notes.txt

Currently the dictionary files include:
    DICTLINE.GEN    Dictionary entries with word stems, definitions, information about use
    INFLECTS.LAT    Declensions and conjugations organized by part of speech
    UNIQUES.LAT     Words which require special treatment
    ADDONS.LAT      Latin prefixes (e.g. ad-, ab-), suffixes, and enclitics (e.g. -que, -ne)
    prefixes.txt    
    suffixes.txt    
    esse.py         Conjugation of esse

To look up a word, you check if the word stem is in DICTLINE; this is the case immediately for 
adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. If it is not one of these, it may still
be found in DICTLINE for 3rd declension nouns in the nominative form, 3rd declension neuter
nouns in the accusative, 1st and 2nd declension adjectives ending in -er, and 3rd declension 
adjectives of one ending and three endings.

If the first lookup is unsuccessful, the word is reduced to remove possible endings, then DICTLINE
is searched again; and repeat.  

The dictionary is categorized according to:
    AGE     Time period, roughly
    AREA    Subject area; e.g. Agriculture, Flora, Fauna, Land, Equipment, Rural
    GEO     Geographical usage
    FREQ    Relative frequency of word
All of these 'dictionary codes' can have the value 'X' meaning unspecified, all, or none. 


Definitions:
 type PART_OF_SPEECH_TYPE
          X,         --  all, none, or unknown
          N,         --  Noun
          PRON,      --  PRONoun
          PACK,      --  PACKON -- artificial for code
          ADJ,       --  ADJective
          NUM,       --  NUMeral
          ADV,       --  ADVerb
          V,         --  Verb
          VPAR,      --  Verb PARticiple
          SUPINE,    --  SUPINE
          PREP,      --  PREPosition
          CONJ,      --  CONJunction
          INTERJ,    --  INTERJection
          TACKON,    --  TACKON --  artificial for code
          PREFIX,    --  PREFIX --  here artificial for code
          SUFFIX     --  SUFFIX --  here artificial for code

  type GENDER_TYPE
          X,         --  all, none, or unknown
          M,         --  Masculine
          F,         --  Feminine
          N,         --  Neuter
          C          --  Common (masculine and/or feminine)
                       
  type CASE_TYPE
          X,         --  all, none, or unknown
          NOM,       --  NOMinative
          VOC,       --  VOCative
          GEN,       --  GENitive
          LOC,       --  LOCative
          DAT,       --  DATive
          ABL,       --  ABLative
          ACC        --  ACCusitive
                     
  type NUMBER_TYPE
          X,         --  all, none, or unknown
          S,         --  Singular
          P          --  Plural

  type PERSON_TYPE is range 0..3;
  
  type COMPARISON_TYPE
          X,         --  all, none, or unknown
          POS,       --  POSitive
          COMP,      --  COMParative
          SUPER      --  SUPERlative
    
  type NUMERAL_SORT_TYPE
         X,          --  all, none, or unknown
         CARD,       --  CARDinal
         ORD,        --  ORDinal
         DIST,       --  DISTributive
         ADVERB      --  numeral ADVERB

  type TENSE_TYPE
          X,         --  all, none, or unknown
          PRES,      --  PRESent
          IMPF,      --  IMPerFect
          FUT,       --  FUTure
          PERF,      --  PERFect
          PLUP,      --  PLUPerfect
          FUTP       --  FUTure Perfect
                                              
  type VOICE_TYPE
          X,         --  all, none, or unknown
          ACTIVE,    --  ACTIVE
          PASSIVE    --  PASSIVE
  
  type MOOD_TYPE
          X,         --  all, none, or unknown
          IND,       --  INDicative
          SUB,       --  SUBjunctive
          IMP,       --  IMPerative
          INF,       --  INFinative
          PPL        --  ParticiPLe
                                         
  type NOUN_KIND_TYPE
          X,            --  unknown, nondescript
          S,            --  Singular "only"           --  not really used
          M,            --  plural or Multiple "only" --  not really used
          A,            --  Abstract idea
          G,            --  Group/collective Name -- Roman(s)
          N,            --  proper Name
          P,            --  a Person
          T,            --  a Thing
          L,            --  Locale, name of country/city
          W             --  a place Where
                            
  type PRONOUN_KIND_TYPE
          X,            --  unknown, nondescript
          PERS,         --  PERSonal
          REL,          --  RELative
          REFLEX,       --  REFLEXive
          DEMONS,       --  DEMONStrative
          INTERR,       --  INTERRogative
          INDEF,        --  INDEFinite
          ADJECT        --  ADJECTival

   type VERB_KIND_TYPE
          X,         --  all, none, or unknown
          TO_BE,     --  only the verb TO BE (esse)
          TO_BEING,  --  compounds of the verb to be (esse)
          GEN,       --  verb taking the GENitive
          DAT,       --  verb taking the DATive  
          ABL,       --  verb taking the ABLative
          TRANS,     --  TRANSitive verb
          INTRANS,   --  INTRANSitive verb
          IMPERS,    --  IMPERSonal verb (implied subject 'it', 'they', 'God')
                     --  agent implied in action, subject in predicate
          DEP,       --  DEPonent verb
                     --  only passive form but with active meaning 
          SEMIDEP,   --  SEMIDEPonent verb (forms perfect as deponent) 
                     --  (perfect passive has active force)
          PERFDEF    --  PERFect DEFinite verb  
                     --  having only perfect stem, but with present force

                     
type AGE_TYPE is (
    X,   --              --  In use throughout the ages/unknown -- the default
    A,   --  archaic     --  Very early forms, obsolete by classical times
    B,   --  early       --  Early Latin, pre-classical, used for effect/poetry
    C,   --  classical   --  Limited to classical (~150 BC - 200 AD)
    D,   --  late        --  Late, post-classical (3rd-5th centuries)
    E,   --  later       --  Latin not in use in Classical times (6-10) Christian
    F,   --  medieval    --  Medieval (11th-15th centuries)
    G,   --  scholar     --  Latin post 15th - Scholarly/Scientific   (16-18)
    H    --  modern      --  Coined recently, words for new things (19-20)
                             );
type AREA_TYPE is (
                        X,      --  All or none
                        A,      --  Agriculture, Flora, Fauna, Land, Equipment, Rural
                        B,      --  Biological, Medical, Body Parts  
                        D,      --  Drama, Music, Theater, Art, Painting, Sculpture
                        E,      --  Ecclesiastic, Biblical, Religious
                        G,      --  Grammar, Retoric, Logic, Literature, Schools                     
                        L,      --  Legal, Government, Tax, Financial, Political, Titles
                        P,      --  Poetic
                        S,      --  Science, Philosophy, Mathematics, Units/Measures
                        T,      --  Technical, Architecture, Topography, Surveying
                        W,      --  War, Military, Naval, Ships, Armor
                        Y       --  Mythology
                             );
type GEO_TYPE is (
                       X,      --  All or none
                       A,      --  Africa      
                       B,      --  Britian     
                       C,      --  China       
                       D,      --  Scandinavia 
                       E,      --  Egypt       
                       F,      --  France, Gaul
                       G,      --  Germany     
                       H,      --  Greece      
                       I,      --  Italy, Rome
                       J,      --  India       
                       K,      --  Balkans     
                       N,      --  Netherlands
                       P,      --  Persia      
                       Q,      --  Near East   
                       R,      --  Russia              
                       S,      --  Spain, Iberia       
                       U       --  Eastern Europe      
                       );
Frequency for dictionary:
 type FREQUENCY_TYPE is (     --  For dictionary entries
    X,    --              --  Unknown or unspecified
    A,    --  very freq   --  Very frequent, in all Elementry Latin books, top 1000+ words
    B,    --  frequent    --  Frequent, next 2000+ words
    C,    --  common      --  For Dictionary, in top 10,000 words
    D,    --  lesser      --  For Dictionary, in top 20,000 words
    E,    --  uncommon    --  2 or 3 citations
    F,    --  very rare   --  Having only single citation in OLD or L+S
    I,    --  inscription --  Only citation is inscription
    M,    --  graffiti    --  Presently not much used
    N     --  Pliny       --  Things that appear only in Pliny Natural History
For inflections:
--  X,    --              --  Unknown or unspecified
--  A,    --  most freq   --  Very frequent, the most common
--  B,    --  sometimes   --  sometimes, a not unusual VARIANT
--  C,    --  uncommon    --  occasionally seen
--  D,    --  infrequent  --  recognizable variant, but unlikely
--  E,    --  rare        --  for a few cases, very unlikely
--  F,    --  very rare   --  singular examples, 
--  I,    --              --  Presently not used
--  M,    --              --  Presently not used
--  N     --              --  Presently not used

type SOURCE_TYPE is (
    X,      --  General or unknown or too common to say
    A,      
    B,      --  C.H.Beeson, A Primer of Medieval Latin, 1925 (Bee)
    C,      --  Charles Beard, Cassell's Latin Dictionary 1892 (CAS)       
    D,      --  J.N.Adams, Latin Sexual Vocabulary, 1982 (Sex)
    E,      --  L.F.Stelten, Dictionary of Eccles. Latin, 1995 (Ecc)
    F,      --  Roy J. Deferrari, Dictionary of St. Thomas Aquinas, 1960 (DeF)
    G,      --  Gildersleeve + Lodge, Latin Grammar 1895 (G+L)
    H,      --  Collatinus Dictionary by Yves Ouvrard
    I,      --  Leverett, F.P., Lexicon of the Latin Language, Boston 1845
    J,     
    K,      --  Calepinus Novus, modern Latin, by Guy Licoppe (Cal)
    L,      --  Lewis, C.S., Elementary Latin Dictionary 1891
    M,      --  Latham, Revised Medieval Word List, 1980
    N,      --  Lynn Nelson, Wordlist
    O,      --  Oxford Latin Dictionary, 1982 (OLD)
    P,      --  Souter, A Glossary of Later Latin to 600 A.D., Oxford 1949
    Q,      --  Other, cited or unspecified dictionaries
    R,      --  Plater & White, A Grammar of the Vulgate, Oxford 1926
    S,      --  Lewis and Short, A Latin Dictionary, 1879 (L+S)
    T,      --  Found in a translation  --  no dictionary reference
    U,      --  Du Cange            
    V,      --  Vademecum in opus Saxonis - Franz Blatt (Saxo)
    W,      --  My personal guess   
    Y,      --  Temp special code
    Z       --  Sent by user --  no dictionary reference
            --  Mostly John White of Blitz Latin

    --  Consulted but used only indirectly
    --  Liddell + Scott Greek-English Lexicon
                            
    --  Consulted but used only occasionally, seperately referenced
    --  Allen + Greenough, New Latin Grammar, 1888 (A+G)
    --  Harrington/Pucci/Elliott, Medieval Latin 2nd Ed 1997 (Harr)
    --  C.C./C.L. Scanlon Latin Grammar/Second Latin, TAN 1976 (SCANLON)
    --  W. M. Lindsay, Short Historical Latin Grammar, 1895 (Lindsay)
                        );


METHODS
lookup
    load_dictionary()
    find_endings(w)
        Returns a dictionary of stem : ending pairs by starting with no ending and working backwards
    match_word
        Main matching method, returns matched stem, associated ending, and full dictline entry
    print_noun_declensions(m)
        Pretty print of noun declensions
        TODO could be implemented for adj, verb, adv, pron
    get_dictionary_string(m)
        Convert match into dictionary style string
        TODO only implemented for nouns
    find_match_inflections(m)
        Return a list of possible inflection codes given match information
        TODO might abandon this

definitions
    build_dictline_entry(s)
        Return a DictlineEntry object of proper part of speech given code
    interpret_inflection_key(s)
        Return a human-readable interpretation of an inflection code
    reverse_ending_lookup(e)
        Return a list of possible forms that use the ending given
    get_matching_codes(code)
        Return a list of possible matching codes given the Code class
        Fully implemented
    get_noun_case_endings(noun_code,frequency_limit='B')
        Use code to find all case endings for a noun given code information
        TODO need the same sorts of methods for verb, adjective, vpar, pronoun, num


VARIANTS
N 1     First declension nouns
    0   Usual first declension (aqua, acquae => aqu aqu)
    1   Usual first declension (aqua, acquae => aqu aqu)
    6   First declension 'Greek' (epitome, epitomes => epitom epitom; musice, musices => music  music)
    7   (cometes, cometae => comet comet)
    8   (Archias, Archiae => Archi Archi, Aeneas, Aeneae => Aene  Aene)

N 2     Second declension nouns
    0   Second declension nouns in "us"  amicus amici  =>  amic amic
    1   Second declension nouns in "us" 
    2   Second declension neuter nouns  verbum verbi  =>  verb verb
    3   Second declension nouns in "er" whether of not the "er" in base   puer pueri  =>  puer puer
        ager agri   =>  ager agr
    4   Early (BC) 2nd declension nouns in ius/ium (not filius-like) uses GENDER discrimination 
        to reduce to single VAR  radius 
        rad(i)i  => radi radi        M
        atrium atr(i)i  =>  atri atri       N
    5   Second declension special nouns in "ius", "filius" and proper names 
        filius fili  =>  fili  fili  --  but is very special case
        Lucius Lucii  =>  Luci  Luci
    6   Second declension "Greek" nouns  barbitos barbiti   =>   barbit barbit
    7   Androgeos  Androgeo  =>  Andregeos  Andrege
        Also for -ys for Greek -os  chelys  (-yn ACC)  =>  chelys  chel
        amphibachys  amphibrachyos  =>  amphibrachys  amphibrach
    8   Nouns from Greek in -on       --  only  N
        Ilion Ilii    =>  Ili  Ili   
    9 Panthus, Panthi => Panth Panth 

N 3     Third declension nouns
    0   Third declension, shared with 1, 8, 9
    1   Third declension M or F nouns whose stems end in a consonant
        miles militis  =>  miles milit
        lex legis  =>  lex leg
        frater fratris  =>  frater fratr
        soror sororis  =>  soror soror
        All third declension that have the endings -udo, -io, -tas, -x 
        pulcritudo pulcritudinis  =>  plucritudo pulcritudin
        legio legionis  =>  legio legion    
        varietas varietatis  =>  varietas varietat
        radix radicis  =>  radix  radic     
    2   Third declension  N nouns with stems ending in a consonant
        Ex: nomen nomenis  =>  nomen nomin
        Ex: iter itineris =>  iter itiner
        Ex: tempus temporis  =>  tempus  tempor
    3   Third declension nouns  I-stems (M & F)
        Ex: hostis hostis  =>  hostis host 
        Ex: finis finis  =>  finis fin
        Consonant i-stems
        Ex: urbs urbis  =>  urbs urb         
        Ex: mons montis  =>  mons mont
        Also use this for present participles (-ns) used as substantives in M & F
    4   Third declension nouns  I-stems (N)
        mare maris  =>  mare mar                       --  ending in "e"
        animal animalis  =>  animal animal             --  ending in "al"
        exemplar exemplaris  =>  exemplar exemplar     --  ending in "ar"
        Also use this for present participles (-ns) used as substantives in N     
    6   Third declension Greek nouns  aer aeris  =>  aer aer
    7   lampas lampados  =>  lampas  lampad;  Atlantis, Atlantidos  =>  Atlantis Atlantid
    8   Mixec Greek II and III  (V)
        Moses, Mosis  =>  Moses Mos
        Ulixes, Ulixis/i/ei  =>  Uxiles Uxil/Uxile     
        Achilles, Achillis  =>  Achilles Achill/Achille
    9   Both Greek 3rd declension and Latin 3rd.
        tigris tigris/tigridis  =>  tigris tigr/tigrid
        praxis praxios  =>  prax praxi
        haeresis haereseos  =>  haeres haerese (haeresis, -is is NOT --   of type 3 9, the ACC SING is haeresem)
        pater patros  =>  pater patr
        Note that the ACC SING can be derived from either the 1st or the 
        2nd stem (depends on word)

N 4     Fourth declension nouns
    0   Fourth declension nouns M & F in "us"
        passus passus  =>  pass pass
        manus manus  =>  man man
    1   Fourth declension nouns M & F in "us", same as 0
    2   Fourth declension nouns N in "u"
        genu genus  =>  gen gen
        cornu cornus  =>  corn corn
N 5     Fifth declension nouns
    1   All fifth declension nouns - N 5 1 
        dies diei  =>  di di
        res rei  =>  r r

N 9
    8 For abbreviations, indeclinable, but a special case vis. capitalization
    9 For those other few nouns that are not declined, e.g., fas

ADJECTIVES
ADJ 0 
      0  Adjectives where i must be in stem

ADJ 1
      0  
      1  First and second declension adjectives (-us in NOM SM )
         malus mala malum  => mal mal pei pessi 
         altus alta altum  =>  alt alt alti altissi
      2  Adjectives of first and second declension (-er) - ADJ 1 2 
         miser misera miserum  =>  miser miser miseri miserri
         sacer sacra sacrum  =>  sacer sacr zzz  sacerri     --  no COMP
         pulcher pulchri  =>  pulcher pulchr pulchri pulcherri
      3  nullus type adjectives           (with ius in GEN and i in DAT sing)
         nullus (gen) nullius  =>  null null zzz zzz   --  no COMP or SUPER
      4  nullus type adjectives in -er    (with ius in GEN and i in DAT sing)
         alter, altera, alterum   =>  alter   alter
         neuter, neutra, neutrum  =>  neuter  neutr
      5  alius, alia, aliud => ali ali    
         (sort of has ius in GEN {but we put i in stem} and i in DAT sing)
         Has alternative form alterius in GEN SING 

ADJ 2  An ADJ declension from the Greek - made up based on Greek nouns
         For the -os, -on adjectives, which OLD cites
         I am saying that -os is the ending for Common, not Masculine
         Like other ADJ 1 1, the stems are the same
         Plurals are the same as ADJ 1 1 
      0  Default for plurals
      1  -,  e,  -  the F part 
      2  -,  a,  -  the F part 
      3  es, es, es adjectives
      6  os, os, - 
      7  os, -,  -
      8  -,  -,  on 

ADJ 3
      0  
      1  Adjectives of third declension - one ending  - ADJ 3 1 
         audax (gen) audacis  =>  audax audac audaci audacissi
         prudens prudentis  =>  prudens prudent prudenti prudentissi
      2  Adjectives of third declension - two endings   - ADJ 3 2 
         brevis breve  =>  brev brev brevi brevissi
         facil facil   =>  facil facil facili facilli
      3  Adjectives of third declension - three endings  - ADJ 3 3 
         celer celeris  celere  =>  celer celer celeri celerri
         acer acris acre  =>  acer acr acri acerri
      6  Greek adjectives of third declension
         This is a real wild guess, but is generated from the Greek forms 
         In Greek there are two endings, but is compressed to one in Latin
         amethystizon amethystizontos => amethystizon amethystizont
         
ADJ 9
      8  For ADJ abbreviations, indeclinable, but a special case vis. capitalization
      9  For adjective that is not declined                    


VERBS
V 0 
    0   Default case, used in same place as V 1 1
V 1
    1   Verbs of the first conjugation
        voco vocare vocavi vocatus  =>  voc voc vocav vocat
        porto portave portavi portatus  =>  port port portav portat

V 2 
    1   Verbs of the second conjugation
        The characteristic 'e' is in the inflection, not carried in the stem
        moneo monere monui monitum  =>  mon mon monu monit
        habeo habere habui habitus  =>  hab hab habu habit
        deleo delere delevi deletus  =>  del del delev delet
        iubeo iubere iussi iussus  =>   iub iub iuss iuss
        video videre vidi visus  =>  vid vid vid vis

V 3 
    0
    1   Verbs of the third conjugation, variant 1
        rego regere rexi rectum  =>  reg reg rex rect
        pono ponere posui positus  =>  pon pon posu posit
        capio capere cepi captus  => capi cap cep capt   --  I-stem too w/KEY
    2   Irregular verbs similar to third conj
        fero ferre tuli latus  =>  fer fer tul lat
    3   Irregular verbs similar to 3rd/4th conj, no perfect system
        fio fieri factus sum   =>  fi f zzz fact           
    4   Verbs of the fourth conjugation are coded as a variant of third
        audio audire audivi auditus  =>  audi aud audiv audit

V 5
    1   Verbs like to be
        sum esse fui futurus  =>  s . fu fut
        adsum adesse adfui adfuturus  =>  ads ad adfu adfut

V 6
    1   Verb eo, ire, ivi/ii, itus
        eo ire ivi itus  =>  e i iv (i) it
    2   Verbs like volo
        volo velle volui -  =>  vol vel volu -
        nolo nolle nolui -  =>  nol nol nolu -
        malo malle malui -  =>  mal mal malu -

V 7 
    1   Defective third decl verbs
        aio  x   =>  ai  a  zzz   zzz
    2   Defective verb
        inquam   =>  inqui  inqu   zzz  zzz
    3   Defective third decl verbs
        edo edere/esse edi esus  =>  ed ed ed es (+ ed es zzz  zzz)

V 8 
    0   Third conjugation variant
        Consists of removing the -er- after s/x (since r was originally s)
        Ex: faxo FUTP IND of facere, faxim PERF SUB, faxem PLUP SUB - stem 3 fax
        Ex: capso FUTP of capere
        Ex: duxim FUTP of ducere
        And certain other early forms (e.g., amassis = amaveris)
        There is no KEY = 4 inflection, so the 4th stem is zzz

V 9
    8   Abbreviations, indeclinable, but a special   case vis. capitalization
    9   Undeclined verb



From Whitaker, showing most common inflections:
All first declension nouns  - N 1 1 
Ex: aqua aquae  =>  aqu aqu

Second declension nouns in "us"  - N 2 1 
Ex: amicus amici  =>  amic amic

Second declension neuter nouns - N 2 2 
Ex: verbum verbi  =>  verb verb

Second declension nouns in "er" whether of not the "er" in base - N 2 3 
Ex; puer pueri  =>  puer puer
Ex: ager agri   =>  ager agr

Early (BC) 2nd declension nouns in ius/ium (not filius-like)  - N 2 4 
for the most part formed GEN S in 'i', not 'ii'   --  G+L 33 R 1
Dictionaries often show as ...(i)i
N 2 4 uses GENDER discrimination to reduce to single VAR
Ex: radius rad(i)i  => radi radi        M
Ex: atrium atr(i)i  =>  atri atri       N

Third declension M or F nouns whose stems end in a consonant - N 3 1 
Ex: miles militis  =>  miles milit
Ex: lex legis  =>  lex leg
Ex: frater fratris  =>  frater fratr
Ex: soror sororis  =>  soror soror
All third declension that have the endings -udo, -io, -tas, -x 
Ex: pulcritudo pulcritudinis  =>  plucritudo pulcritudin
Ex: legio legionis  =>  legio legion    
Ex: varietas varietatis  =>  varietas varietat
Ex: radix radicis  =>  radix  radic     

Third declension  N nouns with stems ending in a consonant - N 3 2 
Ex: nomen nomenis  =>  nomen nomen
Ex: iter itineris =>  iter itiner
Ex: tempus temporis  =>  tempus  tempor

Third declension nouns  I-stems (M + F)     - N 3 3 
Ex: hostis hostis  =>  hostis host 
Ex: finis finis  =>  finis fin
Consonant i-stems
Ex: urbs urbis  =>  urbs urb         
Ex: mons montis  =>  mons mont
Also use this for present participles (-ns) used as substantives in M + F

Third declension nouns  I-stems (N)    - N 3 4 
Ex: mare amris  =>  mare mar                       --  ending in "e"
Ex: animal animalis  =>  animal animal             --  ending in "al"
Ex: exemplar exemplaris  =>  exemplar exemplar     --  ending in "ar"
Also use this for present participles (-ns) used as substantives in N     

Fourth declension nouns M + F in "us"  - N 4 1 
Ex: passus passus  =>  pass pass
Ex: manus manus  =>  man man

Fourth declension nouns N in "u"  - N 4 2 
Ex: genu genus  =>  gen gen
Ex: cornu cornus  =>  corn corn

All fifth declension nouns  - N 5 1 
Ex: dies diei  =>  di di
Ex: res rei  =>  r r



Adjectives will mostly only be POS and have only the first two stems
ADJ X have four stems, zzz stands for any unknown/non-existent stem

Adjectives of first and second declension (-us in NOM S M)  - ADJ 1 1 
Two stems for POS, third is for COMP, fourth for SUPER
Ex: malus mala malum  => mal mal pei pessi 
Ex: altus alta altum  => alt alt alti altissi

Adjectives of first and second declension (-er) - ADJ 1 2 
Ex: miser misera miserum  =>  miser miser miseri miserri
Ex: sacer sacra sacrum  =>  sacer sacr zzz  sacerri     --  no COMP
Ex: pulcher pulchri  =>  pulcher pulchr pulchri pulcherri

Adjectives of third declension - one ending  - ADJ 3 1 
Ex: audax (gen) audacis  =>  audax audac audaci audacissi
Ex: prudens prudentis  =>  prudens prudent prudenti prudentissi

Adjectives of third declension - two endings   - ADJ 3 2 
Ex: brevis breve  =>  brev brev brevi brevissi
Ex: facil facil   =>  facil facil facili facilli

Adjectives of third declension - three endings  - ADJ 3 3 
Ex: celer celeris  celere  =>  celer celer celeri celerri
Ex: acer acris acre  =>  acer acr acri acerri



Verbs are mostly TRANS or INTRANS, but X works fine
Depondent verbs must have DEP
Verbs have four stems
The first stem is the first principal part (dictionary entry) - less 'o'
For 2nd decl, the 'e' is omitted, for 3rd decl i-stem, the 'i' is included
Third principal part always ends in 'i', this is omitted in stem
Fourth part in dictionary ends in -us (or -um), this is omitted
DEP verbs omit (have zzz) the third stem



===========================================================================
WORD FORMATION
------------------
New Latin words came up all the time, need to use suffixes and prefixes from 
roots (roots are distinct from -stems-, roots are shared between verbs, nouns, 
adjectives; they are used to form the stems of those parts of speech).

From Allen and Greenough:

Vowel Suffixes
-o- (m/n), -a- (f)  Found in nouns and adjectives of the first 2 declensions
    examples: son.u.s, lud.u.s, vag.u.s, tog.a
    
-i-                 Frequently changes to e or lost
    examples: rup.e.s, scob.s (scob.i.s)
    
-u-                 Often disguised by an additional i
    examples: sua.vi.s, ten.ui.s; ac.u.s, pec.u, gen.u 

Consonant Suffixes:
-to- (m/n), -ta- (f)    In regular perf. pass. part.; sometimes with active sense; 
                        found in a few words not recognized as particples
    examples: tec.tu.s, po.tu.s, al.tu.s
-ti-    In abstracts, rarely in nouns of agency; in many the i is lost
    examples: mess.i.s, ves.ti.s, pars, mens
-tu-    In abstracts (including supines), sometimes concretes
    examples: ac.tu.s, luc.tu.s
-no-(m/n), -na- (f)     Forms perf. part.sin other languages, in Latin making adjectives
                        of like participial meaning, often becoming nouns
    examples: mag.nu.s, ple.nu.s, reg.nu.m
-ni-    In nouns of agency and adjectives
    examples: ignis, segnis
-nu-    Rarely used
    examples: manus, pinus, cornu
-mo-(m/n), -ma- (f)     With various meanings
    examples: animus, almus, firmus, forma
-vo-(m/n), -va- (f)     Commonly -uo-, -ua-, with active or passive meaning
    examples: equus (equos), arvum, conspicuus, exiguus, vacivus (vacuus)
-ro-(m/n), -ra- (f)     
    examples: ager (agro), integer, sacer, plerique
-lo-(m/n), -la- (f)     
    examples: caelum, exemplum, sella
-yo-(m/n), -ya- (f)     Forming gerundives in other languages, in Latin making adjectives
                        and abstracts, many in 1st and 5th decl
    examples: exim.iu.s, adac.ia, Florent.ia, pernic.ie.s
-ko-(m/n), -ka- (f)     Sometimes primary; in many cases vowel is lost
    examples: pau.c.i, lo.cu.s; apex, cortex, loquax
-en-(m/n), -on- (f)     Nouns of agency and abstracts
    examples: aspergo, compago (-in.is), gero (-on.is)
-men-       Expressing means, often passing into the action itself
    examples: ag.men, flu.men, ful.men
-ter-, -tor-, -tr-      Forming nouns of agency
    examples: pa.ter, fra.ter, ora.tor
-tro-       Forming nouns of means
    examples: claus.tru.m, mulc.tru.m
-es-, -os-      Forming names of actions, passing into concretes
    examples: gen.us (generis), temp.us
-nt-, -ont-, -ent-      Forming pres. act. participles
    examples: leg.en.s; frequ.en.s, rece.ns

M     F     N
--------------
o     a     o
i
u
ui
vi
to    ta    to
tu    ta    tu
no    na    no
nu    na    nu
ti
tu
ni
nu
mu    ma    mu
vu    va    vu
uu    ua    uu
ro    ra    ro
lu    la    lu
iu    ia    iu
co    ca    co
c
en    on    en
in    on    in
men
ter   tor   tr
tro
tru
es    os    es
es    us    es
nt
ont
ent

Nouns of Agency
-tor (-sor) (m); -trix (f)      Agent or doer of an action
    examples: cantor, cantrix; victor victrix; tonsor, tonstrix;
-t- (m/f)       Added to nouns in -es (-itis, -etis; stem it-, et-) descriptive
                of a character
    examples: praestes, praestitis; teges, tegetis; pedes, peditis
-o (gen. -onis, stem -on) (m)   When added to verb stems, indicates a person employed
                                in some kind of art or trade
    examples: combibo; gero, geronis


Names of Actions and Abstract Nouns
nom. -or (m), -es (f), -us (n); gen. -oris, -is, -eris/-oris; stem -or-, -i-, -er-
        Added to roots or forms conceived as roots, often from a supposed root
    examples: timor, amor, sedes, caedes, genus
nom. -io (f), -tio (f), -tura/-sura (f), -tus (m); gen. ionis, tionis/sionis, turae/surae, -tus/sus
stem -ion-, -tion-/-sion-, -tura-/-sura-, -tu-/-su
    Added to roots or verb-stems
-men (n), -mentum (n), -monium (n), -monia (f)  Nouns denoting acts, or means and results of acts
    exmaples: agmen, regimen, regimentum, certamen; columen, momen, nomen, flumen; testimonium, querimonia

-bulum, -culum, -brum, -crum, -trum     Nouns denoting means or instrument; all neuter

    

=============================================================
ADDING A NEW DICTLINE ENTRY
The only part that requires some advice is the code line:
    A B C D E 

    A   AGE         Time period/age
    B   AREA        Subject area 
    C   GEO         Geography
    D   FREQ        Relative frequency
    E   SOURCE      Source 

Same as mentioned previously:
AGE
    X,   --              --  In use throughout the ages/unknown -- the default
    A,   --  archaic     --  Very early forms, obsolete by classical times
    B,   --  early       --  Early Latin, pre-classical, used for effect/poetry
    C,   --  classical   --  Limited to classical (~150 BC - 200 AD)
    D,   --  late        --  Late, post-classical (3rd-5th centuries)
    E,   --  later       --  Latin not in use in Classical times (6-10) Christian
    F,   --  medieval    --  Medieval (11th-15th centuries)
    G,   --  scholar     --  Latin post 15th - Scholarly/Scientific   (16-18)
    H    --  modern      --  Coined recently, words for new things (19-20)
AREA
    X,      --  All or none
    A,      --  Agriculture, Flora, Fauna, Land, Equipment, Rural
    B,      --  Biological, Medical, Body Parts  
    D,      --  Drama, Music, Theater, Art, Painting, Sculpture
    E,      --  Ecclesiastic, Biblical, Religious
    G,      --  Grammar, Retoric, Logic, Literature, Schools                     
    L,      --  Legal, Government, Tax, Financial, Political, Titles
    P,      --  Poetic
    S,      --  Science, Philosophy, Mathematics, Units/Measures
    T,      --  Technical, Architecture, Topography, Surveying
    W,      --  War, Military, Naval, Ships, Armor
    Y       --  Mythology
GEO
    X,      --  All or none
    A,      --  Africa      
    B,      --  Britian     
    C,      --  China       
    D,      --  Scandinavia 
    E,      --  Egypt       
    F,      --  France, Gaul
    G,      --  Germany     
    H,      --  Greece      
    I,      --  Italy, Rome
    J,      --  India       
    K,      --  Balkans     
    N,      --  Netherlands
    P,      --  Persia      
    Q,      --  Near East   
    R,      --  Russia              
    S,      --  Spain, Iberia       
    U       --  Eastern Europe      
FREQUENCY
    X,    --              --  Unknown or unspecified
    A,    --  very freq   --  Very frequent, in all Elementry Latin books, top 1000+ words
    B,    --  frequent    --  Frequent, next 2000+ words
    C,    --  common      --  For Dictionary, in top 10,000 words
    D,    --  lesser      --  For Dictionary, in top 20,000 words
    E,    --  uncommon    --  2 or 3 citations
    F,    --  very rare   --  Having only single citation in OLD or L+S
    I,    --  inscription --  Only citation is inscription
    M,    --  graffiti    --  Presently not much used
    N     --  Pliny       --  Things that appear only in Pliny Natural History
SOURCE
    X,      --  General or unknown or too common to say
    A,      
    B,      --  C.H.Beeson, A Primer of Medieval Latin, 1925 (Bee)
    C,      --  Charles Beard, Cassell's Latin Dictionary 1892 (CAS)       
    D,      --  J.N.Adams, Latin Sexual Vocabulary, 1982 (Sex)
    E,      --  L.F.Stelten, Dictionary of Eccles. Latin, 1995 (Ecc)
    F,      --  Roy J. Deferrari, Dictionary of St. Thomas Aquinas, 1960 (DeF)
    G,      --  Gildersleeve + Lodge, Latin Grammar 1895 (G+L)
    H,      --  Collatinus Dictionary by Yves Ouvrard
    I,      --  Leverett, F.P., Lexicon of the Latin Language, Boston 1845
    J,     
    K,      --  Calepinus Novus, modern Latin, by Guy Licoppe (Cal)
    L,      --  Lewis, C.S., Elementary Latin Dictionary 1891
    M,      --  Latham, Revised Medieval Word List, 1980
    N,      --  Lynn Nelson, Wordlist
    O,      --  Oxford Latin Dictionary, 1982 (OLD)
    P,      --  Souter, A Glossary of Later Latin to 600 A.D., Oxford 1949
    Q,      --  Other, cited or unspecified dictionaries
    R,      --  Plater & White, A Grammar of the Vulgate, Oxford 1926
    S,      --  Lewis and Short, A Latin Dictionary, 1879 (L+S)
    T,      --  Found in a translation  --  no dictionary reference
    U,      --  Du Cange            
    V,      --  Vademecum in opus Saxonis - Franz Blatt (Saxo)
    W,      --  My personal guess   
    Y,      --  Temp special code
    Z       --  Sent by user --  no dictionary reference
            --  (Mostly John White of Blitz Latin)

=================================
TRICKS
The original WORDS program had a lot of tricks to try, mostly regarding spelling. Tricks were used especially
for spelling variations, for syncope (leaving out short vowels), and for slurs in word formation with prefixes
and suffixes. The original WORDS program used the following tricks:
    adgn -> agn
    adsc -> asc
    adsp -> asp
    arqui -> arci
    arqu -> arcu
    ae -> e
    al -> hal
    am -> ham
    ar -> har
    aur -> or
    dampn -> damn
    dij -> disj
    dir -> disr
    dir -> der
    del -> dil
    ecf -> eff
    ecs -> exs
    es -> ess
    ex -> exs
    eid -> id
    el -> hel
    e -> ae
    faen -> fen
    faen -> foen
    fed -> foed
    fet -> foet
    f -> ph
    gna -> na
    har -> ar
    hal -> al
    ham -> am
    hel -> el
    hol -> ol
    hum -> um
    k -> c
    c -> k
    lub -> lib
    mani -> manu
    na -> gna
    nihil -> nil
    obt -> opt
    obs -> ops
    ol -> hol
    opp -> op
    or -> aur
    ph -> f
    pre -> prae
    subsc -> susc
    subsp -> susp
    subc -> susc
    succ -> susc
    subt -> supt
    subt -> sust
    transv -> trav
    ul -> hul
    uol -> vul
    y -> i
    z -> di
And the following "slur" tricks:
    abs -> aps
    acq -> adq
    ante -> anti
    auri -> aure
    auri -> auru
    circum -> circun
    con -> com
    co -> com
    co -> con
    conl -> coll
    inb -> imb
    inp -> imp
    nun -> non
    quadri -> quadru
    se -> ce


This doesn't include the much more common substitutions:
    i -> j
    u -> v
    v -> u


-----------------
I. U <-> V

-----------------
II. I <-> J
From: https://latin.stackexchange.com/a/1310/8704
Let 'V' = vowel, 'C' = consonant
    i+V = >j+V, e.g. iubeo (in most cases)
    i+V => i+V
        only in some forms of the pronoun is (ii, iis) and the verb ire (iens, ii, ieram);
        also in Greek loans (iambus, iaspis, iota, Io, Iones etc.)

In compounds and prefixed verbs
    C+i => C+j adiacet
    V+i => V+j seiungo
    V+i+V => V+i+V only in very few examples
        In Greek names: Achaia, Laius, Naiades, Troius, Acheloius, Minoius; Pleiades, etc.;
        In some adjectives: -uus, -uis followed by the comparative suffix –ior (strenuior, tenuior)
        In some nouns