ORNL-TM-4079.txt

 

 

 

ORNL-TM-4079

 

FORCED-CONVECTION
HEAT-TRANSFER MEASUREMENTS WITH
A MOLTEN FLUORIDE SALT MIXTURE
FLOWING IN A SMOOTH TUBE

J. W. Cooke
B. Cox

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United
States Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Atomic
Energy Commission, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors,
subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or
assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or
usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or
represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

”

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Contract No. W-T405-eng-26

Reactor Division

ORNL-TM-4079

 

FORCED-CONVECTION HEAT-TRANSFER MEASUREMENTS WITH A MOLTEN
FLUORIDE SATT MIXTURE FLOWING IN A SMOOTH TUBE

J..W. Cooke
B. Cox

r—
i

 

 

 

 

- NOTICE——ou
This report was prepared as an account of work
sponsored by the United States Government. Neither
the United States nor the United States Atomic Energy
Commission, nor any of their employees, not any of
their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees,
makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any
legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, com-
pleteness or usefulness of any information, apparatus,

 

would not infringe privately owned rights,

 

 

MARCH 1973

OAK RIDGE NATIONAL IABORATORY
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
operated by
UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION
for the .
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSIO

product or process disclosed, or represents that its use |

 

PISTRIBUTION OF THIS GOCUMENT IS GNLIM
 

 

 

 

 
 
 

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iii
CONTENTS

Abstract .

Introduction . . . .« . v v v v 4 0 v d e e e e e e e e e e e e
Description of the Apparatus . . . . . + + ¢« ¢ v « ¢ ¢ ¢ 4 e 4 . W
Operating Procedures . . . . o & v o« & & o o o o o s o o o o o o
Calculations .

Results . . . .

Discussion . . . . « « . . . o . o .,

ConcCluSionNsS « « o ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ o ¢ 4 4 s e 4 4 e 4 e e e e e e e e e
Acknowledgments . . . i . . 0 4 4t e i i e e e e e e e e e e e
References . « + « v o« « « & & N ... e s e e e s e e s
Appendix A — Additional Details of the Experimental System . . . .
Appendix B — Experimental Data . . « ¢ ¢« v ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢« ¢ v o o 4 o .
Appendix C —-Computef Program . .« ¢« « ¢ ¢ v v 6 e 4 e e e e e e s

Appendix D — Chemical Analyses and Physical Properties of the Salt

.11

15
16
24
27
27
27
29
37
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25
 

 

 

 

 
 
 
 

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FORCED-CONVECTION HEAT-TRANSFER MEASUREMENTS WITH A MOLTEN
FLUORIDE SALT MIXTURE FLOWING IN A SMOOTH TUBE

J. W. Cooke
B. Cox

ABSTRACT

Heat-transfer coefficients were determined experimentally for
a proposed MSBR fuel salt (LiF-BeF,-ThF,-UF,;67.5-20.0-12.0-0.5
mole %) flowing by forced convection through a 0.18-in.-ID hori-
zontal, circular tube for the following range of variables:

Reynolds modulus 400 — 30,600
Prandtl modulus L — 14

Average fluid temperature (°F) 1050 — 1550

Heat flux (Btu/hr.ft?) 22,000 — 560, 000

Within these ranges, the heat- transfer coefficient was found
to vary from 320 up to 6900 Btu/hr-£t®.°F (Nusselt modulus of 6.5
to 138). Correlations of the experimental data resulted in the
equations:

Ny, = 1-89 [N, Vo (D/L)]° P g,

‘with an average absolute deviation of 6.6% for Npo < 1000;

A 2/ 3 i/ 3 0.14
Ng, = 0-107 (No = —135) Ny~ (u/w) ,

with an average absolute deviation of 4.1% for 3500 < N, < 12,000;
and '

_ o~ O.8_1/ 3 O.14
NNu B 0.0234 NRe N;r ‘(“/”s)

2

with an average absolute deviation of 6.2% for N__ > 12,000.

Re

- Keywords: Heat transfer, fused'salts,‘forced convection,
heat exchangers, fluid flow, correlations.

INTRODUCTION

The de51gn of molten salt reactors requlres detailed information

about the tranSport properties of the proposed fuel coolant and'blanket
mlxtures. Although the molten salts generally_behave as normal fluids

with respect to heat transfer,l'2 the possibility of unexpected effects,
 

 

 

 

such as nonwetting of metallic surfaces or the formation of low-conductance
surface films, indicates that heat-transfer measurements for specific re-
actor salts are needed.® This report describes heat-transfer experiments
with a proposed reactor fuel of mixed fluoride salts (LiF-BeFpThF,-UF,;
67.5-20.0-12.0-0.5 mole %). The technique employs forced convection of
the liquid salts through a smooth thin-walled Hastelloy N tube. Resist-
ance heating supplies the tube with a uniform heat flux. This method is
particularly well suited to the molten salt system because the electrical
,resiStapce of the molten salt is very large”compared with that of the
metal tube. Furthermore, the resistance of Hastelloy N remains nearly
constant over the entire temperature range of the measurements, which
simplifies the achievement of an axially uniform heat flux. In additionm,
a conétant heat capacity of the molten salt in the observed temperature
range makes possible several convenient assumptions in the calculation of

local fluid bulk temperatures.

DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS

- The apparatus for studying heat transfer with the molten'salt system
is shown schematically in Fig. 1 and in the photograph, Fig. 2. Molten
salt flows by means of gas pressure through a small diameter, electrically
heated test section. The flofi of molten salt alternates in direction as
pressure from an inert gas supply is added to either of two storage ves-
sels located at each end of the test channel. Each 6-gal salt reservoir
is suspended from a weigh cell whose recorded signal indicates the flow
rate. The flow of salt reverses automatically by the action of solenoid
valves that control the flow of inert gas to the reservoirs. The rate of
flow of the salt may.be varied from 0.25 to 1.7 gal/min, emptying a
reservoir in from 3 to 20 minutes. )

| The weigh cell circuit shown in Fig. 3 illustrates the electrical
and mechanical systems that control the flow of gas and thereby the flow
‘of molten salt. A second suspension system maintains tension on the test
section, to prevent it from sagging, by means of counter weights connected
by‘flexible cables. The test section consists of a smooth Hastelloy N
_tube, 24.5 in. long, 0.25-in. outside diameter, and 0.035~in.-wa114 |
 

REVERSE FLOW CONNECTING TUBINGI

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ORNL-DWG 68-12942

ARGON
SUPPLY

 

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WEIGHT CELLS-TO
“1 CYCLE CONTROL

  
 

LOW VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMER

F"-"_L—._]" ‘ ST

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WATER COOLERS

/-msnmocoum.ts

: (24) ONE INCH CENTERS

pemmmaed

 

 

 

 

\ MIXING CHAMBER

 

 

 

a— SALT TANK

 

I TEST SECTION

 

 

SALT TANK —e

 

—— | . REGULATOR Xj

. TO ‘
BUILDING
VENT

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PRESSURE
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- YEe—ELECTRIC VALVE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

—~

ELECTRIC MEATERS

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram for determining the heat-transfer
characteristics of molten salt by forced convection.

 
 

PHOTO 76387

 

 

 

 

| Fig. 2. Photograph of the apparatus viewed from the same aspect ‘ .
| as that of Fig. 1. ( -

 
 

N o

WEIGH CELL

 

 

 

 

TANK

 

 

 

 

. TANK

 

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ORNL-DWG 72— 11510

 

 

 

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RHEOSTAT

 

  
  
 
  

MECHANICAL
DRIVES ~=~,

HONEYWELL I em'——v F-————-
RECORDER CONTROL
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SOLENOID
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Fig. 3. Weigh cell circuit for molten salt heat-transfer system.

 
 

 

thickness and is resistance heated with a 60 Hz ac power supply. A

detail of the mixing chambers located at each end of the test section is
shown in Fig. A-1l, Appendix A. The electrodes connecting the test section
with the power circuit serve also as end plates of the disk-and-donut
mixing chambers. The power circuit to the test section is shown in Fig. &4,
The electrical power to the test section is supplied by a hh0/25 v, 25 kva
transformer and is measured with a General Electric watt transducer, also
‘shown in Fig. 4. The test section is insulated with a 3-in.-thick 1ayer
of vermiculite powder containedrin’afsheet metal tray. The salt reservoirs
and connecting tubes are heated by auxiliary clamsheil and Calrod heaters
placed in positions indicated in Fig. 1. A typicaljheater circuit for an
auxiliary heater is depicted in Fig. 5. h , |

The inlet and outlet salt temperatures are measured by four, 4hQ-mil-
diam, Chromel-Alumel sheathed thermocouples inserted into two wells in
each mixing chamber (Fig. A-1). The temperature distribution along the
test section is measured by a series of 24 Chromel-Alumel thermocouples
(0.005-in.~diam wire) spot welded at 1-in. intervals to the outside tube
wall. The scheme for attaching these thermocouples is shown in Fig. A-2.

Details of a salt reservoir can be seen in Fig. A-3. The interior
of these tanks as well as the test section and the mixing chambers are
stress relieved and hydrogen fired before they are assembled.

A data acquisition system provides for the automatic monitoring of
the temperatures; record is made by a papef printout-and a paper tape
punch. In this system a multichannel Vidar data recorder reads emf
signals from each thermocouple, from the weigh cells, and from the power
circuit in a sequential switching arrangement known as a "crossbar
scanner." The manufacturer claims an accuracy of better than +0.5°F
for the Vidar system. The data recording equipment is shown schematically
in Fig. 6 and in a photograph in Fig. 7.

The weigh cell and wattmeter calibration curves and a list of per-
tinent experimental equipment may berfound in Appendix A as Fig. A-l,

Fig. A-5, and Table A-1, respectively.

C.
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| ORNL-OWG 72-145H
£0-5A '

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

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PANELBOARD
POTENTIAL = FRAME GROUND
HC POWER TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER

L) — F—__T LT 173
- ’f ! ' SIGNAL
CURRENT ° 150V | WATTMETERI ' 70 VIDAR

| TRANSFORMER ] o I |
- _l 1+
) WATTMETER 1
ngsgg:ggg“ RANGE SWITCH PANEL BOARD
BUILDING - GROUND _ FRAME GROUND

 

Fig. 4.

Test-section power circuit for molten salt
heat-transfer experiment.

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ORNL-DWG 72-11542
POWER CIRCUIT
15 VAC
— e,

NEUTRAL HOT

EVI=VOLTMETER '
Eil=AMMETER

 

 

 

    

 

 

K= RELAY
VARIAC
Eil
0-150V s 0—10A
- " — —- INSTRUMENT
L If =] POWER
- | TEMPERATURE
RELAY | CONTROLLER
|
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HEATER

Fig. 5. Typical heat__er circuit for molten salt heat-

transfer experiments.
 

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TE REF.
JUNCTION
COMPENSATOR

 

ORNL-DWG 72-11543

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 6. Thermocouple circuit for molten salt heat-transfer system.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DIGITAL
7 PRINTER
A
CUNNINGHAM o VIDAR
> SCANNER »| DIGITAL
. ‘ _ { VOLTMETER
\
Y .
[ 1 L. TAPE
SEQUENTIAL PUNCH

TIMER

 

 

 
 

 

 

of data

recording equipment.

 

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11

OPERATING PROCEDURES

In preparation for the addition of the molten salt mixtures, the
system including the test section is heated to the desired temperature
level above the melting point of the salt mixture. Approximately 165 1b
of the molten salt is then introduced into one of the reservoirs by the
force of argon gas pressure. Salt is forced back and forth through the
test section as the operation of the apparatus is tested - for leaks,
blockages, thermocouple and data recording functioning, etc. After the
initial checkout procedure, the system is put on a standby mode by vent-

ing the gas pressure to the atmosphere and allowing the salt to siphon to

*
equal levels in both reservoirs. The standby mode is used to protect the

test-section thermocouples by minimizing the heating of the test section.

Before each run, temperatures in the test section are raised to about

1000°F over a period of 45 minutes and the salt flow is reestablished. A

fixed flow rate is established and power to the test-section heater is in-

creased to the desired heat flux. When the temperatures indicate steady-
state conditions, all parameters — power input, flow rate, and tempera-

tures — are continuously recorded. The flow of salt is reversed when one

'reservoir is nearly empty, and the heat flux is momentarily reduced to

about half the operating value to prevent a temperature excursion in the
test section at the time of zero flow. The upper range of flow rates is
limited by the time requiréd to empty one of the reservoirs. Whenever
the temperature exceeds the desired level, the system is allowed to cool
by reducing the power to the test section and other appropriate heaters.
Periodic calibrations of radial heat losses were made by measuring
the power. required to maintain an empty test section in an isothermal
condition as a function of temperature level. The information furnished
by thisd calibration is used in each run, when an isothermal check of the

test-section thermocouples is obtained at the desired temperature level

 

This procedure resulted in several salt leaks when a number of power

failures occurred during the standby condition. Melting of the confined
salt was invariably accompanied by rupture of the thin-walled tubing due
to the expansion of the salt upon partial melting. A better standby pro-

cedure would be to drain the salt into one reservoir, allowing unrestrained
expansion of the salt during melting if an unexpected freeze should occur.
 

 

12

with the hot salt flowing afid‘only enough heat added‘to the test section
to equal the radial heat loss. In Fig. 8, typical test-section thermo-
couple readings from an isothermal run show a scatter band of +4°F about
the average outside wall temperature. The sheathed thermocouples in the
‘mixing chambers read;slightly higher during isothermal runs and are be-
lieved to be more accurate. Their readings, therefore, provide the basis
for standardization and the tube wall readings are corrected to this
standard. " | ‘

Extensive tests were condficted to insure the reliability of the
'apparatus and experimental procedures. The first test-section tube pro-
duced erratic axial temperature patterns which did not improve with more
thermal insulation of the test section. Subsequently, the anomalous axial
temperature profiles were traced to the test section, in which a hole had
burned through the wall and had been repaired by welding. IExcessive weld
material protruding into the tube was thought to have disturbed the tem--
perature and velocity profiles. Replacement of the test section eliminated
the difficulty. , '

- Other possible sources of error were investigated during the search -
for the cause of the temperature irregularities. Electrical conduction
through the molten salt would result in additional heating of the salt,
but the ratio of the resistivity of the salt to that of the test section
is greater than 2500, indicating very little heat generated in the salt in
this manner Additional calculations of the radial temperature distri-
bution®* confirmed that not more than O. 2% of the power was expended by
electrical conduction in the salt.

Temperature variations due to free convection are believed to be
larger than those attributable to internal heating; but according to the
criterion of Shannon and DePew,® free convection in the horizontal test-
section p081t10n is insignificant compared with forced convection in the
range of Reynolds numbers described in this work.

As an additional check of nmatural-convection effects, the reactor
fuel salt experiments were repeated with the test section anchored in a
vertical position while other equipment arrangements'and operational pro-
cedures remained unchanged. The object of the change was to compare the

effects of free convection in the vertical and horizontal positions. A
 

   

ORNL DWG 69-11028

8

, tube outside wall temperature (°F)
B %)
ET

t
v

 

1300
3 0 5 10 15 20 2c
x, distance from inlet (1n.)_

Fig. 8. Tube wall thermocouple readings during isothermal salt flow.
 

 

14

crack developed in one of the piping connections to the test section
after 8 runs and repairs were not attempted. However, the results of

- the vertical runs did not show any difference.in the effect of free con-
vection as related to the orientatlon of the test sectlon The data are
presented later in the report and 1n‘Appendlx B. _ :

The possibility of heat conductlon losses to the electrodes at the
ends of the test section prompted calculatlons to be made based on the
conservative assumptions of max imum héat'flux and a minimum Reynolds'
numbér The results of these calculatlons show that the net heat con-
duction in the axial direction is less than 0.1% of the total heat gen-
erated in the test section at a dlstance of 0. 25 1n - from the entrance.

The electrical resistivity of the,Hastelloy N test-section tube
varies less than 1% in the temperéttre‘range-of;lbOO to 1500°F and the
heat capacity of the salt varies less than 5% ovér;fhersame temperature
raenge. The variation of the radial heat loss along 1éhgth of tube is
less than 10% and the'heat loss itself is less than 5%. A constant axial
voltage drop measured aldng the test section verified the uniformify of
the heat flux generated in the test-section fialf,and-provided a check of
~the wall thickness and tube radius variation‘as-a?ffinction of its length.'

Experiments conducted with a well-known heat-transfer salt (HTS)”
provided a final test in the new test section of the experimentél pro-
cedure. Earlier experiments® showed that HTS data are well correlated
by standard heat-transfer'equations. The experiments with HTS in the
present system demonstrated that the outside wall temperatures remained
parallel to the mean salt temperature over half of the tést;éection length,
indicating fully developed flow and a constant heat-~transfer coefficient.

In 11 runs with HIS, the experimentally determined values of the heat-
transfer coefficient were compared with those predicted by standard cor-
relations. Ten of the values of the heat-transfer coefficient were |
within’l3% of that predicted by the Sieder-Tate correlation® and the other
value was within 25%. Before the system wfis.charged with reactor salts,
the HTS was removed by extensively flushing with water and drying in

heated vacuum for 10 days.

 

*HTS: KNOs-NaNO,-NaNOs (44-49-7 mole ).
 

 

 

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15

CALCULATIONS

The local coefficient of forced-convective heat transfer is defined

by the equation

b e 1)

X
(tg = t5)
where

h = coefficient of heat transfer, Btu/hr:ft®-°F; h , at position x
along tube;

heat-transfer rate to fluid, Btu/hr;

A = heat-transfer (inner) surface area, ft°;

Lo}
"

t =rtemperature, °F; tp, fluid mixed mean at any poSition; ts,
inner surface of the tube at any position x; t,, outer surface
of the tube at any position x.
Beyond the thermal and hydrodynamic entrance regibns; hX reaches an asymp-
totic value. For a constant heat flux, (q/A)x, this limiting value will

occur when (tS —-tm) reaches a constant value.
X

The inside tube wall temperature is related to the measured outside

tube wall temperature by the equation

g +q (r )?
tw'_ ts - - 2 - 2 m(=)--|- (: :)
2 Tk (_rw) - (rs) r 2 2 Tk

 

'k = thermal conductivity of fluid, Btu/hr.ft-°F; k , thermal
conductivity of tube;
L = test-section length, ft;

test-section tube radius, ft; r
outer surface;

gs inner surface; ry,

this is the solution to the one-dimensional steady-state heat conduction
equation with a source term and a heat-loSs; qL; at the outside wall.’
The only variable on the right-hand side of Eq. (2) is the thermal con-
ductivity of the metal wall, Kk , which remains nearly constant. over small
temperature rises along the tube.  Thus, when the temperature profiles
tw and tm are parallel, the fluid flow in the tube 1s essentlally fully
developed.
 

16

For most of the measurements, the heat gained by the fluid in

traversing the test section was calculated by the equation

q = ch(tm’o - tm,i) » | (3)

in which ‘
CP = specific heat of fluid at constant pressure, Btu/lb-°F,
w = mass flow rate, 1b/hr,

. and subscripts
o = outlet

~For the later messurements (Runs 210 through 220), the heat gained by the
fluid was determihed‘from the eiectrical heat generation in the‘test
section corrected for the calibrated heat loss. By calculating the heat
input in this manner, the influence of the uncertainties in measuring the
fluid mixed-mean inlet and outlet temperatures can be reduced.

The computer  program used for reducing the experimental data is given

~in Appendix C.

RESULTS

Heat-transfer coefficients were determined experimentally in 7O runs
covering the laminar, transition, and turbulent flow regimes. Ten rfins
with HTS to test the eéuipment are included with data shown in Appendix B.
The physical properties and chemical analyses of the molten salt are listed
in Appendix D, Tables D-1 and D-2, respectively.

The duration ef:a rfin usuelly permitted time for three thermocouple
seens to demonstrate thermal steady state. Figure 9 shows typical outside
wall temperatures end'mean fluid temperatures. A straight line is drawn
between the mean inlet and mean outlet fluid temperatures by assuming con-
stant phys1cal pr0perties of the molten salt and uniform heat transfer
over the inner surface of the test-seetlon wall. These assumptions are
supported by the constant heat capacity of the molten salt in the observed
temperature range and the ‘constant resistance of the Hastelloy N test

section mentioned earller
 

 

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ORNL-DWG 7211517

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

® ® ®
e @ ¢ * ’
1300 +*
®
ol o
o @
° @ TUBE OUTER WALL
. & FLUID
@
1200 e
@
@
. . .
”00 /
- T ' : RUN 133, Vg, = 597
& 1000 '
W 1600
2
& ¢ O 0 ® o ot o
w e 0 ¢ 8 0o ¢ & g & & o )
a o .
=
w
- .
1500 n
.___
RUN 157, Ngq = 28,104
1400 4
1200 |
o o ® @ ° ® @
@
100
"
’
RUN 186,Aj,= 4277
1000 :
0 5 10 - 15 20 25

X, DISTANCE FROM INLET (in.)

Fig. 9. Axial temperature profiles for molten salt flowing in a
smooth tube at laminar (Nge = 597), turbulent (Npe = 28,104), and
transition (N = 4277) flow. '

 
 

 

18

Three regions of N are shown in Fig. 9 — the laminar, transition,
and turbulent at NRe-= 597, 4277, and 28,10k, respectively. The co-
efficient of heat transfer hx assumes its limiting value rapidly for
turbulent flow; but in laminar and transition flows, a significant
entrance region is evident. This entrance region is seen more clearly
 when h_is plotted versus the distance along the test section x as in
Fig. 10 for the transition flow run. After the thermal and hydrodynamic
boundary layers become fully developed, h.x decreases to a limiting value.
The test section is not long enough for hx to reach the limiting value
in laminar flow. Therefore, integrated values of hx over the entire tube
length, coupled with the parameter D/L, are used in developing the lam-
inar flow correlations; whereas, the limiting constant h values are used
for the transition and turbulent heat-transfer correiations.

Standard heat-transfer correlations for the three flow regimes are
given in the following discussion of Egs. (4) through (8). Heat-transfer
data from the 70 runs are then presented in the dimensionless forms of
standard correlations for comparison using the data listed in Appendix B
and the physical properties in Table D-1.

1. For laminar, forced flow in the absence of natural convection,

the equations of Sieder and Tate® and Martinelli and Boelter® are,

respectively:

N = 1.86 [N, N (D/L)1 2 (p/u )0t (4)
and

Ny, = 1.62 [N N, (D/1)}° . (5)

2. For transition region flow beyond the entrance region, a modified

form of Hausen equatior® is:

2/ 3 i/ 3 '
Ny, = 0.116 (NRe - 125) Ny, (u/us)°°14 . (6)

3. For turbulent flow, the equations recommended in Ref. 9 and

attributed to McAdams and to Sieder and Tate are respectively:

N 2 NO.B NO-4

Mg = 0:023 Npe N | (7)
_ 0.8 _1/ 3 0.14

NNu = 0.027 Nfie N;r (“/“s)
1800

X

h_, Local Heat Transfer Coefficient (Btu/hr.rt2.°y)

1700

1600

1500

1400

1300

 

 

[} o

5 10 15 20
x, distance from inlet (in.) ‘

Fig. 10. Axial variation of the heat-transfer coefficient (N‘Re = 4277).

 

25

6T

 
 

 

 

20

where

=
il

Nusselt modulus, hD/k, dimensionless,

:fia

= Prandtl modulus, Céu/k, dimensionless,

5

Reynolds modulus, pVD/u, dimensionless,

and
= mean velocity of fluid, ft/hr,
inside diameter of tube, ft,

= fluid density evaluated at fluid mixed-mean temperature, 1b/ft>,

r o U <«
n

= fluid viscosity evaluated at fluid mixed-mean temperature,
1o /hr-ft; ng, evaluated at temperature of the inner surface of
the tube. : ,

Equations (%), (6), and (8) are compared with the eiperimental data
in Fig. 11. The experifiental results are in good agreement in the laminar
region but are slightly below the equations representing the transition
and turbulent regions. For example, in the range 3500 < NRe <_30,000, the
data lie about 13% below Egs. (6) and (8). The heat-transfer data could
not be correlated in the transition range 2000 < Nfie < 4000 because of
entrance effects that persisted over the length of the test section. The
laminar date do not fit Eq. (5) as well as Eq. (4), as shown by comparing
Figs. 12 and 11. Similarly, Eq. (7)'provides'no significant improvement
in the correlation of the data for Np > 10,000 over that of Eq. (8)
[compare Figs. 13 and 11]. . |

The data plotted in Figs. ll'through 13 suggeét‘that the experimental
data for laminar and turfiuient flow can be fitted to functions’of the
form:

n .
Ordirate = K N , | | (9)

where K and n are dimensionless constants having different values for
laminar and turbulent flows and the "ordinate™ is the ordinate used in
Fig. 11. Least-squares fits of the data to the form of Eq. (9) were
carried out assuming a constant value (1/3) for the Prandtl modulus
exponent. These fits werertriéd with and without a viscosify ratio cor-
rection term. We found that when thevviscosity ratio correction term
was included, the values for the Reynolds modulus exponent, n, came
closer to the commonly accepted values of 1/3 for laminar fiow and 0.8

for turbulent flow. The resulting equations fitting the experimental
 

"

p

n

i

n

014 HEAT- TRANSFER FUNCTION

21

ORNL DWG 72-11514R

A Vertical
O Horizontal

_ 08 13 0.14
Npo =0.027 N O Wp, > (pfued™™
[SIEDER-TATE ]

 

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2
! 1
Nyu=1.86 [Ngy Np (D/L)] Pipfug®'?
[SIEDER-TATE]
10
102 2 5 103 2 5 10* 2 5 108
Nge» REYNOLDS MODULUS
Fig. 11. Comparisons of the molten salt data for Egs. (L), (6),
and (8). | ' - |

 
 

2

- ORNL-DWG 72-11515

 

z

o

—

O

2

-

W

e 5

W

| T

W

=

<L

z . - .

" 2 e P

5 Ny, =1.62 (Mg Np, (D/L)]

X
2R, o0 ‘ |
2|2 10? 2 5 10° 2 s 10%

Nge » REYNOLDS MODULUS

Fig. 12. Comparison of laminar flow data of molten salt with Eg. (5).
 

 

 

 

L1}

L3

23

ORNL-DWG 72-11516
10°

A VERTICAL
0 HORIZONTAL

<
o
+—
o
<
2
* 0.8 , 04
« Ny, =0.023Np ™ N,
TH
w)
<
<
<
=
2
W
o
< -
o
|"§
&
2
2
3

 

0% 2 5 10 2 5 q0°
Nge,» REYNOLDS MODULUS

Fig. 13. | Comparison of transition and turbulent data of molten

salt with Eq. (7).

 
 

 

2k

data are
Ny, = 189 [NRe-NPr (p/L)J°-22 (n/pg)°t* | (10)
with an average absolute deviation of 6.6% for N, < 1000; and
_ / 3 /3 0eld
Ny, = 0.0234 N;e N;r (n/hg) , (11)

with an average absolute deviation of 6.2%,for Np. > 12,000.

Because the data in the transition region did not follow the form

of Eq. (9), the equation for the experlmental data in this range of Ny

was obtained by adjusting the coefficient 1n Eq (6), giving the following

relation: . |
_ /3 _ O.la
Ny = 0-107 (N;e_ 135) Nop (u/us) ’ (12)
with an average absolute deviation of 4.1% for 3500 < N, < 12,000.

Re

The heat-transfer measurements made with the test section oriented in
a vertical position to test for the possible effects of free convection
are in good agreement with the standard correlations, except for four
higher points (see Figs. 11 and 13). These higher points were obtained
with downflow in contradiction to the predicted enhancement of heat trans-
fer with upflow. Thus, a systematic thermocouple error in one of the
mixing chambers is the most probable cause of the higher results with
downflow. |

DISCUSSION

The results indicate that the proposed reactor fuel salt behaves as
a normal fluid in the range 0.5 < N?r < 100 with regard to heat transfer.
It should be noted that uncertainties in the physical properties of the
salts reflect as great an effect on the correlations as does the un-
certainty in the heat-transfer coefficient.

Our data lie below the standard correlations in the turbulent and
transition regions but not in the laminar region. If the deviations in
our data were caused by low-conductance surface films or entrained gas,
one would expect the effect to be apparent in all three regions. An un-

certainty in the viscosity of the salt might explain the discrepancies in
 

 

 

)

ny

L.

25

the turbulent and the transition regions since the heat-transfer function

in the laminar region i1s almost independent of the viscosity. 1In addition,

the lower values in the transition regime could be the result of the failure

of the thermal boundary layer to fully develop over the length of the test

section. '
The problem of boundary-layer development is most pronounced in the

range of Reynolds number 2000 < NRe < 4000, where entrance effects

persisted for the entire length of the test section. The same effect

could be produced up to No_ = 5000 at higher wall heat fluxes. Figure 14

illustrates the apparent effect of heat flux on the entrance region length.

At N = 3762 and a wall heat flux of 2.55 X 10° Btu/hr.ft®, there is no

region of constant heat-transfer coefficient. In contrast, temperature

profiles at a similar Reynolds number, Nfie = 3565 and the lower wall heat

flux of 0.74 X 10° Btu/hr-ft® show a constant heat-transfer coefficient

over most of the test-section length. Since the viscosity of the fluid

decreases with increasing temperature, heat transfer from the tube wall

may be exerting a stabilizing effect on the laminar boundary 1ayer,9'1°

thus delaying transition.

Future experiments with the fuel salt should include system modi-

fications so that the entrance region effects in transition flow can be

better evaluated. Possible modifications would be the insertion of an

‘unheated calming section prior to heat addition to permit establishment

of the hydrodynamic boundary layer before changing the temperature pro-
file., This would separate the two effects that now occur simultaneously.
Another possibility would be to increase the length of the test section
while maintaining a constant heat flux élong theAléngth. A sufficiently
long tube might allow fully developed flow pattefns-to be‘reached before

the test-section exit.
 

26

- ORNL-DWG 72-11519
1500

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

@
oo L
o’ ¢
° * | ¢e o
| ® 0
1400
| —
®
- e TUBE OUTER WALL
¢ ® FLUID
_ ®
1300 5
E .
w ®
5 1200
1
2
‘%’ Nge = 3762, g/A=2.55X10° Btu/hr . it2
i
/
/
1100
1200
° o
e X e 00000004000
®
1100 |-
a1
N
2
Npe = 3565, g/A =0.74 X10° Btu/hr - ft
1000 | | ‘
0 5 10 15 20 25

X, DISTANCE FROM INLET (in.)

Fig. 14. Comparison of axial temperature profiles of the molten

salt at similar NRe with heat flux varied by a factor of 3.5.
 

 

 

.

27

CONCLUSIONS

We have found molten fluoride salt mixtures to behave, for the most
part, as normal fluids with respect to forced-convection heating in a
smooth tube. Although the present results average ~13% below the standard
literature heat-transfer correlations, one must realize that some un-
certainties exist in the physical properties of the salt and that the
standard correlations themselves are based on heat-transfer data using
fluids such as air, steam, water, petroleum, etc., which exhibit a +20%
scatter band around the standard curves.

No evidence of the existence or influence of low-conductance surface
films, such as corrosion products, gases, or oxides, was found in the
present studies. In the Reynolds modulus range from 2000 to 5000, we did
find the heat-transfer coefficient to vary along the length of the tube
in a manner which appeared related to a delay in the transition to tur-
bulent flow. We believe this delay inrtransition is abetted by the
stabilizing influence of heating a fluid whose viscosity has a large
negative temperature coefficient. We intend to make further studies of

this phenomenon.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The design, construction, end operation of these experiments were
made possible by the able assistance of J. J. Keyes, Jr{, H. W. Hoffman,
R. L. Miller, J. W. Krewson, W. A. Bird, and L. G. Alexander.

REFERENCES

1. H. W. Hoffman, Turbulent Forced-Convection Heat Transfer in Circular
Tubes Containing Molten Sodium Hydroxide, USAEC Report ORNL-1370,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, October 1952; see also Proceedings of
the 1953 Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute, p. 83, Stanford
University Press, Stanford, California, 1953.

2. H. W. Hoffman and S. I. Cohen, Fused Salt Heat Transfer — Part III:
Forced~Convection Heat Transfer in Circular Tubes Containing the Salt
Mixture NaNOg-NaNOz-KNO;, USAEC Report ORNL-2433, Osk Ridge National
Laboratory, March 1960.
 

 

10.

11.

12.

13.

28

H. W. Hoffman and J. Lones, Fused Salt Heat Transfer — Part II:
Forced-Convection Heat Transfer in Circular Tubes Containing
NaK-KF-LiF Eutectic, USAEC Report ORNL-1777, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, February 1955.

H. F. Poppendiek and L. D. Palmer, Application of Temperature Solu-
tions for Forced-Convection Systems with Volume Heat Sources to
General Convection Problems, USAEC Report ORNL-1933, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, September 1955.

R. L. Shannon and C. A. DePew, Forced Laminar Flow Convectlon in a
Horizontal Tube with Variable Viscosity and Free-Convection Effects,
ASME Technical Paper 68-WA/HT-20.

E. N. Sieder and G. E. Tate, Heat Transfer and Pressure Drops of
Liquids in Tubes, Ind. Eng. Chem. 28(12): 1429-1435 (1936).

P. F. Massier, A Forced-Convection and Nuclear-Boiling Heat-Transfer
Test Apparatus, JPL-TR-32-47, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, March 3,

1961.

E. R. G. Eckert, A. J. Diaguila, and A. N. Curren, Experiments on
Mixed-Free-and-Forced-Convective Heat Transfer Connected with Tur-
bulent Flow Through a Short Tube, NACA TN-297k, National Advisory
Committee for Aeronautics, July 1953.

W. M. Rohsenow and H. Y. Choi, Heat, Mass, and Momentum Transfer,
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1961l.

 

H. Schlichting, Boundary Layer Theory, Uth ed., McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1960.

A. R. Wazzan, The Stability of Incompressible Flat Plate Laminar
Boundary Layer in Water with Temperature Dependent Viscosity,
pp. 184-202 in Proceedings of the Sixth Southeastern Seminar on
Thermal Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, April 13-1k, 1970

 

S. Cantor, ed., Physical Properties of Molten-Salt Reactor Fuel,
Coolant, and Flush Salts, USAEC Report ORNL-TM-2316, Oak Ridge
Natlonal Laboratory, August 1968.

J. W. Cooke, Thermophysical Propertles, pp. 89-93 in MSRE Semiann.
Progr. Rept Aug. 31, 1969, USAEC Report ORNL-4449, Oak Ridge
Natlonal Laboratory. '
 

 

 

 

o

(3]

a

"

AT)

 

29

APPENDIX A

ADDITIONAL DETATLS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM
 

 

D)

 

 
*

    

  
   
 

Y4 x 0,035 in. TUBES,
WALL TURNED TO
|

Y% x 0.042in. -
TUBE

T

[ %
/"/I/,/I/,(/."/’JP—
3 ey

.

    

  
  

  

&

T
T e

‘4
t,'.‘
4y,

o

 

ORNL-DWG 72-11522

LAVITE WEDGE TO HOLD
THERMOCOUPLES AGAINST WALL -

 
 
 

0.040 in. CHROMEL-ALUMEL

STAINLESS STEEL SHEATH THERMOCOUPLE

{in. SCH. 40 PIPE:

A

e e ]

 

 

\]

Ak

 

0.010in.

—

L S A A AL A AT A
kb I iheiinl =

N Y A S el e
o it el il el i Lol il el Lol il Lo &

    
  
  
  
  

I-——‘/4in. /\-’_/\/\/

o 8 HOLES 542 in.DIAM
EQUALLY SPACED ON
ELECTRODE—ay 13/c in. DIAM CIRCLE

     

3% in. DIAM HOLE

)
\
\
)
!

TEST
SECTION

T T T T T

’
A
?
ri
4
3

 

 

 

  

e T

 
  

N\ %)
&4
|

]

?

!

1

1

|

A

i

Y ANNNNN

  

Ygin. RADIUS

     
   

   

 

LSS

/2

SECTION A-A

27%in.

Fig. A-1. Mixing chamber weldment.

 

L4

¢

 
 

 

32

ORNL-DWG 72-11524

   
  
    
 

|_.— CERAMIC FIBER
4~ INSULATION SLEEVE

36 GA.C. A.
BARE WIRE SPOT
WELDED TO THE

TEST SECTION
TEST SECTION :

!

Fig. A-2. Scheme for the attachment of a test-section thermocouple.
 

 

 

¥

"

33

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ORNL-DWG 72-11523

 

 

 

N

(\ ¥ % 0.042 in.

DIP LEG TUBE

P 44x0.035 n.

THERMOCOUPLE WELL
TUBE

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

|
Y42 0.035in.
VENT TUBE -,
10in.
‘8¥%in.
1% %0.0421n.
FILL TUBE
1 |
tin.

A R \&

/1

4

]

L

|/

/

]

- W

1

L

4

1

A

91

1

/

]

/1

/

1

]

7

/

/

5

33 in. [

1

1

]

]

/

%

/

¢

/

]

/

L

/

/

/

]

¥

/

tin,
1 fa—————— 8 54 in. DIAM
. Fig . A.- 3 *

 

0.322in, WALL

SCHED 40
PIPE CAP

 

De'tail of a Salt reservoir. |
CHART READING (%)

 

\ - ORNL-DWG 72- 41521
100 110

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

% | - —1 100
-0
,o%’o
: / ®
7 | / 7 *
| _ ‘
70 - o "
TANK B L .~
/ o
80 . L"TANK A 2
T ~-
50 o”;"’,,t”f’ 60
/ 7 o INCREASING WEIGHT
1 /L’ e DECREASING WEIGHT B
e ‘ | | 50
* 40
20 | -
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 "o

STANDARD WEIGHT (pounds)

Fig. A-4. Weigh cell calibration curve.

1€

 
 

35

¥

ORNL -DWG 72-4520

 

 

 

POWER ( watts)
2\
<
3
<

 

o /

0 20 40 60 80 100
SIGNAL ( millivolts)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. A5, Wattmeter calibration curve.

"
 

 

36

PERTINENT EXPERIMENTAL, EQUIPMENT

Equipment

Load Cells
BLH electronics
Type T3Pl and T3P2B

StriE Recorder
Honeywell

Model BY153X2VV-(WT)
-(IV)Al (modified)

Current Transformer
Nothelfer windings

Labs, Incorporated

Model 14388

 

 

Digital Voltmeter
Vidar '
Model 521

System Coupler
Vidar
Model 650-12

Scanner
Cunningham
Scannex Control
Model 000113G

Tape Digital Printer
Franklin Electronics, Inc.

 

Tape Punch Process
Tally Corporation
Model 1665

Tape Drive Model P150
Tape Reader Model 1848

 

Wattmeter
General Electric

Type 4701
Watt Transducer

Thermocouple Reference-
Junction Compensator
Universal Compensator
Model RJ4801-CS

 

Thermocouples
Chromel-Alumel

- Capacity or Range

 

500 1b (150% overload)
3 mv/v input

L-2 Special
25 kva (prim. & sec.)

48 v prim.
4 x 250 amp sec

$10 mv to +1000 v in
6 decade stages

2.5 — 10.0
in 2.5 steps

Accuracy

+0.02% full scale
(see Fig. A-L)

+0.25% full scale

+0.01% of full scale
(least count 1.0 pv)

(see Fig. A-5)

+0.75%
 

 

37

APPENDIX B

EXPERIMENTAI, DATA
Table B-l. Experimental Data for Heat-Transfer Studies Using the

Salt LiF-BeF,-ThF,-UF,; 67.5-20.0-12.0-0.5 mole %

 

 

Run Tin T-out oT : v q/ A Heat a h = 7 " N’b
No. (°F) (°F) (°F) (1b/br)  (Btu/hr.ft® Balance (Btug e Pr Nu st
. x 10~%) hr*£t2 . °F)

107 1388.3 1436.0 Wr.7 2532.0 4.07 1.05 4882 15,993 6.3 106.1 56.000
115 1362.7 14%15.8 53.1 1387.2 2.48 1.12 2831 8,345 6.6 61.5 31,902
117 1383.7  1k38.4 Sh.T 1807.2 3.33 1.01 3617 11,419 6.3 78.6 41.497
119 1379.1 1436.6 57.5 1185.0 2.30 1.05 2302 7,495 6.3 50.0 26.270
121 14118.0 14744 s6.4  2191.2 k.16 1.0k ' 4590 14,917 5.8 99.8 54.082
122 1456.2 1507.9 51.7 2968.2 5.17 1.04 6192 21,647 5.5 134.6 74415
123 1488.2 1537.8 k9.6 3206.4 5.36 1.00 6462 25,119 5.1 140.4 79.762
127 1097.9 1156.4 58.5 1636.8 3.23 1.05 1936 - 5,005 13.1 h2.1 16.713
129 1082.7 1163.3 80.6 250.8 0.68 1.01 396 738 13.5 8.6 3.359
130 1081.5 1177.1 95.6  279.6 0.90 1.00 4a7 839 13.3 9.2 3,563
131 1089.8 1159.9 70.1 227.h4 0.54 1.02 Lo7 673 13.5 8.8 3.488
132 1090.6 1160.2 69.6 256.2 . 0.60 0.97 381 760 13.4 8.3 3.265
133 1029.6 1118.7 89.1 221.4 0.66 0.93 357 550 15.9 T.7 2.821
134 1036.3 1134.8 98.5 155.4 0.52 0.93 358 b5 15.3 7.8 2.94}4
143 1062.8 1117.7 54.9 1785.0 3.30 1.04 1940 L,oho 1kh.5 ko2 16.148
14y 1075.4 1135.7 60.3 1900.8 3.87 1.0h4 2200 5,523 13.8 47.8 18.563
145 1048.2 1103.4 55.2 2007.6 3.73 1.04 2129 5,304 15.0 46.3 17.459
146 106L4.0 1115.9 51.9 2199.6 3.85 1.04 2513 6,026 14.6 Ssk.7 20.984
147 1076.9 1131.0 S4.1 2307.6 4.20 1.04 2727 6,573 1k.0 59.2 23.072
148 1093.5 1148.3 54.8 2506.8 4.63 1.03 3068 7,583 13.2 66,7 26.549
1k9 1460.4 1482.9 22.5 1166.4 0.89 0.94 2230 8,393 5.6 48.5 27.007
150  1460.6  1u489.5  28.9  1700.4 1.66 1.03 3434 12,260 5.5 Th.7  L41.7H3
151 1469.4 1488.4 19.0 2093.4 1.3 1.01 3977 15,282 5.5 86.4 48.472
152 1477.0 1501.8 24.8 2458.2 2.05 1.00 4573 18,300 5.4 99.5 56.022
153 1486.7 1513.4 ° 26.7 2784.6 2.51 1.09 5426 21,235 5.6 117.9 65 .520

6¢

 
Table B-1 (Continued)

 

-T T 6T W

 

o, (M (B (B (/) /Q/A s e (o N, §_ ¥ T
No. °F °F °F 1b/hr Btu/hr*ft Balance - (Btu N N, N
x 107%) hr-ftl'°F) "Re Pr Nu St
154 1496.1 1523.3 27.2 3057.0 2.80 1.0k 5740 23,719 5.1 124.8 T1.557
155 1466.3  1484.7 18.4 3205.2 1.99 1.02 5551 23,21k 5.5 120.7 67.668
156 1475.0 1488.2 13.2.  3262.2 1.45 0.99 5229 23,861 5.5 113.7 63.927
157 1479.7 1502.7 23.0 3505.8 2.72 1.07 6627 26,192 S.h4 144,21 81.181
158 1466.3 1483.8 17.5 1282.2 0.76 0.89 2236 9,284 5.5 48.6 27.265
159 1466.7 1492.6 25.9 1401.6 1.22 0.99 2708 10,171 5.5 58.9 32.943
160 1471.3  14k92.2 20.9  1512.0 1.06 0.93 274 11,107 5.5 59.6 33.394
161 14724 1hok .k 22.0 1615.2 1.20 0.99 3033 - 11,853 5.5 66.0 36.980
162 1463.7 1522.0 58.3 - 1254.6 2.46 1.0k 2675 9, 46k 5.2 58.2 32.754
163 1470.0 1527.5 57.5 1425.6 2.76 1.05 3071 10,884 5.2 66.7 37.571
164 1480.0 1535.8 55.8 1513.8 2.85 1.07 3334 11,770 5.1 72.5 41.151
165 1486.9 1539.2 52.3 2105.4 3.71 1.02 4385 16,497 5.1 95.3 54.119
166 1501.6 1546.2 4.6 2803.2 4.21 1.06 5852 22,512 5.0 127.2 72.942
167 1513.9 1561.7 4y7.8 34m.0 5.60 1.02 6892 28,499 4,9 149.8  86.348
170  1064.6 1080.1 15.5 1797.0 - 0.94 0.97 1737 4,528 15,9 37.7 14.620
171 1066.3 1082.2 15.9 2346.0 1.26 1.01 2340 5,938 15.7 50.9 19.818
172 1069.8 108k4.0 1k.2 2722.8 1.31 1.05 2905 6,939 15.6  63.2 24,811
173 1049.0 1081.2 32.2 202.2 0.22- 0.96 320 493  16.3 7.0 2.671
186 - 1061.6 1076.2 14.6 1597.8 0.79 0.9 1445 3,986 16.0 31.4 12.161
191 1062.0 1078.5 16.5 1318.2 0.7h 0.94 1041 3,322 15.9 22.6 8.713
192 1064.6 1080.3 15.7 1460.4 0.77 0.99 1337 03,690 15.7 29.0 11.274
193 1235.2 1262.7 27.5 1106.4 1.03 1.01 1591 4,731 9.3 34.6 16.075
195 1247.0 1270.6 23.7 2333.4 1.86 1.0k 3560 10,200 9.1 7.4 36.392
198  1255.8 1296.0 40.2 3001.8 4,07 1.04 4645 13,693 8.7 101.0  47.638
21.2 2.30 1.09 4752 14,944 8.6 103.3 49.533

199 1273.2 12944 3219.6

Ot

 
 

 

 

Table B-1 (Continued)

 

 

?gn Tin) Tou; 8T w q/A Heat . h -
. (°F °F (°F)  (1b/nr) (Btu/hr £t® Balance (Btu N N N N

X 1 -5 ) hr- ftl oF ) HRE Pr Nu gt
200 1279.6 1303.7 2.1 3392.4 2.76 1.07 5050  16,088.0 8.4  109.8 53.017
201¢ 1237.8 1263.8 26.0 1351.2 1.18° 1.07 2ko6 5,892.4 9.1k 52.3 24.7
202% - 1250.7 1272.6 21.9 1717.8 1.27 1.01 2762 7,660.9 8.94 60.0 28.6
203° 1252.2 1276.2 24,0 2050.2 1.66 1.16 4029 9,200.0 8.89 87.6 L41.9
204° 1258.& 1282.h 2h.0  2299.2 1.86 0.99 3625 10,435.5 8.79 78.8 37.7
205°  1229.9 1255.0  25.0  1395.0 1.18 1.01 2119 5,910.9 9.41 461  21.5
206° 1231.7 1255.4 23.7 1704.0 1.36 1.10 3004 7,238.9  9.39 65.3 30.7
207 1243.6 1268.1 24k.5 2036.4 1.68 0.97 3122 8,947.4 9.08 67.9 32.1
208° 124k7.2 1270.6 23.4k - 2338.8 1.84 1.12 4337 10,359.7 9.00 ok.2  4h.9
210 1132.u, 1156.1 - 70.1 2110 1.69 1.01 2416 6,512 12.5 = 52.5 22.15
211 1168.4 1215.% = 150.8 ~ 2105 3.38 1.01 3049 1, 696 '10.8 66.3  28.96
212 . 1203.4 1226.7 59.9 2102 1.69 1.03 2823 8, ,230  10.2 61.4 27.89
213 1138.1 1168.7 30.6 2654 2.76 1.04 3477 8 566 12.2 5.6  32.07
214 1097.9 1149.6 51.7 2807 4.92 1.01 3573 8,297 13.3 T7.7 31.27
215 1248.1 1256.1 8.0 2887 0.79 0.97 4335 12,374 9.2 gh.2 44,98
216  1258.3 1276.2 18.0 . 2914 177 1.03. ‘bhoo . 12,957 8.8 97.6 46.89
217 1280.6 1310.6 30.1 2791 - 2.85 1.05 4616 13,454 8.2 100.3 L49.10
218 1288.1 13K1.7 53.6 2753 5.03 1.03 4915 14,035 T.7 106.9 52.56
219 1293.8 1383.2 89.4 1593 5.04 1.03 2999 8,620 7.3 65.2 32.12
220~ 1118.5 1155.7  136.1 1140 1.51 1.02 1082 3,554 12.8 23.5 9.60

 

N

 

aHea.t balance = (sensible heat gained by fluid + heat loss)/(electrical heat generation).
e = B (T, 072 (ufu )™

®Pest section oriented vertically.
 

Table B-2. Experimental Data for Heat-Transfer Studies Using the
Salt Hitec (KNO,-NaNOy-NaNOs; UL4-49-T mole %)

 

 

© G m o) et et (ot R, &, K
° ° °F r u/hr-ft ance u | N

. x 10_5) hr 'fi!' °F) NRe qur NNu St

87 537.6  677.3  139.7  157.2 0.85 0.99 283,5 2,314 9.3  17.0 7.34
88 540.8 591.3 50.5 1375.2 2.69 1.05 2499.4 15,450 11.3 150.0  64.3
89 567.5  621.0 53.4 2071.8 4.30 0.98 3516.6 25,640  10.2 211.0  93.1
96 574.8  624.3 k9.5 2195.h4 h.21 1.08 k450.9 27,578 10.1  267.1 119.7
97 601.4 650.7 49.3 1589.4 3.04 1.00 3045.6 21,76 9.3 182.7 84h.2
98 608.4 658.5 50.1 1097.4 2.13 1.06 2473.8 15,349 9.1 148.4 69.3
99 618.5 672.5 54.0 630.6 1.32 1.03 1386.4 9,165 8.7 83.2 39.2
101 608.8  702.4 93.6  592.8 2.15 1.10 1332.4 9,065 8.3 79.9  37.6
102 633.1  657.2  2hk.1  640.2 0.60 0.99 1656.8 9,142 8.9° 99.k  u7.7
103 618.8 634.8 16.1 1551.6 0.97 1.05 4151.9 20,848 9.4 249.,1 117.6
104 582.2 669.1 86.9 1603.8 5.41 0.99 3096.6 22,357 9.1 = 185.8 8k.1

2N

 

8Heat balance = (senéible heat gained by fluid + heat loss)/(electrical heat generation).

b= _ ¥ /% V-3 ~0.14
gy = Mgy )™ 2 (/)04

 
 

 

43

APPENDIX C

COMPUTER PROGRAM
 

 

 

COMPILER OPTIONS = NAMEs MATN,OPT=02,LINECNT x6),SOURCEsLBCOICINOLIST »DECK , LOAD s MA® 4NOEDT ToNCT Do NOXPE &
C I AM A MNOLTEN SALT HEAT TRANSFER PROGRAM 5

ISN 0092 REGAL L oMPROT oKL 9 K2 9 K3 ¢ Kb o ALINC s MU ¢ NI AV G ANG o K1 NOW 1G
ISN 0€03 DIMENSICN TC{30D ¢XLI3C) o TI(3O) 4 TB{3Y) oM 30}, INE200),0U(2CC),0¢200) 12
ISN 0CO& DIMENSION NUNDL3G) 13
1SN 0CO0S INTEGER FTLLCTC 15
ISN €006 6 03 10 Jsl,13 : 30
iSN ocC? TL=5%(J=1)¢) 40
ISN 0008  1usSey 50
1SN 0009 READ To(INUL) DUCT) oInlL, IW) 60
ISN cO10 ? FORMATES(LI,F5,2,2X)) . 70
ISN 6011 19 CCNTINGE ‘ 7%
ISN 0Cl2 0 20 t=l,1y 76
ISN 0013 , ‘ I1=INCE}+1 77
ISN 0014 . IFIDUCTI).GE.NNEY LI d=0ULT) T7AL
ISN CO16 20 CINTINLE 7742
ISN 0C17 1 (D(45).L7,900.) GC TO 27 . 778
ISN 0019 G631 To 22 T7C
ISN 0C20 21 0(46)==D{4¢) 770
ISN dc21 22 CINTIMNLE TTE
ISN. 0022 D 30 1=1,50 78A
ISN 0C23 : LI =0y ‘788
ISN 0024 30 CONTINUE 78C
C TEMP FIT FOLLOWS FNR 150 F REF JUNCTION YF TG 1900 DEGREES F 79

tgn_gggg_m_ B D7 4201 =1 446 N ) 794
1SN 0026 If (DCI).LT.1.959) 6C TO 400 ‘ 798
ISN 0028 IF (DOC(I)eGELL 99, AND.DI{T1).LT.5,30) GO TO 401 79C
ISN 0C30 TF (D(I)eGE.5.01.AND.D{I).LT.12.Cl) GC TO 402 790
ISN CC32 . IF (D(I)sGE.10.01 ANDDUTI)LT12.01l) GO TO 403 T9E
ISN G034 IF {D(I)eGEL13.01.ANDC{I)oLT.17,01) GO TO 404 ‘ T9F
ISN 0038 : IF (0(1)eGELLTa01sAND DI LT .22.99) 6O TO 405 796
ISN G038 IF (D(IYeGEL22.99 AND.DEI) LT 27.99) GO TO 435 ToM
ISN 0040 ~ TF (0(1)e6GFe29.99 AND,O([).LT.33,60) GO TO 407 791
ISN €042 ' . TF (DUI}4GEe33,0,AND.DII).LT.35.0) GO TO 4C8 794
1SN 0CA4 : IF (D(I)eGER.36.0.ANDO{E) LT 37.7} GO TO 409 T79%
ISN GOAS . IF (D(1)«6GE.39.0) GC TO 410 T9L
ISN 0048 - a0C D(I) s %50,+(236.~150.1/1.,99¢(D([)-0.} 79L1
1SN 0€49 - GO TQ 420 T9M
ISN €050 41 DEI) 22264037 e=2363/(5,01-1,92)0(D{1)-1.99) TON
ISN 0051 o IF DUT)eGEL258 dANDD{T1)oLE.290.) D(I)=Dl I)~0.6 TON1
1SN 0053 . IF (D(1) eGEL280s o AND D(I)olEadLlée} DLI)=DL)=0,5 T9N2
ISN 0C5S% GO TO 420 790
CISN XC56 . 402 DI =371.¢1592.=3714)1/(10.G1=5,01)%{C(1)-5,01) 79¢
1SN 0057 ~ 1IF {(DUI),GEL532.00) O{I)=D(1)=).%0 79P1
ISN 0059 O(1)aD(1)+1.0 79P2
ISN 3060 IF (D{I).LE.42%.) CUI)=D(1)-0.20 7903
1SN 0062 _ GO TO 420° 799
ISN G083 403 DI1)=562,+({721.-592.3/{13.01=10.21)«(C(I)-1C,01) T9R
ISN 0064 . GO TD 420 79S
1SN 0C65 404 DlI)=722.40890.=72141/(17.01=13.21)%(C(1)=-13.01) 79T
1SN 0066 G0 TD 420 . S : 79u
ISN ©O67 4CS DIT) =861 ,+(1142,-91,)/(22.99-17. oxntcctln-xv.axs T9v
ISN aCe8 : GO TO 420 79w
ISN 0069 4)& DUI)=1143,+ (1444 ,-1143.)/(30,00~-22. 99;tcot:'-za.cc) -C.10 79%
ISN GOTO IF (D(T1).GE.1396.) D(I}=sCtI)e.3 79x%1
ISN nCT2 IF(D(1)eLEal234.) CUII=N(1) 4,20 79X2
ISN 0CT4 6D TO 420 79Y
ISN 6075 407 DUIY 2l 446, + (1576 ,.-1644,)7(33,00-23.99)%(D(1)=~29.99) 792

ISN 0CTe¢ IF (DCIF.LELLIS284) D(I)=D(]I)-0,.5 1921

 

2
ISN CQ78

IsN 0079

1SN 0080
ISN 0C82
ISN 0C83
ISN 2084
1% 0085

ISN 0086

IS8 ocaa
ISN 0089
ISN 0090
1SN 0091
ISN 0092
TSN 0C93
ISN 0C94

ISN 0095

ISN 0096
ISN 0097

ISN 0099
ISN 0100
ISN 0101
ISN 0102
1SN 0103

1SN 0104 .

ISN G105
ISN 0106
1SN 0107

ISN 0108
ISN 0109
ISN 0110
ISN 0111
ISN 0112

ISN 0113
ISN 0114
ISN 0115
ISN 0116
ISN 0117
ISN Olle
ISMN 0119
ISN 0120 __

ISN 0121 -

ISN o122
ISN 0123

ISN 0135

JISN 0098

25

51

52

58

 

GO TG 420
DULI=L5T6a9{1710,=157641/136,00-33.00)%(DIE)-233.0D)
IF (D(1).GE.1635,2AND.D(T}.LE.1673.) DUI)=Dl 1)20.4
G0 TO 420
DE1)=1700.+(1848.-1710.1/(39.00-36.00)#(0( 1)~ 36.00!*.10
G0 TO 420
. 0(1181548.0(19‘1.-1848-)!(41.00-39.60)OID(ll-39.00) -¢10
IF (D(1).RE.1892,) DII]'D(I"O S
CONTINUE
PRINT 23
FORMAT (1H1)
D0 25 1I=1,20
JsD(5C) e, 2

PRINT 26,4
FORMATI{LHGy *NEXT IS RUN *,14)
CONTI MUE
D{41)=DU(41)
0(42)=DU{42)
FIC=0Ul&l)¢0,2 = . _ . _
CYC=DU(42) #0.2
UWAVGEAVGIC ol o2 44750,23:7500
CALL TKER{C 46 UNAVG)
PRINT 51
FIRMAT (lHl-4X09HSUBSCSIPT'68'6HU CAT2,9X +6HC CATA)
0058 _I=1,50 e e
PRINT 5241 DU1I},C(T)
FCRMAT(TX g [3¢8X oF8u298XyFBL2)
CONTI MUE

C COMASTANTS FOLLCW., THE THERMAL K*S #RE TENMP CEPENDENY

Rl=,180/2.

. 01=0,180/12, .

R2=,250/2.

RI=6,00/2.

R4=3,0%68

KL IS GIVEN ON CARD 845
K2=0,06

© K3=9,00

"7C END

66

Ké=l4, 32

N=2

L=24.5%

SPH1 =0.324
DAA=0.5
D!GtO.S

OF CCNSTANTS
XLE1}=.750
DX=l.00"

‘D0 60 [=2424

Ms]=-]

XL{l)=XL(M)¢DX

CONTINMNUE
TAO=(D{27)+D(28)} /2.
TAI=(D{29) +D{30)) /2.
T881=(D(31)eD(32)) /2,
T8BO=(0(33)+D{34)) /2.

. IF(TAD.GY, TAL)GO TC 61
. TA=TAl

61

G) TQ 62
TA=TAO

ot

 
 

 

 

ISN 0136 62 lFuaeo.ct.msn 60 19 63
ISN 0137 . TAR=TABI
ISN 0139 G? TO 64 .
ISN 0140 63 138=TBAO
ISN 9141 64 CONTINUE
ISN 0182 IF (TA-TBB)66+688
ISN 0143 . 66 TIN=TA
1SN 0144 TIUT=TBE
ISN 0145 GO TO 70
ISN 0146 58 TINsTRS
ISN 0147 TOUTaTA
ISN 0148 70 CONTINUE
ISN 0149 IF (TA-TBB) 73,71,71
1SN 0150 7100 72 1=1,24
ISN 0151 M225-1 -
1SN 0152 TO(1)=C(M)
ISN 0153 12 CONTINUE
ISN 0154 GO TO 80
ISN 0155 ... 1203 75 I=1,24 -
ISN 0156 T0(1)=c(1}
ISN 0187 7% CONTINLE
1SN 0158 8C CONTINLE

o C CARE MUST BE TAKEN WITH REGARD TO SIGN CCAVENTION FOR FOLLOWING Q AND DT
1SN 0159 QWM2400,783,6*D (4T)$200.%3,412/0149).
ISN_0]60 MOOT=D(48)%60,
ISN 0161 DT=UWAVG ~ D{46)
ISN 0162 QLCAL®={(0,275TE-3)#CT*OT ¢ 0.1100 DT ~ 0,1724E-1)
ISN 0163 QLF=QLCAL/ (2,93, 142R2%L/144,)
ISN 0164 QUF ==QLE
ISN 0165 oct-xu.nsu?.n.nz.ocwual-mzslnoxn(o(%i-mzaluoxai
ISN 0188 OT=AVG (Dy] 9244, 750,23.750) = D{46)
ISN 0167 Qms-z.ta.utu.-o.s»Ilz.t(-onl(chcnsnzuxzouos(Mlkanxab
ISN 0l88 QLEST=QEL + QINS
ISN 0169 QF-Mnottspmtnout-nul
ISN 0170 QDPs= L 702,93, 14*R18L) #L 44,
ISN 0171 QBAL-(QF-QLCAU /7QWm
1SN 0172 . o HLWEYC ——
ISN 0173 X1=X1=-42%0
ISN 0174 X2=FTC+CTC~]
ISN 0175 . K2wXK2=4250
ISN 0176 110 PRINT 111
IS 0177 111 FIRMAT l1H1.09x.mx.ux.auxm.lox.lua.ux.zms.ux.zun,nx.zuro
- - __8 112X p2HNU,» 11X ¢ 24R E¢ 12X ¢ 2HPR)
ISN 0178 DO Li5 I=1,24
ISN 0179 XaXLAI)
ISN 0180 _ - ATT=T0{l) - 25.
ISN 0181 112 KL=TK(ATT)
ISN 0182 T I=TCAII=(0F = CLCAL)  /(2.,%3,14%L/712.9K1 )%
o 8 . {R2¢R2/(R2#R2-R1 *R1 } *ALOG(R2/R1)~0.500)

' 8 +QLF*R2/12 . /K1 *ALOG(R2/R1)

ISN 0183 ATT={TI(T)+TC(I)}/2,
ISN 0184 KLNOW= TK(ATT) :
ISN 0185 UK =ABS (KINOW-K1)
ISN 0186 IF (UK. GE.D.1) GO TC 112
ISN 0184 X00=X/ (2,#R1)
ISN.- 0189 TECI)=TIN ¢ QDCP#3 ,14%2,#R1#X/MOCT/SPHL/ 14,
1SN 0190 HUD) =QEDP/ZLTI(IN-TELI)})
ISN 0191 CALL PRCP(REND ¢PRNC,MU,RHO,TB( 1) ,R1, CCNDySPHL,MDOT)

345
350
355
360
365
3190
400
410
420
430
440
430
460
470
“75
480
430
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
575
576
5717
578
580
585
590
610

&50
660
710

720

730
740
810
azn
821
430
840
841
845
350
as1
852
862
863
o6&
865
870
880
890
895

By

 

Ly

 
ISN 0192
1SN 0193 .
ISN 0194

ISN 0195

ISN 0196
ISN 0197
ISN 0198
TSN 0199
ISN 0200
ISN 0201
ISN 0202
ISN 0203
ISN 0204
[SN 0205
ISN 0206
ISN 0207
ISN 0208
ISN 0209

IsNo210.__ _

ISN 0211
ISN 0212
ISN 0213
ISN 0214
ISN 0215

114
11§

.. 439

451

452 |

453

- 434

90

IsNoae

ISN o217
ISN 0218
1SN 0219
1SN D220
1SN 0221

ISN 0222
ISN 0223
15N 0228 . . "

ISN 228
ISN 0226
1SN 0227
ISN 0228
ISN. 0229
ISN 0230
ISy 0231
ISN 0232 .
IS 0233
ISN 0234
ISN 0235
ISN 0236
ISN 0237

ISN 0238 ..

ISN 0239
ISN 0240
ISN 0241
ISN 0242
ISN 0243

ISN 0244 __ .

ISN 0245
ISN 0246
ISN 0247

91

93
94
96

 

NUNO (I )=H{1)%2,.%R]1 /12, /CCND
PRINT 114 4X yXODoHOIY»TBII)oTI(1h,TOUT)oNUNO( 1), REND,PRNN
FORMAT (1HO49F13.4)
CONTYINLE
HAVG=AVG {H +FTC +CTC o X1 4 X2}
PRINT 450,HAVG

FIRMAT(1HD 4 "AVG H BTU/HRSQFTDEGF = '-910 2}

WAVGSAVG {TIWFTC,CTCoX1 X2}

PRINT 451 ,%AVG

FQRMAT (1HO s *AVG INNER HALL TEMP DEGF = "F30-3l
BAVGSAVGITBFTC +CTCe X1 4X2}

PRINT 452,BAVG

FORMAT (LHO ,'AVG RULK TEMP DEGF = *,F10.3)

T OAVGSAVG{TOFTC 4CTCo X1 oX2)

PRINT 453 ,CAVG

FORMATI1HO o*AVG OUTER WALL TEMP DEGF s ' ,FL10.3)
NUAVG=AVG I NUNO oF TC (CTC oX1 4 X2)

PRINT 454 ,ANUAVG

FORMAT_(1HC*AYG NUSSELY NC. = *,F10.%)

CALL PROP (RENO ¢ PRNC o MU sRHO 4 BAVG yR1 ¢ CCAD, SPP!!HDOT'
VRAT=MU

82 TA=0,02328/RHO

PRINT 90,QuMm

FORMAT (1HL + *WATTMETER BTU/HR = * ;T35,F10.3)

PRINT 93 Q8 e e
FORMAT (1HO ¢ "HEAT TC SALT BTU/HR = *,T35,F10.3)

PRINT 93,QLCAL
FORMAY [1HO *CAL HEAT LOSS N’UIHR = 1,735,F10.3)
PRENT 94 ,QLESY
FDRHAT(IHO.'EST HEAT LOSS BTU/HR = ¢,T35,F10.3)

GaN ___
FARMAT(THO,FTEST SECTICN NO. = ‘9735- 1oy

. GaMDOT 7{3.14%R]1*R] ) *144,

.97

23
100
101
472
473

4T4
471

471

478

PRINT §7.G
FORMAT [LHO »°G LB/HRFT2 = *,T33,E12, 5'
VEL=MDUOT/RHO/(3.14*R14R1/144,.)/3600,

PRINT. 98,VEL _

FORMAT (1HO ¢ TEST VEI.G:IYY FT/SEC = ",735,F10.3)
PRINT 99,RHO
FIRMAT (1HO,*BULK SAI.T DENSITY LB/FTI = *,T35,F10.2)

_PRINT 100,My

FORMAT (1HC,"BULX SALT VISCOSITY LB/HRFT = *,T35,F10.3)
PRINT 101,CCND

FORMAT (1HO,%BULK. SALT CCND BYUZHRFTLEGF = *, T35,F10.2)
PRINT 472,1TIN

FORMAT(1HO*INLET TEMP DEGF = *,T35,F10.3)

PRINT 473, Y0UT

FORMAT (1HO »"OUTLEY TEHP DEGF = 94T7335,F10.3)
_JCHGsTCUT=-TIN. .

PRINT 474, TCHG

FORMAT(LHO »*TOUT = TIN DEGF = %,T35,F10,3)

PRINT 471,PDOT

FORMAT (1HO 9 *MASS FLOW FATE LE/HR = ¢,7135,F10,3}

PRINT &4TT.FENQ -

FIRMAT {JHC,*AULK REYNCLDS NO: = '.T!S.FRO-ZD

PRINT 478,PRNO

FIRMAT (1HC,'BULK PRANCTL ND. = '.TSS,FIO.!I

PRINT 4T0,C0DP

897
900
910
920

930

935
940
950
955
960
eT0
9718
980
$9C
995
100G
1005
1010
1015
1017
1018
1019
10204
10208
102081
102082

gh

 
 

 

 

 

 

ISN 0248 470 FORMAT (1HO,*NET HEAT FLUMA BTU/HRSOFT = *,T23,El12.5)

TSN 049 PRINT &76,08AL

ISN 0250 476 FORMAT (1HO»*HEAT BALANCE = *,T35,F1).3)

ISN 0251 DEFH=MDOT®SPHL S (TOUT=TIN)/(2.%3.16*R1 4L/ 164 . S{WAVG=-BAVS) )
ISN 0252 PRINT 47%,CEFH

ISN 0253 475 FIRMAT(LHL 4*H BY DEF BTU/HRSQFTDEGF = *,T35,F10.,2)

ISN 0254  NNO=DEFH®2 ,*R1/12. /CCNC

1SN 255 PRINT 4751 ,hNO

ISN 0256 4751 FORMAT (1HC,*NUSSELT NC, = *,T35,F10.2}

C FROM MERE ON THE NND USED WitL BE THE INTEGRATED VALUE

ISN 0257 NNO=NUAVG

ISN 0258 GRNO= 01 *$23RETAS3 2, 2¢RHO* #2% (HAVG=BAVG) /{MU/26C0, )42
ISN 0259  _ PRINT 981,GRNO

1SN 0260 ST FORMAT (LHO o SGRASHOF NOe = 9,T35,F10.4)

ISN 0261 GINO=3,14/4, *RENO*PRAO2 . *R1/ (X2-X1)

ISN 0262 PRINT 4752 ,GINO

ISN 0263 4752 FORMAT (1HO,'GRAETZ NO.(F=B) = *,T35,F10.4)

ISN 0264 BTRM=0,0722%{GRNO*PRAD2 . *R1/{X2-X1) ) 440,75

ISN 0265 PRINT 4753 ,8TRM

ISN 0286 4753 FORMAT (1HO,*BUGYANCY TERM FOR VERT,LAM = *,T35,F10.4)
ISN 0267 STF=NNO/(PANO®#0.33) /{ FUSS0  14)

ISN 0268 DSF=NNO/PRAOS®0 . 4

ISN_0269 _ OBH=COND/(2.%R1/12,) %C .023%{ RENO*%0 .8 )&({ PRND*%0,.4)

ISN 0270 PRINT 4B81,CBH
. ISN 0271 481 FORMAT (1HO o *MC_ADAMS H_BTU/HRSCFTCEGF = 9,T35,F10.2)
ISN 0272 STTH=CCOND7 (2,#R1/12.)1%0.02T*(REND*#0, 8) * (PRNO*#0,32) 8 (MU0,.14) -
ISN 0273 HTRH=COND/ (2, #R1/12, 140, 116 (RENO##. 667 ~ 125.) #PRNO*#,33

- _ 8 MER],14)

ISN 0274  STHCOND/(Z.#R1/12.) %1 .86% (RENC#PRNO#2, #R1/(X2-X1) }#40.33
ISN- 0275 [F (TA-TBS)} 200,210,210

ISN 0276 200 DLH=COND /D1#1. T54(GING. = BIRN) 430, ,33_.

ISN 027T GO TO 220

ISN 0278 210 ocn-couorol¢1.1s—tcznn + BTRM)#%0,33

ISN 0279 22 CONTINUE

1SN 02%0 STHeSTHR (MLERO18)

ISN 0231 COLH=0, 023‘(01*Gl**O.BIDI‘CCNBOOO 66745PH1 40,33

ISN 9282 === CLMH=]l .e5%COND/DL#{GINCEMU)*20,33

ISN 0283 FGRNO=GRNO*MU**2 _

ISN 0284 CFR=NNO/{PRNO**0,33 ) ¢ (MU*#0,33)

ISN 0288 FILM=( WAVG +BAYG)} /2.

T C DIM GROUPS AND PROPS THAT FOLLCW ARE NO LCNGER AT BULK TEMP
IsN 0236 CALL PROP{REND,;PRNC¢MJ yRHOFILP+R1 yCCADy SPHL,MDOT)

ISN 0267 . COLH=CCLH®NMU*%0,33 /MU*90,8

1SN 0288 FGRNO*EGRNC/MUae2

1SN 0289 IF (TA-TBB) 230,240,240

ISN 0290 230 CLMH=CLMH/MU#%0,33%(1. = 0.015#(FGRNO)*+0,33)

ISN 0291 GO TO 250

ISN 0292 240 CLMHaCLMH/WU*G.33%(1, ¢ 0.015%(FGRNC)1%$0.33)

ISN 0293 25C CONTINUE

ISN 0294 CF=CF/MUssC,23

ISN 0295 CRENO=RENC

1SN 0296 PRINT 4811 ,COLH

ISN 0297 4811 FIRMAT (1HC,'COLBURN TURB M BTU/HRSQFTDEGF = %,T35,F10. z:
ISN 0298 CALL PROP(RENN¢+PRNCy MU JRHO yWAVG oR1 + CCNDy SPH1,MOOT)

ISN 0299 STTHaSTTH/ (MU**0,1 4}

ISN 0200 HTRH=H TRHZ (MU$#*0.14)

ISN 0201 STHaSTH/ (MLE$D, 14)

ISN 0202 PRINT 482,STTH:

1235
1240
1245
1250
1260
1270
1290
1291
1292
12924
12928
1293
1294
129%
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1310
1320
1330
1340
1350
1355
1357
1358
1360

1360A.

. 13608
1360C

13600 -

1360CE
1361
1361A

1361A00

1361A0
1361A1

13618
136181

1361C

13610
1136101
136102
136103

136104

136105
1361D6

136107

136108
1361¢£
1361F

1362
13628
1362C

1363

1364

 

o

 
ISN 0303 482 FIRMAT(1HO,%S-T TURBULENT H PTU/HRSCFTDEGF = *,T35,F10.2)

ISN 0304 PRINT 4821 JHTRH-

ISN 0305 4821 FORMAT (1HO,*HAUSEN TR H ATU/HRSOFTDEGF = *¢T35,F10.2)
ISN 0306 PRINT 483,STH

ISN 0207 483 FORMAT (1HO,°S~T LAMINAR H BTU/HRSQFTLEGF = *,T35,F10.2)
ISN 0208 PRINT 484,4DLH

ISN 03209 484 FORMAT(1HO,*MART VER,LA¥ H BTU/HRSQFTCEGF = *,T35,F10.2)
isN 030 PRINT 4840 LW

ISN 0311 4840 FORMAT (1MO,'COL VERT,LAN H BTU/HRSQFTDEGF = *,T35,F10.2)

 

ISN 0312 PRINT 484)1 (DAF
ISN 0313 4841 FORMAT (1HCe'MC ADAMS FACTCR = 9,T33,F10.3)
ISN 0314 PRINT AB42,CF
ISN_ 0318 48642 FORMAT (1HQo*COLBURN FACTOR s % ,¥35,F10.3)
TSN 0316 PRINT 4843 ,CREND
ISN o7 4843 FORMAT (1HU9*CLBAN RENC = *4T35,F10.2)
ISN 0318 STFaSTE® (ML®#),14)
ISN 0319 PRINT 488,STF
ISN 0320 485 FIRWAT (1HO4*S-T FACTOR = ¢,T35,F10.3)
JSN_03, e BT e e
1SN 0222 PRINT 486 ETL
ISN 0323 486 FORMAT (1HO o*EFF TUBE LENGTH IN = *,T35,F10.3)
ISN 0324 VRAT={ VRAT /MU} 20,14
ISN 0325 PRINT 487, VRAT
ISN 0326 AB7 FORMAT (1MO,°VIS RATIO TC O.14 = *,T35,F10.4)
ISN. 0227 _ __ _ _OFACT=STYERVRAY . . .
1SN 0328 PRINT 488,CFACT -
ISN 0229 488 FORMAT (1HO,*MART FACTCR = *,T35,F17.2)
o C A LOOK AT A SNCOTH CURVE THRU THE DATA POINTS NAY BE EDUCATIONAL
ISN 0330 CALL YLSITCIFTCHCTC2)
ISN 0331 G0 T0 6

—_ISNOM2 - END ___ . ..

ADCONS FOR EXTERNAL REFERENCES

1365
1366
1366A
1367
1368
1369A
13698

134981

136982

.1369C1

1369C2

-1369C3
1369C4H
1369CS -

1369C6
1370A
‘13708
1370C
1372

© 1373
T 1374

. 1378
- 1376
1377
. 1378
1379
1380
1390
© 1391
1400
1401

 

0¢

 
 

 

CCMPILER CPTIONS =~ NANE= MAIN,CPT=02,LINECNT =6) ySOURCE,EBCOIC,NOLISTs0ECK LOAD 4 MAP,NOEDL T,NOI B¢ NOXREF
¢ THIS FUNCTICN CCMMITS 3RD CRDER CRTHOGCNAL SINS BY AVERAGING VALUES Al0

C BEGINNING WITH NO. M AT X1 AND ENOING wiITH I CCNSECUTIVE VALUES AT X2 A1l

ISN 0002 FUNCTICN AVG(Y,M,[ X1,X2) A20
ISN 0003 DIMENSION Y(50) 4X(50),A(4),P(50,4),5P2(50,4) A30
ISN 0004 REAL NPyLS A3S
ISN 0005 A{l)s0 , _ A40
1SN 0006 Al21=0 AS0
1SN 0CO7 Al3)=0 A60
ISN 0008 Al4)=0 A70
1SN 0009 _ P(1s1) =1, AT2
ISN 0010 Pll,2)=1, AT3
IsN ool _  Plis=. . ‘ , o ‘ AT4
1SN 0012 Pllo4d)=l, ATS
- ISN_ 0013 NP=l-1 490
ISN 0014 DO 490 L=2,1 , ASS
ISN 0C15 XtL) =L=1 AST
ISN OCl6 o PLyl)= 1. A100
ISN CCL7 . PULs2)mle=2.*X(LI/NP _ _ Al11C
ISN 0018 PILe3) =l o=E 0 X (L) /NP X (LI *IX L) =1, ) FNPZINP-1,) A120
ISN 0019 © PAL ) =1 o=12#X (L) INPH30 . #X (L) #(XIL) =14 ) /NP/INP=1.) A130
. ‘ 8 —20.#X (L) #(XIL) =14 )*IX(L)=24)/NP/INP=1.} /INP-2.) A131
ISN 0020 49C CONTINUE = A13%
ISN 0021 SP2(1+1) =NP+1, . Al40
ISN 0022 __ __SP2(142)=(nPel,) ‘lNPtZ 21 /13:*NP) Al50
IS8 0023 SP2(1+3) =(AP+L. ) #(NP42 ) $(NP+3.)7 (5. ¢KP)/(NP-1,) A160
ISN 0C24 © SP2(1e4)={AP+L.I#INP#2,) #(NP+3. D (NP+4.) /(T NP /INP=1,)/(NP=2,) ALTO
ISR 0025 DN S50 Jsl 44 4200
ISN 0026 . DD 500 K=l,] 1 A210
ISN 0027 AN =ALI) $Y(KOM=] JRP (K, ) . 4220
IS!!_O_QZ_B_-_____SOO .. CONTIMNUE . . . S A230
SN 0029 ALIV=A IV 7SPUT,0) A240

ISN ooao 550 CONTINUE A250
ISN 0031 PRINT 6C0 4270
ISN 0032 600 FORMAT (1H1,10HORIGINAL o13HLEAST SCUARES,LOM PCEV) A280
1SN €033 © T DB T00 J=ll ‘ A290
ISN 0034 CLSEACLI*PIINLIRAL2)0P ()2 2AL2D2F{J I 4ALL)*P LI, 4) ' A3L0
ISN 0035 ' PDE Va (LS~Y(J¢ ¥=1) ) #100./ Y (JeM=1} A305
ISN 0036 PRINT 650,Y{J+M=1),LSPOEV A310
ISN 0C37 650 FORMATY (FB.245XFB8e245XsF842) A320
ISN 0038 700 CINTINLE A330
ISN 0039 X3=X2-xX1 A340
ISN 0040 750 AINT=A(1)%X3 ¢ A(2)% (X3-X3#82/NP} + A350
| 8 AL2)%(X3 =3, 9X30%2/NP+6 . /NP/(NP=L. J (X 365373, -X3%%2 A351

8 72.)) . A352

5 Al4) (X3 =6 ,#XI¥®2/NP+30 ./ NP/ (NP-1o bR{X 384 3/3 =X 3042 A353

a 720)=20 /AP (NP=14)/ (NP=2,) $(X3€£4/4,=X3334X 3£X3)) A354

ISN 004l  AVG=AINT/X3 A390
ISN C042 . RETURN A440

ISN 0043 END A450

 

TS

 
ISN
1SN
ISN
ISN

ISN ¢

_COMPILER CPTIONS = NAMEa

0002
0003
c004
0005
0006

0coY T

0008
0009

 

 

FUNCTICN TE{TEMPF}
TEMPC={TEMPF=32.,1%5,/9,

. IF (TEMPC~440.110,10,20

10

3c
40
50
7C

75
8c

55"

TK=0.128+(,155~.128) /200 . *(TEMPC~2074 )
GO TO 80

IF “(TE ¥PC=500.130430 440
TK=0,160+(.1T4=,160) /6C, @{TENPC 440, )
63 10 80

IF (TEMPC=-¢8C. 150,50 ,6C
TKa0.174+(.193=.174) /100 . $(TEMPC=507.)
62 _T0 80

TIF CTEMPC=140.)70,70,75

TK=0,2084{.230-.208) /6C. *(TENPC-680.}
G0 TO 80

TK=0,2304( ,248-.230) /160, '(TE"PC-TkO.l
TK=TK*5T7,.82

_RETURN

END

HAlNoCPTIOZcLINECNT-GO¢SOURCE|EBCDiC-NOLISToDECKoLOADoHAP-NDFDlToHOlD'NOXREF
“CTHTS FUNCTION DETERMINES THERMAL K FOR IMNCR-8 kKl0

K20
X30
K&0
K50
K60
K70

‘K80

K90
K100
K110
K120
K130
K140
K150
K160
K170
K3a0C
K301

2s

 
CCMPILER OPTIONS = NAME=

ISN 0002
ISN 0C03
ISN 0004
TSN 0005

ISN 0006

ISN 0007
1SN 0008
ISN $009
ISN 0010
ISN o011
1SN G012
ISN 0013
ISN 0014
ISN 0015
ISN 0016

ISM 0017

1SN 0018
ISN 0019

ISN 0020
1SN 0021

ISN_0022

ISN 0023
1SN 0024
ISN 0025
ISN 0026
ISN 0027
ISN 0028
1SN 0¢29
ISN 0030
ISN 0C31
ISN 0032
ISN 0033
1SN 0C34
1SN 003%
ISN 0C38
ISN 0040
1SN 0061
ISN 0042

ISN 0C47

 

C CONSeCUTIVE VALUES AND REPLACES THIS ARRAY WITH AN NTH ORCER FIT

SUBRDUTINE YLSUY Mo WN)

DIMENSION Y501 oX(50)sA(4)4P(5044),SP2(50,4)
REAL NP4LS

Al{1)=0

"AL2) 20

A(3) =0
A(4) =0
Pil.1)=1,
P{l.2)=l.
Pll,311,

T PlleRinl.

NB =] -1

07 499 L=2,]
X{Li=L~1
PlLsl)e 1.

LPlLe2k =l o=2.8X (L) /NP

490

8
CONTINUE

PlLe3) =l o =6 *X(LI/AP+S #X (LI (X (L) =10 }/NP/INP=]1,)
PIL &)=L o =124 6X(LI /NP0 LEX(LI*(X{L) =LV /NP/(NP-1.)
=20 XL 2UXILY-1 ¥ IX(LI=2.)/NP/INP=1}/INP-2,)

SP2(1,1)=NP+l.
SP2(142) sCAP+1 ) #(KP+2,) /(3 ,#NP)

T SP2(Te3) 2 (NPRLL I R(NP42 ) E(NP+2 L)/ (5, %AP}/(NP=14)

-.-300_

550
€30

SP2{Is4)s{APeLl )2 LKP#2 ) F(NP+I )R {NP+4, ) /{T.ENPIFINP=1,)/7INP=2,)
DN 550 J=l.4 -
DO 500 Ks=l,1
AlJi-AIJIOVlKoM-lD*P(K.Jl
CONTIAUE
ACDY=A (S 7 8Se2¢1 0
CONTINUE
PRINT 600
FIRMAY tlHl.lOHO&!GthAl +13HLEAST SCUARES,10H POEVY)
DB 700 J=l,l
IF (N LT.3) Al&)=0
IF(N.LT.2) A(3)=0
TF(N.LT L) A{2) =9
LS=A(1)*P(Jo1)+A{21 2P (U204 3)0F( 03 )2A (4 )P(J,s4)
POEVSILS=-Y(JeP=1) )2100./7Y(J¢M=-1)
PRINT 650,Y(J¢F=1),LS,PDEYV
FORMAT (FB.2,5XFB.2,5X,FB.2)
Y{J*M=-1)=L$
CINTINUE
RE TURN
END

MAIN:OPT=N2 , L INECNT 260 ySOURCE» EBCOICNOLIST ¢ DECK s LOAD ¢MAPyNOEDL ¥ NCICoNOXREF
T ™IS SURROUYTINE TAKES AN ARRAY Y WHCSE 1ST VALUE IS AT M WITH 1 TOTAL AlD

ALl
A20
A30
A3S
440
A50
A60
AT70
AT2
AT3
ATé
ATS
A90
ASS
A97

A100

All0

A120

A130

A131

A135

A140

A150

A160

A1T0

4200

A210

A220

A230

A240

A250

A270

A280

A290

A294

A295

A296

A300

305

A31C

A320

A230

350

A370

A7)

€<

 
_._._.____..f.QH.ElJ.EB_flP.I..IOUS. NAMEs MAIN,DPT=02,L EINECNT=60,SIZE=0000K o
SOURCEyEBCDICoNOLEST ¢NODECK yLOAD ¢ MAP 4 NOEDIT ¢NOI1D¢NOXREF

..€ THIS SUBROUTINE USES THERMOPHYSICAL DATA FRCM CRNL=-TM=2316 AND URNL-4%49 . .. ... ..

 

 

 

 

 

ISN 0002 SUBROUTINE PROPLREPRyVyRHO, TEMPF 4RsCOND+CPyW} P20
_ISN 0003 ____ _ __ TY={TEMPF-32,00/}.8 _ __ .. _____ e e e o ot e 2 22 e e et e e i
ISN 0004 TuT+273.0 .
“ISN 0005 = Y=Q.077¢EXP{6430,0/1) ___ __ . . . . —
ISN 0006 . V=2 ,4]19%Y
_ISN 0007 .. . RHO=R A AT R A SE=04a® ) o o e ie e e ————— e s
ISN 0008 RHO=RHD®62,428
1SN 0009 LOND=0.69 ... .. e ———
ISN 0010 PR’CP‘VICOND : P140
— REn&, /N/3,14/(2,%R/12.3%HW P150
1SN 0012 RETURN : P19%9
SISN. 0013 END e e e e e e e e e e an et emremm e P2
» t ¥

1S

 
 

|

|

55
-

APPENDIX D

CHEMICAL ANALYSES AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SALT

 

 

 
 

  

 
 
 
 

 

e

o7

Table D.l. Analyses of the Fluoride Salt Mixture

(LiF-BeF-ThF, =UF,; 67.5-20.0-12.0-0.5 mole %)

Before, During, and After Heat-
Transfer Determinations

 

 

 

Impurity Weight % -
' Before During® After
Li T.1% 7.27 6.64
Be 2.57 2.53 2.46
Th ho.1 41.3 L43.5
U 1.87 1.84 - 1.72
F 45.4 T 45.4
Ni 20 ppm - -
- - Cr <25 ppm - -
Fe 78 ppm - —
. S <10 ppm - -
Na - 0.66 0.55

 

gAnalysis made Jjust prior to removal of the
first test section.
 

 

 

58

Table D.2. Thermophysical Property Data for Molten Salt -
Mixture LiF-BeFg-ThF,-UF, (67.5-20-12-0.5 Mole %)

 

 

Uncertainty Ref.
u (1b/ft-hr) = 0.187 exp [8000/T(°R)]1* 1054 12
k (Btu/hr-ft.°F) = 0.69° o s12% 13
o (1b/£t3) = 230.89 — 22.54 x 1072 t (°F)" + 3% 12
C, (Btu/1b*°F) = 0.324% - + g 12
Liquidus temperature = 895 °_Fa +10°F 12

 

®Estimated values for the salt mixture LiF-BeF,-ThF,-UF, (68-20-
11.7~0.3 mole %).

bMeasureq value for the subject salt mixture.
 

_

*

9 » -

O O0—~1 A £ N

—~
o

11.
12-21.
22.
23-27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32,
33.
34,

36.

37
38.

Lo,
hi.
4o,
k3.
by,
45,
146-55.
56,
57«
58,
59.
60.
61.

62.

=

 

59

ORNL-TM-4079

INTERNAL DISTRIBUTION

B. Aiexander.

. I.. Anderson

E. Beall
Bender

. S. Bettis
. G. Bohlmann
. J. Borkowski

. Boyd

. Briggs

. Chapman
. Claiborne, Jr.
. Cooke

. Cottrell
ox (K-25)

. Culler

. DeVan

. DiStefano
. Ditto

. Dworkin

. Eatherly

. Eissenberg
. Engel

. Ferguson

. Ferris

. Fraas

. Frye

. Gabbard

. Gallaher

. Gambill

. Guymon

. Haubenreich
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. Hoffman

. Huntley

. Kasten
Kedl
Keyes, Jr.
. Klepper

. Krakoviak
Kress

?Jkifiz?i?1fi1I1€2U123fi!fltfl2fl3fl'fi:§lfi!fl:g*UCchfljflib'ClUlE:Qlfiflwlfi

3

63.
6l .
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
1.
2.
73.
Th,
5.
76,
7
78.
79.
80.
81.
82-83.
8h.
85.

- 86.
- 87.
88.
89.
90.
9l.
9.
93.
ol .
5.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100-102.
103.
104-105.
106,

Krewson

. Lawson

. Lundin

. Lyon
MacPherson
. MacPherson
McCoy

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. McElroy

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Meyer

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R. Mixon

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M W. Rosenthal
W. K. Sartory
Dunlap Scott

J. H. Shaffer
Myrtleen Sheldon
J. D. Sheppard
M. J. Skinner

D.

o
< 0w HPEOQEHEHQZ HQ =

tam-uiz:u:m-¢=cab'n=

I. Spiewak

D. A. Sunberg
R. E. Thoma
D. G. Thomas
D. B. Trauger
J. R. Weir

G. D. Whitman

.R. P. Wichner

M. K. Wilkinson

A. M. Weinberg

Central Research

Y-12 Document Reference Section
Laboratory Records

Laboratory Records — Record Copy

 
 

107.
108.
109-111.
112-113.

114-130.
131-132,
133.
13%-135.
136.
137.
138-139.
140.

60
EXTERNAL, DISTRIBUTION

Branch Chief, Special Technology, RDT, USAEC, Washington,
DC 20545

Director, Division of Reactor Development and Technology,
USAEC, Washington, DC 20545

Dlrector, Division of Reactor Licensing, USAEC, Washington,
DC 20545

Director, Division of Reactor Standards, USAEC Washington,
DC 20545

Manager, Technical Information Center, USAEC (For ACRS Members)
MSBR Progrem Manager, USAEC, Washington, DC' 20545

Research and Technical Support Division, USAEC ORO
Technical Information Center, USAEC |

D. F. Cope, RDT Site Office, ORNL

A. R. DeGrazia, USAEC, Washington, DC 20545

Norton Haberman, USAEC, Washington, DC 20545

Kermit Laughton, RDT Site Office, ORNL

o