">
<b class="header">extend</b><code>_.extend(destination, *sources)</code>
<br />
Copy all of the properties in the <b>source</b> objects over to the
<b>destination</b> object. It's in-order, to the last source will override
properties of the same name in previous arguments.
</p>
<pre>
_.extend({name : 'moe'}, {age : 50});
=> {name : 'moe', age : 50}
</pre>
<p id="defaults">
<b class="header">defaults</b><code>_.defaults(object, *defaults)</code>
<br />
Fill in missing properties in <b>object</b> with default values from the
<b>defaults</b> objects. As soon as the property is filled, further defaults
will have no effect.
</p>
<pre>
var iceCream = {flavor : "chocolate"};
_.defaults(iceCream, {flavor : "vanilla", sprinkles : "lots"});
=> {flavor : "chocolate", sprinkles : "lots"}
</pre>
<p id="clone">
<b class="header">clone</b><code>_.clone(object)</code>
<br />
Create a shallow-copied clone of the <b>object</b>. Any nested objects
or arrays will be copied by reference, not duplicated.
</p>
<pre>
_.clone({name : 'moe'});
=> {name : 'moe'};
</pre>
<p id="tap">
<b class="header">tap</b><code>_.tap(object, interceptor)</code>
<br />
Invokes <b>interceptor</b> with the <b>object</b>, and then returns <b>object</b>.
The primary purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain, in order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
</p>
<pre>
_([1,2,3,200]).chain().
select(function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; }).
tap(console.log).
map(function(num) { return num * num }).
value();
=> [2, 200]
=> [4, 40000]
</pre>
<p id="isEqual">
<b class="header">isEqual</b><code>_.isEqual(object, other)</code>
<br />
Performs an optimized deep comparison between the two objects, to determine
if they should be considered equal.
</p>
<pre>
var moe = {name : 'moe', luckyNumbers : [13, 27, 34]};
var clone = {name : 'moe', luckyNumbers : [13, 27, 34]};
moe == clone;
=> false
_.isEqual(moe, clone);
=> true
</pre>
<p id="isEmpty">
<b class="header">isEmpty</b><code>_.isEmpty(object)</code>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> contains no values.
</p>
<pre>
_.isEmpty([1, 2, 3]);
=> false
_.isEmpty({});
=> true
</pre>
<p id="isElement">
<b class="header">isElement</b><code>_.isElement(object)</code>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is a DOM element.
</p>
<pre>
_.isElement(jQuery('body')[0]);
=> true
</pre>
<p id="isArray">
<b class="header">isArray</b><code>_.isArray(object)</code>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is an Array.
</p>
<pre>
(function(){ return _.isArray(arguments); })();
=> false
_.isArray([1,2,3]);
=> true
</pre>
<p id="isArguments">
<b class="header">isArguments</b><code>_.isArguments(object)</code>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is an Arguments object.
</p>
<pre>
(function(){ return _.isArguments(arguments); })(1, 2, 3);
=> true
_.isArguments([1,2,3]);
=> false
</pre>
<p id="isFunction">
<b class="header">isFunction</b><code>_.isFunction(object)</code>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is a Function.
</p>
<pre>
_.isFunction(alert);
=> true
</pre>
<p id="isString">
<b class="header">isString</b><code>_.isString(object)</code>
<br />