bootstrap-ubuntu-jammy.sh

#!/usr/bin/env bash

# programming env: these switches turn some bugs into errors
# set -o errexit -o pipefail -o noclobber -o nounset

# Version: 4.0

# this is the PHP version that comes by default with the current Ubuntu LTS
php_ver=8.1

# to be run as root, probably as a user-script just after a server is installed
# https://stackoverflow.com/a/52586842/1004587
# also see https://stackoverflow.com/q/3522341/1004587
is_user_root () { [ "${EUID:-$(id -u)}" -eq 0 ]; }
[ is_user_root ] || { echo 'You must be root or have sudo privilege to run this script. Exiting now.'; exit 1; }

export PATH=~/bin:~/.local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin
export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive

[ -d ~/backups ] || mkdir ~/backups
[ -d ~/log ] || mkdir ~/log

# logging everything
log_file=${HOME}/log/wp-in-a-box.log
exec > >(tee -a ${log_file} )
exec 2> >(tee -a ${log_file} >&2)

echo "Script started on (date & time): $(date +%c)"

#--- Useful functions ---#
# helper function to exit upon non-zero exit code of a command
# usage some_command; check_result $? 'some_command failed'
if ! $(type 'check_result' 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'function') ; then
    check_result() {
        if [ "$1" -ne 0 ]; then
            echo -e "\nError: $2. Exiting!\n"
            exit "$1"
        fi
    }
fi

# function to configure timezone to UTC
set_utc_timezone() {
    if [ "$(date +\%Z)" != "UTC" ] ; then
        [ ! -f /usr/sbin/tzconfig ] && apt-get -qq install tzdata > /dev/null
        printf '%-72s' "Setting up timezone..."
        ln -fs /usr/share/zoneinfo/UTC /etc/localtime
        dpkg-reconfigure -f noninteractive tzdata
        # timedatectl set-timezone UTC
        check_result $? 'Error setting up timezone.'

        # Recommended to restart cron after every change in timezone
        systemctl restart cron
        check_result $? 'Error restarting cron daemon after changing timezone.'
        echo done.
    fi
}
#--- end of Useful functions ---#

# if ~/.envrc doesn't exist, create it
if [ ! -f "$HOME/.envrc" ]; then
    touch ~/.envrc
    chmod 600 ~/.envrc
# if exists, source it to apply the env variables
else
    . ~/.envrc
fi

echo "export PHP_VERSION=$php_ver" >> /root/.envrc

#--- swap ---#
if free | awk '/^Swap:/ {exit !$2}'; then
    # echo 'Swap already exists!'
    :
else
    printf '%-72s' "Creating swap..."
    wget -O /tmp/swap.sh -q https://github.com/pothi/wp-in-a-box/raw/main/scripts/swap.sh
    bash /tmp/swap.sh >/dev/null
    rm /tmp/swap.sh
    echo done.
fi

#--- apt tweaks ---#

# Ref: https://wiki.debian.org/Multiarch/HOWTO
# https://askubuntu.com/a/1336013/65814
[ ! $(dpkg --get-selections | grep -q i386) ] && dpkg --remove-architecture i386 2>/dev/null

# Fix apt ipv4/6 issue
[ ! -f /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/1000-force-ipv4-transport ] && \
echo 'Acquire::ForceIPv4 "true";' > /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/1000-force-ipv4-transport

# Fix a warning related to dialog
# run `debconf-show debconf` to see the current /default selections.
echo 'debconf debconf/frontend select Noninteractive' | debconf-set-selections

# the following runs when apt cache is older than 6 hours
# Taken from Ansible - https://askubuntu.com/a/1362550/65814
APT_UPDATE_SUCCESS_STAMP_PATH=/var/lib/apt/periodic/update-success-stamp
APT_LISTS_PATH=/var/lib/apt/lists
if [ -f "$APT_UPDATE_SUCCESS_STAMP_PATH" ]; then
    if [ -z "$(find "$APT_UPDATE_SUCCESS_STAMP_PATH" -mmin -360 2> /dev/null)" ]; then
            printf '%-72s' "Updating apt cache"
            apt-get -qq update
            echo done.
    fi
elif [ -d "$APT_LISTS_PATH" ]; then
    if [ -z "$(find "$APT_LISTS_PATH" -mmin -360 2> /dev/null)" ]; then
            printf '%-72s' "Updating apt cache"
            apt-get -qq update
            echo done.
    fi
fi

# -------------------------- Prerequisites ------------------------------------

# apt-utils to fix an annoying non-critical bug on minimal images. Ref: https://github.com/tianon/docker-brew-ubuntu-core/issues/59
apt-get -qq install apt-utils &> /dev/null

# powermgmt-base to fix a warning in unattended-upgrade.log
required_packages="curl \
    dnsutils \
    fail2ban \
    git \
    powermgmt-base \
    software-properties-common \
    sudo \
    unzip \
    wget"

for package in $required_packages
do
    if dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' $package 2>/dev/null | grep -q "ok installed"
    then
        # echo "'$package' is already installed"
        :
    else
        printf '%-72s' "Installing '${package}' ..."
        apt-get -qq install $package > /dev/null
        check_result $? "Couldn't install $package."
        echo done.
    fi
done

# fail2ban needs to be started manually after installation.
systemctl start fail2ban

# configure some defaults for git and etckeeper
git config --global user.name "root"
git config --global user.email "root@localhost"
git config --global init.defaultBranch main

#--- setup timezone ---#
set_utc_timezone

# initial backup of /etc
[ -d ~/backup/etc-init ] || cp -a /etc ~/backups/etc-init

# Create a WordPress user with /home/web as $HOME
wp_user=${WP_USERNAME:-""}
if [ "$wp_user" == "" ]; then
printf '%-72s' "Creating a WP User..."
    wp_user="wp_$(openssl rand -base64 32 | tr -d /=+ | cut -c -10)"
    echo "export WP_USERNAME=$wp_user" >> /root/.envrc
echo done.
fi

# home_basename=$(echo $wp_user | awk -F _ '{print $1}')
# [ -z $home_basename ] && home_basename=web
home_basename=web

useradd --shell=/bin/bash -m --home-dir /home/${home_basename} $wp_user
chmod 755 /home/$home_basename

groupadd ${home_basename}
gpasswd -a $wp_user ${home_basename} > /dev/null

# Create password for WP User
wp_pass=${WP_PASSWORD:-""}
if [ "$wp_pass" == "" ]; then
printf '%-72s' "Creating password for WP user..."
    wp_pass=$(openssl rand -base64 32 | tr -d /=+ | cut -c -20)
    echo "export WP_PASSWORD=$wp_pass" >> /root/.envrc
echo done.
fi

echo "$wp_user:$wp_pass" | chpasswd

# provide sudo access without passwd to WP User
if [ ! -f /etc/sudoers.d/$wp_user ]; then
printf '%-72s' "Providing sudo privilege for WP user..."
    echo "${wp_user} ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL"> /etc/sudoers.d/$wp_user
    chmod 400 /etc/sudoers.d/$wp_user
echo done.
fi

# Enable password authentication for WP User
cd /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d
if [ ! -f enable-passwd-auth.conf ]; then
printf '%-72s' "Enabling Password Authentication for WP user..."
    echo "PasswordAuthentication yes" > enable-passwd-auth.conf
    /usr/sbin/sshd -t && systemctl restart sshd
    check_result $? 'Error restarting SSH daemon while enabling passwd auth.'
echo done.
fi
if [ ! -f rsa.conf ]; then
printf '%-72s' "Enabling RSA SSH support"
    echo "PubkeyAcceptedAlgorithms +ssh-rsa" > rsa.conf
    /usr/sbin/sshd -t && systemctl restart sshd
    check_result $? 'Failed to incorporate /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/rsa.conf'
echo done.
fi
cd - 1> /dev/null

echo ---------------------------------- LEMP -------------------------------------

# ------------------------------- MySQL ---------------------------------------
# MySQL is required by PHP. So, install it before PHP

package=default-mysql-server
if dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' $package 2>/dev/null | grep -q "ok installed"
then
    # echo "'$package' is already installed."
    :
else
    printf '%-72s' "Installing '${package}' ..."
    apt-get -qq install $package > /dev/null
    check_result $? "Couldn't install $package."
    echo done.
fi

# take a backup of default MySQL configurations
[ -d ~/backup/etc-mysql-default ] || cp -a /etc ~/backups/etc-mysql-default

# Create a MySQL admin user
sql_user=${MYSQL_ADMIN_USER:-""}
if [ "$sql_user" == "" ]; then
printf '%-72s' "Creating a MySQL Admin User..."
    # create MYSQL username automatically
    # unique username / password generator: https://unix.stackexchange.com/q/230673/20241
    sql_user="mysql_$(openssl rand -base64 32 | tr -d /=+ | cut -c -10)"
    echo "export MYSQL_ADMIN_USER=$sql_user" >> /root/.envrc
echo done.
fi

sql_pass=${MYSQL_ADMIN_PASS:-""}
if [ "$sql_pass" == "" ]; then
    sql_pass=$(openssl rand -base64 32 | tr -d /=+ | cut -c -20)
    echo "export MYSQL_ADMIN_PASS=$sql_pass" >> /root/.envrc
fi

mysql -e "CREATE USER IF NOT EXISTS ${sql_user} IDENTIFIED BY '${sql_pass}';"
mysql -e "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO ${sql_user} WITH GRANT OPTION"

# echo -------------------------------- PHP ----------------------------------------

# PHP is required by Nginx to configure the defaults. So, install it before Nginx

package=php${php_ver}-fpm
if dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' $package 2>/dev/null | grep -q "ok installed"
then
    # echo "'$package' is already installed."
    :
else
    printf '%-72s' "Installing php${php_ver} ..."
    apt-get -qq install \
        php${php_ver}-fpm \
        php${php_ver}-mysql \
        php${php_ver}-gd \
        php${php_ver}-cli \
        php${php_ver}-xml \
        php${php_ver}-mbstring \
        php${php_ver}-soap \
        php${php_ver}-curl \
        php${php_ver}-zip \
        php${php_ver}-bcmath \
        php${php_ver}-intl \
        php${php_ver}-imagick \
        > /dev/null
    check_result $? "Couldn't install PHP."
    echo done.
fi

echo -------------------------------- Configuring PHP ----------------------------------------

# take a backup of default PHP configurations
[ -d ~/backup/etc-php-default ] || cp -a /etc ~/backups/etc-php-default

php_user=$wp_user
fpm_ini_file=/etc/php/${php_ver}/fpm/php.ini
pool_file=/etc/php/${php_ver}/fpm/pool.d/${php_user}.conf
default_pool_file=/etc/php/${php_ver}/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
PM_METHOD=ondemand

user_mem_limit=${PHP_MEM_LIMIT:-""}
[ -z "$user_mem_limit" ] && user_mem_limit=512

max_children=${PHP_MAX_CHILDREN:-""}

if [ -z "$max_children" ]; then
    # let's be safe with a minmal value
    sys_memory=$(free -m | grep -oP '\d+' | head -n 1)
    if (($sys_memory <= 600)) ; then
        max_children=4
    elif (($sys_memory <= 1600)) ; then
        max_children=6
    elif (($sys_memory <= 5600)) ; then
        max_children=10
    elif (($sys_memory <= 10600)) ; then
        PM_METHOD=static
        max_children=20
    else
        PM_METHOD=static
        max_children=50
    fi
fi

env_type=${ENV_TYPE:-""}
if [[ $env_type = "local" ]]; then
    PM_METHOD=ondemand
fi

echo "Configuring memory limit to ${user_mem_limit}MB"
sed -i -e '/^memory_limit/ s/=.*/= '$user_mem_limit'M/' $fpm_ini_file

user_max_filesize=${PHP_MAX_FILESIZE:-64}
echo "Configuring 'post_max_size' and 'upload_max_filesize' to ${user_max_filesize}MB..."
sed -i -e '/^post_max_size/ s/=.*/= '$user_max_filesize'M/' $fpm_ini_file
sed -i -e '/^upload_max_filesize/ s/=.*/= '$user_max_filesize'M/' $fpm_ini_file

user_max_input_vars=${PHP_MAX_INPUT_VARS:-5000}
echo "Configuring 'max_input_vars' to $user_max_input_vars (from the default 1000)..."
sed -i '/max_input_vars/ s/;\? \?\(max_input_vars \?= \?\)[[:digit:]]\+/\1'$user_max_input_vars'/' $fpm_ini_file

# Setup timezone
user_timezone=${USER_TIMEZONE:-UTC}
echo "Configuring timezone to $user_timezone ..."
sed -i -e 's/^;date\.timezone =$/date.timezone = "'$user_timezone'"/' $fpm_ini_file
export PHP_PCNTL_FUNCTIONS='pcntl_alarm,pcntl_fork,pcntl_waitpid,pcntl_wait,pcntl_wifexited,pcntl_wifstopped,pcntl_wifsignaled,pcntl_wifcontinued,pcntl_wexitstatus,pcntl_wtermsig,pcntl_wstopsig,pcntl_signal,pcntl_signal_get_handler,pcntl_signal_dispatch,pcntl_get_last_error,pcntl_strerror,pcntl_sigprocmask,pcntl_sigwaitinfo,pcntl_sigtimedwait,pcntl_exec,pcntl_getpriority,pcntl_setpriority,pcntl_async_signals,pcntl_unshare'
export PHP_EXEC_FUNCTIONS='escapeshellarg,escapeshellcmd,exec,passthru,proc_close,proc_get_status,proc_nice,proc_open,proc_terminate,shell_exec,system'
sed -i "/disable_functions/c disable_functions = ${PHP_PCNTL_FUNCTIONS},${PHP_EXEC_FUNCTIONS}" $fpm_ini_file

[ ! -f $pool_file ] && cp /etc/php/${php_ver}/fpm/pool.d/www.conf $pool_file
[ -f /etc/php/${php_ver}/fpm/pool.d/www.conf ] && mv /etc/php/${php_ver}/fpm/pool.d/www.conf ~/backups/php-www.conf-$(date +%F)
sed -i -e 's/^\[www\]$/['$php_user']/' $pool_file
sed -i -e 's/www-data/'$php_user'/' $pool_file
sed -i -e '/^;listen.\(owner\|group\|mode\)/ s/^;//' $pool_file
sed -i -e '/^listen.mode = / s/[0-9]\{4\}/0666/' $pool_file

sed -i -e 's/^pm = .*/pm = '$PM_METHOD'/' $pool_file
sed -i '/^pm.max_children/ s/=.*/= '$max_children'/' $pool_file

PHP_MIN=$(expr $max_children / 10)

sed -i '/^;catch_workers_output/ s/^;//' $pool_file
sed -i '/^;pm.process_idle_timeout/ s/^;//' $pool_file
sed -i '/^;pm.max_requests/ s/^;//' $pool_file
sed -i '/^;pm.status_path/ s/^;//' $pool_file
sed -i '/^;ping.path/ s/^;//' $pool_file
sed -i '/^;ping.response/ s/^;//' $pool_file

# home_basename=web
# home_basename=$(echo $wp_user | awk -F _ '{print $1}')
# [ -z $home_basename ] && home_basename=web
# [ ! -d /home/${home_basename}/log ] && mkdir /home/${home_basename}/log
PHP_SLOW_LOG_PATH="/var/log/slow-php.log"
sed -i '/^;slowlog/ s/^;//' $pool_file
sed -i '/^slowlog/ s:=.*$: = '$PHP_SLOW_LOG_PATH':' $pool_file
sed -i '/^;request_slowlog_timeout/ s/^;//' $pool_file
sed -i '/^request_slowlog_timeout/ s/= .*$/= 60/' $pool_file

FPMCONF="/etc/php/${php_ver}/fpm/php-fpm.conf"
sed -i '/^;emergency_restart_threshold/ s/^;//' $FPMCONF
sed -i '/^emergency_restart_threshold/ s/=.*$/= '$PHP_MIN'/' $FPMCONF
sed -i '/^;emergency_restart_interval/ s/^;//' $FPMCONF
sed -i '/^emergency_restart_interval/ s/=.*$/= 1m/' $FPMCONF
sed -i '/^;process_control_timeout/ s/^;//' $FPMCONF
sed -i '/^process_control_timeout/ s/=.*$/= 10s/' $FPMCONF

# restart php upon OOM or other failures
# ref: https://stackoverflow.com/a/45107512/1004587
# TODO: Do the following only if "Restart=on-failure" is not found in that file.
sed -i '/^\[Service\]/!b;:a;n;/./ba;iRestart=on-failure' /lib/systemd/system/php${php_ver}-fpm.service
systemctl daemon-reload
check_result $? "Could not update /lib/systemd/system/php${php_ver}-fpm.service file!"

printf '%-72s' "Restarting PHP-FPM..."
/usr/sbin/php-fpm${php_ver} -t 2>/dev/null && systemctl restart php${php_ver}-fpm
echo done.

# echo -------------------------------- Nginx ----------------------------------------

package=nginx-extras
if dpkg-query -W -f='${Status}' $package 2>/dev/null | grep -q "ok installed"
then
    # echo "'$package' is already installed."
    :
else
    printf '%-72s' "Installing Nginx ..."
    apt-get -qq install $package > /dev/null
    check_result $? "Couldn't install Nginx."
    echo done.
fi

# take a backup of default nginx configurations
[ -d ~/backup/etc-nginx-default ] || cp -a /etc ~/backups/etc-nginx-default

# Download WordPress Nginx repo
[ ! -d ~/wp-nginx ] && {
    mkdir ~/wp-nginx
    wget -q -O- https://github.com/pothi/wordpress-nginx/tarball/main | tar -xz -C ~/wp-nginx --strip-components=1
    cp -a ~/wp-nginx/{conf.d,errors,globals,sites-available} /etc/nginx/
    [ ! -d /etc/nginx/sites-enabled ] && mkdir /etc/nginx/sites-enabled
    ln -fs /etc/nginx/sites-available/default.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default.conf
}

# Remove the default conf file supplied by OS
[ -f /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default ] && rm /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default

# Remove the default SSL conf to support latest SSL conf.
# It should hide two lines starting with ssl_
# ^ starting with...
# \s* matches any number of space or tab elements before ssl_
# when run more than once, it just doesn't do anything as the start of the line is '#' after the first execution.
sed -i 's/^\s*ssl_/# &/' /etc/nginx/nginx.conf 

# create dhparam
if [ ! -f /etc/nginx/dhparam.pem ]; then
    openssl dhparam -dsaparam -out /etc/nginx/dhparam.pem 4096 &> /dev/null
    sed -i 's:^# \(ssl_dhparam /etc/nginx/dhparam.pem;\)$:\1:' /etc/nginx/conf.d/ssl-common.conf
fi

# if php_ver is 6.0 then php_ver_short is 60
php_ver_short=$(echo $php_ver | sed 's/\.//')
socket=/run/php/fpm-${php_ver_short}-${php_user}.sock
sed -i "/^listen =/ s:=.*:= $socket:" $pool_file
# [ -f /etc/nginx/conf.d/lb.conf ] && sed -i "s:/var/lock/php-fpm.*;:$socket;:" /etc/nginx/conf.d/lb.conf
[ -f /etc/nginx/conf.d/lb.conf ] && rm /etc/nginx/conf.d/lb.conf
[ ! -f /etc/nginx/conf.d/fpm.conf ] && echo "upstream fpm { server unix:$socket; }" > /etc/nginx/conf.d/fpm.conf
[ ! -f /etc/nginx/conf.d/fpm${php_ver_short}.conf ] && echo "upstream fpm${php_ver_short} { server unix:$socket; }" > /etc/nginx/conf.d/fpm${php_ver_short}.conf

printf '%-72s' "Restarting Nginx..."
/usr/sbin/nginx -t 2>/dev/null && systemctl restart nginx
echo done.

echo --------------------------- Certbot -----------------------------------------
snap install core
snap refresh core
apt-get -qq remove certbot
snap install --classic certbot
ln -fs /snap/bin/certbot /usr/bin/certbot

# register certbot account if email is supplied
if [ $CERTBOT_ADMIN_EMAIL ]; then
    certbot show_account &> /dev/null
    if [ "$?" != "0" ]; then
        certbot -m $CERTBOT_ADMIN_EMAIL --agree-tos --no-eff-email register
    fi
fi

# Restart script upon renewal; it can also alert upon success or failure
# See - https://github.com/pothi/snippets/blob/main/ssl/nginx-restart.sh
[ ! -d /etc/letsencrypt/renewal-hooks/deploy/ ] && mkdir -p /etc/letsencrypt/renewal-hooks/deploy/
restart_script=/etc/letsencrypt/renewal-hooks/deploy/nginx-restart.sh
restart_script_url=https://github.com/pothi/snippets/raw/main/ssl/nginx-restart.sh
[ ! -f "$restart_script" ] && {
    wget -q -O $restart_script $restart_script_url
    check_result $? "Could not download Nginx Restart Script for Certbot renewals."
    chmod +x $restart_script
}

[ -d ~/backup/etc-certbot-default ] || cp -a /etc ~/backups/etc-certbot-default

#--- Additional Steps ---#
# ~/.ssh tweaks
if [ ! -d /home/web/.ssh ]; then
    mkdir /home/web/.ssh
    chmod 700 /home/web/.ssh
    chown ${wp_user}:${wp_user} /home/web/.ssh
fi
cp -a ~/.ssh/authorized_keys /home/web/.ssh
chown ${wp_user}:${wp_user} /home/web/.ssh/*

# bootstrap root user
wget -q https://github.com/pothi/wp-in-a-box/raw/main/scripts/bootstrap-root.sh
bash bootstrap-root.sh && rm bootstrap-root.sh
check_result $? "Could not bootstrap root."

#-------------------- Install mta (postfix) --------------------#
if ! command -v mail >/dev/null; then
    printf '%-72s' "Installing MTA (postfix)..."
    [ -f email-mta-installation.sh ] && rm email-mta-installation.sh
    wget -q https://github.com/pothi/wp-in-a-box/raw/main/scripts/email-mta-installation.sh
    bash email-mta-installation.sh > /dev/null
    check_result $? "Could not install MTA(postfix)."
    [ -f email-mta-installation.sh ] && rm email-mta-installation.sh
    echo done.
fi

# bootstrap unattended upgrades and reboots
wget -q https://github.com/pothi/wp-in-a-box/raw/main/scripts/unattended-upgrades.sh
bash unattended-upgrades.sh && rm unattended-upgrades.sh
check_result $? "Could not bootstrap Unattended Upgrades script."
wget -q https://github.com/pothi/wp-in-a-box/raw/main/scripts/unattended-reboots.sh
bash unattended-reboots.sh && rm unattended-reboots.sh
check_result $? "Could not bootstrap Unattended Reboot script."

printf '%-72s' "Running apt upgrade... it may take sometime..."
apt-get -qq upgrade > /dev/null
check_result $? "Could not run 'apt upgrade'."
echo done.

echo All done.

echo -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
echo You may find the login credentials of SFTP/SSH user in /root/.envrc file.
echo -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

echo 'You may reboot (only once) to apply certain updates (ex: kernel updates)!'
echo

echo "Script ended on (date & time): $(date +%c)"
echo