in_obc_test.xml

<PubmedArticle>
    <MedlineCitation Owner="NLM" Status="Publisher">
        <PMID Version="1">25083415</PMID>
        <DateRevised>
            <Year>2018</Year>
            <Month>11</Month>
            <Day>13</Day>
        </DateRevised>
        <Article PubModel="Print">
            <Journal>
                <ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2214-109X</ISSN>
                <JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet">
                    <Volume>2</Volume>
                    <Issue>1</Issue>
                    <PubDate>
                        <Year>2013</Year>
                        <Month>Dec</Month>
                        <Day>10</Day>
                    </PubDate>
                </JournalIssue>
                <Title>The Lancet. Global health</Title>
                <ISOAbbreviation>Lancet Glob Health</ISOAbbreviation>
            </Journal>
            <ArticleTitle>Health benefits, costs, and cost-effectiveness of earlier eligibility for adult antiretroviral therapy and expanded treatment coverage: a combined analysis of 12 mathematical models.</ArticleTitle>
            <Pagination>
                <MedlinePgn>23-34</MedlinePgn>
            </Pagination>
            <Abstract>
                <AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">New WHO guidelines recommend ART initiation for HIV-positive persons with CD4 cell counts &#8804;500 cells/&#181;L, a higher threshold than was previously recommended. Country decision makers must consider whether to further expand ART eligibility accordingly.</AbstractText>
                <AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">We used multiple independent mathematical models in four settings-South Africa, Zambia, India, and Vietnam-to evaluate the potential health impact, costs, and cost-effectiveness of different adult ART eligibility criteria under scenarios of current and expanded treatment coverage, with results projected over 20 years. Analyses considered extending eligibility to include individuals with CD4 &#8804;500 cells/&#181;L or all HIV-positive adults, compared to the previous recommendation of initiation with CD4 &#8804;350 cells/&#181;L. We assessed costs from a health system perspective, and calculated the incremental cost per DALY averted ($/DALY) to compare competing strategies. Strategies were considered 'very cost-effective' if the $/DALY was less than the country's per capita gross domestic product (GDP; South Africa: $8040, Zambia: $1425, India: $1489, Vietnam: $1407) and 'cost-effective' if $/DALY was less than three times per capita GDP.</AbstractText>
                <AbstractText Label="FINDINGS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">In South Africa, the cost per DALY averted of extending ART eligibility to CD4 &#8804;500 cells/&#181;L ranged from $237 to $1691/DALY compared to 2010 guidelines; in Zambia, expanded eligibility ranged from improving health outcomes while reducing costs (i.e. dominating current guidelines) to $749/DALY. Results were similar in scenarios with substantially expanded treatment access and for expanding eligibility to all HIV-positive adults. Expanding treatment coverage in the general population was therefore found to be cost-effective. In India, eligibility for all HIV-positive persons ranged from $131 to $241/DALY and in Vietnam eligibility for CD4 &#8804;500 cells/&#181;L cost $290/DALY. In concentrated epidemics, expanded access among key populations was also cost-effective.</AbstractText>
                <AbstractText Label="INTERPRETATION" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Earlier ART eligibility is estimated to be very cost-effective in low- and middle-income settings, although these questions should be revisited as further information becomes available. Scaling-up ART should be considered among other high-priority health interventions competing for health budgets.</AbstractText>
                <AbstractText Label="FUNDING" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and World Health Organization.</AbstractText>
            </Abstract>
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                    <LastName>Eaton</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Jeffrey W</ForeName>
                    <Initials>JW</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Menzies</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Nicolas A</ForeName>
                    <Initials>NA</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Stover</LastName>
                    <ForeName>John</ForeName>
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                        <Affiliation>Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, USA.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Cambiano</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Valentina</ForeName>
                    <Initials>V</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Chindelevitch</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Leonid</ForeName>
                    <Initials>L</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Cori</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Anne</ForeName>
                    <Initials>A</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Hontelez</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Jan A C</ForeName>
                    <Initials>JA</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands ; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa ; Nijmegen International Center for Health System Analysis and Education (NICHE), Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Humair</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Salal</ForeName>
                    <Initials>S</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Kerr</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Cliff C</ForeName>
                    <Initials>CC</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Klein</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Daniel J</ForeName>
                    <Initials>DJ</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Epidemiological Modeling Group, Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, WA, USA.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Mishra</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Sharmistha</ForeName>
                    <Initials>S</Initials>
                    <AffiliationInfo>
                        <Affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK ; Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada.</Affiliation>
                    </AffiliationInfo>
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                    <LastName>Mitchell</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Kate M</ForeName>
                    <Initials>KM</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Social and Mathematical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Nichols</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Brooke E</ForeName>
                    <Initials>BE</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Vickerman</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Peter</ForeName>
                    <Initials>P</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Social and Mathematical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Bakker</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Roel</ForeName>
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                        <Affiliation>Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>B&#228;rnighausen</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Till</ForeName>
                    <Initials>T</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa ; Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Bershteyn</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Anna</ForeName>
                    <Initials>A</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Epidemiological Modeling Group, Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, WA, USA.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Bloom</LastName>
                    <ForeName>David E</ForeName>
                    <Initials>DE</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Boily</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Marie-Claude</ForeName>
                    <Initials>MC</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Chang</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Stewart T</ForeName>
                    <Initials>ST</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Epidemiological Modeling Group, Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, WA, USA.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Cohen</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Ted</ForeName>
                    <Initials>T</Initials>
                    <AffiliationInfo>
                        <Affiliation>Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.</Affiliation>
                    </AffiliationInfo>
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                    <LastName>Dodd</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Peter J</ForeName>
                    <Initials>PJ</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</Affiliation>
                    </AffiliationInfo>
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                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Fraser</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Christophe</ForeName>
                    <Initials>C</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK.</Affiliation>
                    </AffiliationInfo>
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                    <LastName>Gopalappa</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Chaitra</ForeName>
                    <Initials>C</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, USA.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Lundgren</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Jens</ForeName>
                    <Initials>J</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Copenhagen University Hospital/Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark ; University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Martin</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Natasha K</ForeName>
                    <Initials>NK</Initials>
                    <AffiliationInfo>
                        <Affiliation>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK ; Social and Mathematical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Mikkelsen</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Evelinn</ForeName>
                    <Initials>E</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Nijmegen International Center for Health System Analysis and Education (NICHE), Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Mountain</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Elisa</ForeName>
                    <Initials>E</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Pham</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Quang D</ForeName>
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                        <Affiliation>Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Pickles</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Michael</ForeName>
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                        <Affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Phillips</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Andrew</ForeName>
                    <Initials>A</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Platt</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Lucy</ForeName>
                    <Initials>L</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Social and Mathematical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Pretorius</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Carel</ForeName>
                    <Initials>C</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, USA.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Prudden</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Holly J</ForeName>
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                        <Affiliation>Social and Mathematical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Salomon</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Joshua A</ForeName>
                    <Initials>JA</Initials>
                    <AffiliationInfo>
                        <Affiliation>Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA ; Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>van de Vijver</LastName>
                    <ForeName>David A M C</ForeName>
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                    <LastName>de Vlas</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Sake J</ForeName>
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                        <Affiliation>Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.</Affiliation>
                    </AffiliationInfo>
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                    <LastName>Wagner</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Bradley G</ForeName>
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                        <Affiliation>Epidemiological Modeling Group, Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, WA, USA.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>White</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Richard G</ForeName>
                    <Initials>RG</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Wilson</LastName>
                    <ForeName>David P</ForeName>
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                        <Affiliation>Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Zhang</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Lei</ForeName>
                    <Initials>L</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Blandford</LastName>
                    <ForeName>John</ForeName>
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                    <LastName>Meyer-Rath</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Gesine</ForeName>
                    <Initials>G</Initials>
                    <AffiliationInfo>
                        <Affiliation>Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA ; Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Remme</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Michelle</ForeName>
                    <Initials>M</Initials>
                    <AffiliationInfo>
                        <Affiliation>Social and Mathematical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Revill</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Paul</ForeName>
                    <Initials>P</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Sangrujee</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Nalinee</ForeName>
                    <Initials>N</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Terris-Prestholt</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Fern</ForeName>
                    <Initials>F</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Social and Mathematical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Doherty</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Meg</ForeName>
                    <Initials>M</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Department of HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Shaffer</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Nathan</ForeName>
                    <Initials>N</Initials>
                    <AffiliationInfo>
                        <Affiliation>Department of HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</Affiliation>
                    </AffiliationInfo>
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                    <LastName>Easterbrook</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Philippa J</ForeName>
                    <Initials>PJ</Initials>
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                        <Affiliation>Department of HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</Affiliation>
                    </AffiliationInfo>
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                    <LastName>Hirnschall</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Gottfried</ForeName>
                    <Initials>G</Initials>
                    <AffiliationInfo>
                        <Affiliation>Department of HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</Affiliation>
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                    <LastName>Hallett</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Timothy B</ForeName>
                    <Initials>TB</Initials>
                    <AffiliationInfo>
                        <Affiliation>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK.</Affiliation>
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                    <Agency>Department of Health</Agency>
                    <Country>United Kingdom</Country>
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                    <Agency>Canadian Institutes of Health Research</Agency>
                    <Country>Canada</Country>
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                    <Agency>Medical Research Council</Agency>
                    <Country>United Kingdom</Country>
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                    <Agency>Medical Research Council</Agency>
                    <Country>United Kingdom</Country>
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                    <GrantID>U54 GM088558</GrantID>
                    <Acronym>GM</Acronym>
                    <Agency>NIGMS NIH HHS</Agency>
                    <Country>United States</Country>
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                <Grant>
                    <GrantID>113289-1</GrantID>
                    <Agency>Canadian Institutes of Health Research</Agency>
                    <Country>Canada</Country>
                </Grant>
                <Grant>
                    <Agency>Wellcome Trust</Agency>
                    <Country>United Kingdom</Country>
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