01. PandasAndR.ipynb

{
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   "cell_type": "markdown",
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   "source": [
    "# Data Mining, an introduction to the Pandas package \n",
    "This is a companion notebook for video content presented as part of the Data Mining course at SMU.\n",
    "\n",
    "In this tutorial we will be looking at a number of different parts of the Pandas package for data analysis, including:\n",
    "- Data Frames\n",
    " - loading data\n",
    " - head and tail commands\n",
    "- Munging\n",
    " - indexing operations\n",
    " - basic statistics\n",
    " - encoding\n",
    " - imputation (optional)\n",
    "- bonus: calling R with magics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Data Frames in Pandas\n",
    "Data frames in Pandas are basically like tables of data that you can do some really interesting relational database operations upon. There are many built in methods for aggregation and visualization, but we will cover those next time.+\n",
    "\n",
    "## Data Frames in R\n",
    "The data frames in Pandas were designed provide the same data manipulation functionality as data frames within R.  Once you understand the Pandas data frame, you are well on your way to understanding the R data frame.  You can check out the following website for a detailed comparison between data frames using Pandas vs. R:\n",
    "\n",
    "[Data Frames in Pandas vs. R](http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/comparison_with_r.html)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "First lets load a typical table of data from a csv file. You can download the file from here:\n",
    "https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Heart+Disease\n",
    "\n",
    "Make sure to place it in this directory or adjust the path for the file.\n",
    "### Reading Data from CSV with Pandas"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "site,age,is_male,chest_pain,rest_blood_press,cholesterol,high_blood_sugar,rest_ecg,max_heart_rate,exer_angina,ST_depression,Peak_ST_seg,major_vessels,thal,has_heart_disease\n",
      "\n",
      "cleve,63,1,1,145,233,1,2,150,0,2.3,3,0,6,0\n",
      "\n",
      "cleve,67,1,4,160,286,0,2,108,1,1.5,2,3,3,2\n",
      "\n",
      "cleve,67,1,4,120,229,0,2,129,1,2.6,2,2,7,1\n",
      "\n",
      "cleve,37,1,3,130,250,0,0,187,0,3.5,3,0,3,0\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Python\n",
    "# let's print out the first five rows inside a csv file\n",
    "\n",
    "# NOTE: you may need to change the path to the file, \n",
    "#       depending on where you saved the data\n",
    "with open('data/heart_disease.csv') as fid:\n",
    "    for idx, row in enumerate(fid):\n",
    "        print(row),\n",
    "        if idx >= 4:\n",
    "            break"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#Pandas\n",
    "# now let's read in the same data to save it as a dataframe\n",
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "\n",
    "df = pd.read_csv('data/heart_disease.csv') # read in the csv file"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>site</th>\n",
       "      <th>age</th>\n",
       "      <th>is_male</th>\n",
       "      <th>chest_pain</th>\n",
       "      <th>rest_blood_press</th>\n",
       "      <th>cholesterol</th>\n",
       "      <th>high_blood_sugar</th>\n",
       "      <th>rest_ecg</th>\n",
       "      <th>max_heart_rate</th>\n",
       "      <th>exer_angina</th>\n",
       "      <th>ST_depression</th>\n",
       "      <th>Peak_ST_seg</th>\n",
       "      <th>major_vessels</th>\n",
       "      <th>thal</th>\n",
       "      <th>has_heart_disease</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>cleve</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>145</td>\n",
       "      <td>233</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>150</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>cleve</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>160</td>\n",
       "      <td>286</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>108</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>cleve</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>120</td>\n",
       "      <td>229</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>129</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>cleve</td>\n",
       "      <td>37</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>130</td>\n",
       "      <td>250</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>187</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>cleve</td>\n",
       "      <td>41</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>130</td>\n",
       "      <td>204</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>172</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    site  age  is_male  chest_pain rest_blood_press cholesterol  \\\n",
       "0  cleve   63        1           1              145         233   \n",
       "1  cleve   67        1           4              160         286   \n",
       "2  cleve   67        1           4              120         229   \n",
       "3  cleve   37        1           3              130         250   \n",
       "4  cleve   41        0           2              130         204   \n",
       "\n",
       "  high_blood_sugar rest_ecg max_heart_rate exer_angina ST_depression  \\\n",
       "0                1        2            150           0           2.3   \n",
       "1                0        2            108           1           1.5   \n",
       "2                0        2            129           1           2.6   \n",
       "3                0        0            187           0           3.5   \n",
       "4                0        2            172           0           1.4   \n",
       "\n",
       "  Peak_ST_seg major_vessels thal  has_heart_disease  \n",
       "0           3             0    6                  0  \n",
       "1           2             3    3                  2  \n",
       "2           2             2    7                  1  \n",
       "3           3             0    3                  0  \n",
       "4           1             0    3                  0  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Pandas\n",
    "# now lets look at the data\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>\n",
      "RangeIndex: 920 entries, 0 to 919\n",
      "Data columns (total 15 columns):\n",
      "site                 920 non-null object\n",
      "age                  920 non-null int64\n",
      "is_male              920 non-null int64\n",
      "chest_pain           920 non-null int64\n",
      "rest_blood_press     920 non-null object\n",
      "cholesterol          920 non-null object\n",
      "high_blood_sugar     920 non-null object\n",
      "rest_ecg             920 non-null object\n",
      "max_heart_rate       920 non-null object\n",
      "exer_angina          920 non-null object\n",
      "ST_depression        920 non-null object\n",
      "Peak_ST_seg          920 non-null object\n",
      "major_vessels        920 non-null object\n",
      "thal                 920 non-null object\n",
      "has_heart_disease    920 non-null int64\n",
      "dtypes: int64(4), object(11)\n",
      "memory usage: 107.9+ KB\n",
      "None\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Pandas\n",
    "# now let's a get a summary of the variables using Pandas\n",
    "print(df.info())\n",
    "# we can see that most of the data \n",
    "#  is saved as an integer or as a nominal object"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "### Installing the R Kernel for use in iPython Notebook\n",
    "\n",
    "###### Using Anaconda, it is relatively simple to install the R kernel for iPython Notebook.  This is done using the following command from any console window:\n",
    "\n",
    "conda install -c r r-essentials\n",
    "\n",
    "This actually uses anaconda's r channel and searches for the package r-essentials to install.  The r-essentials package includes the IRKernel and over 80 of the most used R packages for data science, including dplyr, shiny, ggplot2, tidyr,caret, nnet, and many others!    \n",
    "\n",
    "###### To avoid naming conflicts, every R package avaiable  within Anaconda's r channel uses the same name as its corresponding R library, except prefixed with \"r-\".  For example, if you would normally access a package in R using the following library command:\n",
    "\n",
    "library(SparkR)\n",
    "\n",
    "###### You would use the following command to install this package using conda: \n",
    "\n",
    "conda install -c r r-SparkR\n",
    "\n",
    "You will see some examples of this later on!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# now let's read in the same data using R and then save it as a dataframe\n",
    "\n",
    "# set the working directory (this may come in handy sometimes when using R or R Studio)\n",
    "#setwd(\"D:\\\\SMU\\\\Larson\\DataMiningClass\\\\2U_DataMining\\\\Jakes Notebooks\\data\")  \n",
    "\n",
    "df = inputData <- read.csv(\"data/heart_disease.csv\",sep = \",\", header = T)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>site</th><th scope=col>age</th><th scope=col>is_male</th><th scope=col>chest_pain</th><th scope=col>rest_blood_press</th><th scope=col>cholesterol</th><th scope=col>high_blood_sugar</th><th scope=col>rest_ecg</th><th scope=col>max_heart_rate</th><th scope=col>exer_angina</th><th scope=col>ST_depression</th><th scope=col>Peak_ST_seg</th><th scope=col>major_vessels</th><th scope=col>thal</th><th scope=col>has_heart_disease</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>cleve</td><td>63   </td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>145  </td><td>233  </td><td>1    </td><td>2    </td><td>150  </td><td>0    </td><td>2.3  </td><td>3    </td><td>0    </td><td>6    </td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>cleve</td><td>67   </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>160  </td><td>286  </td><td>0    </td><td>2    </td><td>108  </td><td>1    </td><td>1.5  </td><td>2    </td><td>3    </td><td>3    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>cleve</td><td>67   </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>120  </td><td>229  </td><td>0    </td><td>2    </td><td>129  </td><td>1    </td><td>2.6  </td><td>2    </td><td>2    </td><td>7    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>cleve</td><td>37   </td><td>1    </td><td>3    </td><td>130  </td><td>250  </td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>187  </td><td>0    </td><td>3.5  </td><td>3    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>cleve</td><td>41   </td><td>0    </td><td>2    </td><td>130  </td><td>204  </td><td>0    </td><td>2    </td><td>172  </td><td>0    </td><td>1.4  </td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>cleve</td><td>56   </td><td>1    </td><td>2    </td><td>120  </td><td>236  </td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>178  </td><td>0    </td><td>0.8  </td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllllllll}\n",
       " site & age & is\\_male & chest\\_pain & rest\\_blood\\_press & cholesterol & high\\_blood\\_sugar & rest\\_ecg & max\\_heart\\_rate & exer\\_angina & ST\\_depression & Peak\\_ST\\_seg & major\\_vessels & thal & has\\_heart\\_disease\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t cleve & 63    & 1     & 1     & 145   & 233   & 1     & 2     & 150   & 0     & 2.3   & 3     & 0     & 6     & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\t cleve & 67    & 1     & 4     & 160   & 286   & 0     & 2     & 108   & 1     & 1.5   & 2     & 3     & 3     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\t cleve & 67    & 1     & 4     & 120   & 229   & 0     & 2     & 129   & 1     & 2.6   & 2     & 2     & 7     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\t cleve & 37    & 1     & 3     & 130   & 250   & 0     & 0     & 187   & 0     & 3.5   & 3     & 0     & 3     & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\t cleve & 41    & 0     & 2     & 130   & 204   & 0     & 2     & 172   & 0     & 1.4   & 1     & 0     & 3     & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\t cleve & 56    & 1     & 2     & 120   & 236   & 0     & 0     & 178   & 0     & 0.8   & 1     & 0     & 3     & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| site | age | is_male | chest_pain | rest_blood_press | cholesterol | high_blood_sugar | rest_ecg | max_heart_rate | exer_angina | ST_depression | Peak_ST_seg | major_vessels | thal | has_heart_disease |\n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| cleve | 63    | 1     | 1     | 145   | 233   | 1     | 2     | 150   | 0     | 2.3   | 3     | 0     | 6     | 0     |\n",
       "| cleve | 67    | 1     | 4     | 160   | 286   | 0     | 2     | 108   | 1     | 1.5   | 2     | 3     | 3     | 2     |\n",
       "| cleve | 67    | 1     | 4     | 120   | 229   | 0     | 2     | 129   | 1     | 2.6   | 2     | 2     | 7     | 1     |\n",
       "| cleve | 37    | 1     | 3     | 130   | 250   | 0     | 0     | 187   | 0     | 3.5   | 3     | 0     | 3     | 0     |\n",
       "| cleve | 41    | 0     | 2     | 130   | 204   | 0     | 2     | 172   | 0     | 1.4   | 1     | 0     | 3     | 0     |\n",
       "| cleve | 56    | 1     | 2     | 120   | 236   | 0     | 0     | 178   | 0     | 0.8   | 1     | 0     | 3     | 0     |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  site  age is_male chest_pain rest_blood_press cholesterol high_blood_sugar\n",
       "1 cleve 63  1       1          145              233         1               \n",
       "2 cleve 67  1       4          160              286         0               \n",
       "3 cleve 67  1       4          120              229         0               \n",
       "4 cleve 37  1       3          130              250         0               \n",
       "5 cleve 41  0       2          130              204         0               \n",
       "6 cleve 56  1       2          120              236         0               \n",
       "  rest_ecg max_heart_rate exer_angina ST_depression Peak_ST_seg major_vessels\n",
       "1 2        150            0           2.3           3           0            \n",
       "2 2        108            1           1.5           2           3            \n",
       "3 2        129            1           2.6           2           2            \n",
       "4 0        187            0           3.5           3           0            \n",
       "5 2        172            0           1.4           1           0            \n",
       "6 0        178            0           0.8           1           0            \n",
       "  thal has_heart_disease\n",
       "1 6    0                \n",
       "2 3    2                \n",
       "3 7    1                \n",
       "4 3    0                \n",
       "5 3    0                \n",
       "6 3    0                "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# now lets look at the data using R\n",
    "head(df)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "'data.frame':\t920 obs. of  15 variables:\n",
      " $ site             : Factor w/ 4 levels \"cleve\",\"hungary\",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...\n",
      " $ age              : int  63 67 67 37 41 56 62 57 63 53 ...\n",
      " $ is_male          : int  1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 ...\n",
      " $ chest_pain       : int  1 4 4 3 2 2 4 4 4 4 ...\n",
      " $ rest_blood_press : Factor w/ 62 levels \"?\",\"0\",\"100\",..: 36 45 18 27 27 18 33 18 27 33 ...\n",
      " $ cholesterol      : Factor w/ 218 levels \"?\",\"0\",\"100\",..: 87 140 83 104 58 90 122 193 108 57 ...\n",
      " $ high_blood_sugar : Factor w/ 3 levels \"?\",\"0\",\"1\": 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 ...\n",
      " $ rest_ecg         : Factor w/ 4 levels \"?\",\"0\",\"1\",\"2\": 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 ...\n",
      " $ max_heart_rate   : Factor w/ 120 levels \"?\",\"100\",\"102\",..: 51 9 30 87 73 79 61 64 48 56 ...\n",
      " $ exer_angina      : Factor w/ 3 levels \"?\",\"0\",\"1\": 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 ...\n",
      " $ ST_depression    : Factor w/ 54 levels \"-0.1\",\"-0.5\",..: 35 27 38 45 26 20 46 18 26 42 ...\n",
      " $ Peak_ST_seg      : Factor w/ 4 levels \"?\",\"1\",\"2\",\"3\": 4 3 3 4 2 2 4 2 3 4 ...\n",
      " $ major_vessels    : Factor w/ 5 levels \"?\",\"0\",\"1\",\"2\",..: 2 5 4 2 2 2 4 2 3 2 ...\n",
      " $ thal             : Factor w/ 4 levels \"?\",\"3\",\"6\",\"7\": 3 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 ...\n",
      " $ has_heart_disease: int  0 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 2 1 ...\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "      site          age           is_male         chest_pain   rest_blood_press\n",
       " cleve  :303   Min.   :28.00   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :1.00   120    :131     \n",
       " hungary:294   1st Qu.:47.00   1st Qu.:1.0000   1st Qu.:3.00   130    :115     \n",
       " swiss  :123   Median :54.00   Median :1.0000   Median :4.00   140    :102     \n",
       " va     :200   Mean   :53.51   Mean   :0.7891   Mean   :3.25   ?      : 59     \n",
       "               3rd Qu.:60.00   3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:4.00   110    : 59     \n",
       "               Max.   :77.00   Max.   :1.0000   Max.   :4.00   150    : 56     \n",
       "                                                               (Other):398     \n",
       "  cholesterol  high_blood_sugar rest_ecg max_heart_rate exer_angina\n",
       " 0      :172   ?: 90            ?:  2    ?      : 55    ?: 55      \n",
       " ?      : 30   0:692            0:551    150    : 43    0:528      \n",
       " 220    : 10   1:138            1:179    140    : 41    1:337      \n",
       " 254    : 10                    2:188    120    : 35               \n",
       " 204    :  9                             130    : 30               \n",
       " 211    :  9                             160    : 26               \n",
       " (Other):680                             (Other):690               \n",
       " ST_depression Peak_ST_seg major_vessels thal    has_heart_disease\n",
       " 0      :370   ?:309       ?:611         ?:486   Min.   :0.0000   \n",
       " 1      : 83   1:203       0:181         3:196   1st Qu.:0.0000   \n",
       " 2      : 76   2:345       1: 67         6: 46   Median :1.0000   \n",
       " ?      : 62   3: 63       2: 41         7:192   Mean   :0.9957   \n",
       " 1.5    : 48               3: 20                 3rd Qu.:2.0000   \n",
       " 3      : 28                                     Max.   :4.0000   \n",
       " (Other):253                                                      "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#R\n",
    "# now let's a get a summary of the variables using R\n",
    "str(df)\n",
    "# We can also get additional variable information using summary() \n",
    "summary(df)\n",
    "# we can see that most of the data \n",
    "#  is saved as an integer or as a factor "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "This data has been read into working memory and is known as a DataFrame.\n",
    "\n",
    "### Reading Data from SQLite3 with Pandas\n",
    "We can also connect to a sqlite3 database using the built in sqlite3 package that ships with python. This data will be read into working memory and is known as a DataFrame. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>site</th>\n",
       "      <th>age</th>\n",
       "      <th>is_male</th>\n",
       "      <th>chest_pain</th>\n",
       "      <th>rest_blood_press</th>\n",
       "      <th>cholesterol</th>\n",
       "      <th>high_blood_sugar</th>\n",
       "      <th>rest_ecg</th>\n",
       "      <th>max_heart_rate</th>\n",
       "      <th>exer_angina</th>\n",
       "      <th>ST_depression</th>\n",
       "      <th>Peak_ST_seg</th>\n",
       "      <th>major_vessels</th>\n",
       "      <th>thal</th>\n",
       "      <th>has_heart_disease</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>cleve</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>145</td>\n",
       "      <td>233</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>150</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>cleve</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>160</td>\n",
       "      <td>286</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>108</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>cleve</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>120</td>\n",
       "      <td>229</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>129</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>cleve</td>\n",
       "      <td>37</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>130</td>\n",
       "      <td>250</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>187</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>cleve</td>\n",
       "      <td>41</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>130</td>\n",
       "      <td>204</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>172</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    site age is_male chest_pain rest_blood_press cholesterol high_blood_sugar  \\\n",
       "0  cleve  63       1          1              145         233                1   \n",
       "1  cleve  67       1          4              160         286                0   \n",
       "2  cleve  67       1          4              120         229                0   \n",
       "3  cleve  37       1          3              130         250                0   \n",
       "4  cleve  41       0          2              130         204                0   \n",
       "\n",
       "  rest_ecg max_heart_rate exer_angina ST_depression Peak_ST_seg major_vessels  \\\n",
       "0        2            150           0           2.3           3             0   \n",
       "1        2            108           1           1.5           2             3   \n",
       "2        2            129           1           2.6           2             2   \n",
       "3        0            187           0           3.5           3             0   \n",
       "4        2            172           0           1.4           1             0   \n",
       "\n",
       "  thal has_heart_disease  \n",
       "0    6                 0  \n",
       "1    3                 2  \n",
       "2    7                 1  \n",
       "3    3                 0  \n",
       "4    3                 0  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Pandas\n",
    "# but csv files are not the only thing we can work with\n",
    "# what if the data was actually in a sqlite database?\n",
    "del df\n",
    "import sqlite3\n",
    "\n",
    "con = sqlite3.connect('data/heart_disease_sql') # again this file is in the same directory\n",
    "df = pd.read_sql('SELECT * FROM heart_disease', con)  # the table name is heart_disease\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>\n",
      "RangeIndex: 920 entries, 0 to 919\n",
      "Data columns (total 15 columns):\n",
      "site                 920 non-null object\n",
      "age                  920 non-null object\n",
      "is_male              920 non-null object\n",
      "chest_pain           920 non-null object\n",
      "rest_blood_press     920 non-null object\n",
      "cholesterol          920 non-null object\n",
      "high_blood_sugar     920 non-null object\n",
      "rest_ecg             920 non-null object\n",
      "max_heart_rate       920 non-null object\n",
      "exer_angina          920 non-null object\n",
      "ST_depression        920 non-null object\n",
      "Peak_ST_seg          920 non-null object\n",
      "major_vessels        920 non-null object\n",
      "thal                 920 non-null object\n",
      "has_heart_disease    920 non-null object\n",
      "dtypes: object(15)\n",
      "memory usage: 107.9+ KB\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.info()\n",
    "# notice now, however, that the data types are all objects!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Installing R Packages for use in R, R Studio, and iPython Notebook\n",
    "\n",
    "###### When using R or R Studio, the following commands will first install and then import any available package using R:\n",
    "\n",
    "install.packages(\"RSQLite\") # packages only need to be installed one time!\n",
    "\n",
    "library(\"RSQLite\") # the library() command imports the package from that point on. \n",
    "\n",
    "###### When using iPython Notebook however, R packages must installed in a slightly different manner.  While many packages are included with r-essentials, you will eventually run into a package such as RSQLite which is missing.  When this happens, you can install them using the following conda syntax from any command prompt:\n",
    "\n",
    "conda install -c r r-RSQLite\n",
    "\n",
    "###### Notice that \"r-\" is appended to the R package name.  \n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "### Reading Data from SQLite3 with R using the RSQLite Package\n",
    "We can also connect to a sqlite3 database using the built in RSQLite package. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 66,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>site</th><th scope=col>age</th><th scope=col>is_male</th><th scope=col>chest_pain</th><th scope=col>rest_blood_press</th><th scope=col>cholesterol</th><th scope=col>high_blood_sugar</th><th scope=col>rest_ecg</th><th scope=col>max_heart_rate</th><th scope=col>exer_angina</th><th scope=col>ST_depression</th><th scope=col>Peak_ST_seg</th><th scope=col>major_vessels</th><th scope=col>thal</th><th scope=col>has_heart_disease</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>1</th><td>cleve</td><td>63</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>145</td><td>233</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>150</td><td>0</td><td>2.3</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>6</td><td>0</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>2</th><td>cleve</td><td>67</td><td>1</td><td>4</td><td>160</td><td>286</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>108</td><td>1</td><td>1.5</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>2</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>3</th><td>cleve</td><td>67</td><td>1</td><td>4</td><td>120</td><td>229</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>129</td><td>1</td><td>2.6</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>7</td><td>1</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>4</th><td>cleve</td><td>37</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>130</td><td>250</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>187</td><td>0</td><td>3.5</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>0</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>5</th><td>cleve</td><td>41</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>130</td><td>204</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>172</td><td>0</td><td>1.4</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>0</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>6</th><td>cleve</td><td>56</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>120</td><td>236</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>178</td><td>0</td><td>0.8</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>0</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllllllll}\n",
       "  & site & age & is_male & chest_pain & rest_blood_press & cholesterol & high_blood_sugar & rest_ecg & max_heart_rate & exer_angina & ST_depression & Peak_ST_seg & major_vessels & thal & has_heart_disease\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & cleve & 63 & 1 & 1 & 145 & 233 & 1 & 2 & 150 & 0 & 2.3 & 3 & 0 & 6 & 0\\\\\n",
       "\t2 & cleve & 67 & 1 & 4 & 160 & 286 & 0 & 2 & 108 & 1 & 1.5 & 2 & 3 & 3 & 2\\\\\n",
       "\t3 & cleve & 67 & 1 & 4 & 120 & 229 & 0 & 2 & 129 & 1 & 2.6 & 2 & 2 & 7 & 1\\\\\n",
       "\t4 & cleve & 37 & 1 & 3 & 130 & 250 & 0 & 0 & 187 & 0 & 3.5 & 3 & 0 & 3 & 0\\\\\n",
       "\t5 & cleve & 41 & 0 & 2 & 130 & 204 & 0 & 2 & 172 & 0 & 1.4 & 1 & 0 & 3 & 0\\\\\n",
       "\t6 & cleve & 56 & 1 & 2 & 120 & 236 & 0 & 0 & 178 & 0 & 0.8 & 1 & 0 & 3 & 0\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   site age is_male chest_pain rest_blood_press cholesterol high_blood_sugar\n",
       "1 cleve  63       1          1              145         233                1\n",
       "2 cleve  67       1          4              160         286                0\n",
       "3 cleve  67       1          4              120         229                0\n",
       "4 cleve  37       1          3              130         250                0\n",
       "5 cleve  41       0          2              130         204                0\n",
       "6 cleve  56       1          2              120         236                0\n",
       "  rest_ecg max_heart_rate exer_angina ST_depression Peak_ST_seg major_vessels\n",
       "1        2            150           0           2.3           3             0\n",
       "2        2            108           1           1.5           2             3\n",
       "3        2            129           1           2.6           2             2\n",
       "4        0            187           0           3.5           3             0\n",
       "5        2            172           0           1.4           1             0\n",
       "6        0            178           0           0.8           1             0\n",
       "  thal has_heart_disease\n",
       "1    6                 0\n",
       "2    3                 2\n",
       "3    7                 1\n",
       "4    3                 0\n",
       "5    3                 0\n",
       "6    3                 0"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#R\n",
    "# but csv files are not the only thing we can work with\n",
    "# what if the data was actually in a sqlite database?\n",
    "\n",
    "#Only install one time!\n",
    "#conda install -c r r-RSQLite\n",
    "\n",
    "library(\"RSQLite\")\n",
    "\n",
    "# connect to the sqlite file\n",
    "con <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(),dbname=\"data/heart_disease_sql\")\n",
    "df <- dbGetQuery(con,'SELECT * FROM heart_disease')\n",
    "head(df)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "'data.frame':\t920 obs. of  15 variables:\n",
      " $ site             : chr  \"cleve\" \"cleve\" \"cleve\" \"cleve\" ...\n",
      " $ age              : chr  \"63\" \"67\" \"67\" \"37\" ...\n",
      " $ is_male          : chr  \"1\" \"1\" \"1\" \"1\" ...\n",
      " $ chest_pain       : chr  \"1\" \"4\" \"4\" \"3\" ...\n",
      " $ rest_blood_press : chr  \"145\" \"160\" \"120\" \"130\" ...\n",
      " $ cholesterol      : chr  \"233\" \"286\" \"229\" \"250\" ...\n",
      " $ high_blood_sugar : chr  \"1\" \"0\" \"0\" \"0\" ...\n",
      " $ rest_ecg         : chr  \"2\" \"2\" \"2\" \"0\" ...\n",
      " $ max_heart_rate   : chr  \"150\" \"108\" \"129\" \"187\" ...\n",
      " $ exer_angina      : chr  \"0\" \"1\" \"1\" \"0\" ...\n",
      " $ ST_depression    : chr  \"2.3\" \"1.5\" \"2.6\" \"3.5\" ...\n",
      " $ Peak_ST_seg      : chr  \"3\" \"2\" \"2\" \"3\" ...\n",
      " $ major_vessels    : chr  \"0\" \"3\" \"2\" \"0\" ...\n",
      " $ thal             : chr  \"6\" \"3\" \"7\" \"3\" ...\n",
      " $ has_heart_disease: chr  \"0\" \"2\" \"1\" \"0\" ...\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Inspect the fields using R\n",
    "str(df)\n",
    "# notice now, however, that the data types are all chr!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    " ### Working with DataFrames using Pandas and R\n",
    " We can index into a DataFrame in a number of ways:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0      63\n",
      "1      67\n",
      "2      67\n",
      "3      37\n",
      "4      41\n",
      "       ..\n",
      "915    52\n",
      "916    54\n",
      "917    56\n",
      "918    58\n",
      "919    65\n",
      "Name: age, Length: 920, dtype: object\n",
      "0      63\n",
      "1      67\n",
      "2      67\n",
      "3      37\n",
      "4      41\n",
      "       ..\n",
      "915    52\n",
      "916    54\n",
      "917    56\n",
      "918    58\n",
      "919    65\n",
      "Name: age, Length: 920, dtype: object\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Pandas\n",
    "# the variable names are embedded into the structure\n",
    "print(df.age)\n",
    "print(df['age']) # but can also be accessed using strings"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "\t<li>\"46\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"46\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"48\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"48\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"48\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"48\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"50\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"52\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"52\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"53\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"54\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"54\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"54\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"54\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"54\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"55\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"56\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"57\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"58\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"58\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"41\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"43\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"44\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"44\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"46\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"47\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"48\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"49\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"49\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"51\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"52\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"52\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"52\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"52\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"53\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"53\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"54\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"55\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"55\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"55\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"56\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"56\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"56\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"58\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"59\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"59\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"65\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"66\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"41\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"43\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"44\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"47\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"47\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"49\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"49\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"50\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"50\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"52\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"52\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"54\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"56\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"58\"</li>\n",
       "\t<li>\"65\"</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"67\"\n",
       "\\item \"67\"\n",
       "\\item \"37\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"44\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"66\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"40\"\n",
       "\\item \"69\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"44\"\n",
       "\\item \"42\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\item \"40\"\n",
       "\\item \"71\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\item \"44\"\n",
       "\\item \"44\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\item \"67\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\item \"44\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"45\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"39\"\n",
       "\\item \"68\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"44\"\n",
       "\\item \"47\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"66\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"44\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"45\"\n",
       "\\item \"34\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"71\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"39\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"35\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\item \"45\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"44\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"29\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"70\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"35\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"47\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"45\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"42\"\n",
       "\\item \"67\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"70\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"68\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"77\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"35\"\n",
       "\\item \"45\"\n",
       "\\item \"70\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"42\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"42\"\n",
       "\\item \"66\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"69\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"68\"\n",
       "\\item \"67\"\n",
       "\\item \"69\"\n",
       "\\item \"45\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"45\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"37\"\n",
       "\\item \"38\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"66\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"39\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"34\"\n",
       "\\item \"47\"\n",
       "\\item \"67\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"66\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"74\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"42\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"67\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"47\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"42\"\n",
       "\\item \"67\"\n",
       "\\item \"76\"\n",
       "\\item \"70\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"44\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"44\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"42\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"40\"\n",
       "\\item \"42\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"66\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"71\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"66\"\n",
       "\\item \"39\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"47\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"35\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"67\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"44\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"45\"\n",
       "\\item \"68\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"38\"\n",
       "\\item \"32\"\n",
       "\\item \"34\"\n",
       "\\item \"35\"\n",
       "\\item \"36\"\n",
       "\\item \"38\"\n",
       "\\item \"38\"\n",
       "\\item \"38\"\n",
       "\\item \"38\"\n",
       "\\item \"38\"\n",
       "\\item \"38\"\n",
       "\\item \"40\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"42\"\n",
       "\\item \"42\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"45\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"47\"\n",
       "\\item \"47\"\n",
       "\\item \"47\"\n",
       "\\item \"47\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\item \"66\"\n",
       "\\item \"66\"\n",
       "\\item \"67\"\n",
       "\\item \"68\"\n",
       "\\item \"68\"\n",
       "\\item \"69\"\n",
       "\\item \"69\"\n",
       "\\item \"70\"\n",
       "\\item \"70\"\n",
       "\\item \"72\"\n",
       "\\item \"73\"\n",
       "\\item \"74\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"44\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"66\"\n",
       "\\item \"66\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"74\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"69\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"77\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"40\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"42\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"68\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"69\"\n",
       "\\item \"67\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"72\"\n",
       "\\item \"75\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"67\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"69\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"75\"\n",
       "\\item \"40\"\n",
       "\\item \"67\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"35\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"68\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"45\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"72\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"74\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"76\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"70\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"66\"\n",
       "\\item \"68\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"71\"\n",
       "\\item \"74\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"75\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"71\"\n",
       "\\item \"38\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"69\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"72\"\n",
       "\\item \"69\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"67\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"69\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"69\"\n",
       "\\item \"69\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"37\"\n",
       "\\item \"67\"\n",
       "\\item \"74\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"64\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"74\"\n",
       "\\item \"68\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"28\"\n",
       "\\item \"29\"\n",
       "\\item \"29\"\n",
       "\\item \"30\"\n",
       "\\item \"31\"\n",
       "\\item \"32\"\n",
       "\\item \"32\"\n",
       "\\item \"32\"\n",
       "\\item \"33\"\n",
       "\\item \"34\"\n",
       "\\item \"34\"\n",
       "\\item \"34\"\n",
       "\\item \"35\"\n",
       "\\item \"35\"\n",
       "\\item \"35\"\n",
       "\\item \"35\"\n",
       "\\item \"36\"\n",
       "\\item \"36\"\n",
       "\\item \"36\"\n",
       "\\item \"36\"\n",
       "\\item \"37\"\n",
       "\\item \"37\"\n",
       "\\item \"37\"\n",
       "\\item \"37\"\n",
       "\\item \"37\"\n",
       "\\item \"37\"\n",
       "\\item \"37\"\n",
       "\\item \"38\"\n",
       "\\item \"38\"\n",
       "\\item \"38\"\n",
       "\\item \"39\"\n",
       "\\item \"39\"\n",
       "\\item \"39\"\n",
       "\\item \"39\"\n",
       "\\item \"39\"\n",
       "\\item \"39\"\n",
       "\\item \"39\"\n",
       "\\item \"39\"\n",
       "\\item \"39\"\n",
       "\\item \"39\"\n",
       "\\item \"40\"\n",
       "\\item \"40\"\n",
       "\\item \"40\"\n",
       "\\item \"40\"\n",
       "\\item \"40\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"42\"\n",
       "\\item \"42\"\n",
       "\\item \"42\"\n",
       "\\item \"42\"\n",
       "\\item \"42\"\n",
       "\\item \"42\"\n",
       "\\item \"42\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"44\"\n",
       "\\item \"44\"\n",
       "\\item \"44\"\n",
       "\\item \"44\"\n",
       "\\item \"45\"\n",
       "\\item \"45\"\n",
       "\\item \"45\"\n",
       "\\item \"45\"\n",
       "\\item \"45\"\n",
       "\\item \"45\"\n",
       "\\item \"45\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"47\"\n",
       "\\item \"47\"\n",
       "\\item \"47\"\n",
       "\\item \"47\"\n",
       "\\item \"47\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"61\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"62\"\n",
       "\\item \"31\"\n",
       "\\item \"33\"\n",
       "\\item \"34\"\n",
       "\\item \"35\"\n",
       "\\item \"36\"\n",
       "\\item \"37\"\n",
       "\\item \"38\"\n",
       "\\item \"38\"\n",
       "\\item \"38\"\n",
       "\\item \"40\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"47\"\n",
       "\\item \"47\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"60\"\n",
       "\\item \"63\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\item \"32\"\n",
       "\\item \"38\"\n",
       "\\item \"39\"\n",
       "\\item \"40\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"45\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"57\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"44\"\n",
       "\\item \"44\"\n",
       "\\item \"46\"\n",
       "\\item \"47\"\n",
       "\\item \"48\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"51\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"53\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"55\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"59\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\item \"66\"\n",
       "\\item \"41\"\n",
       "\\item \"43\"\n",
       "\\item \"44\"\n",
       "\\item \"47\"\n",
       "\\item \"47\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"49\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"50\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"52\"\n",
       "\\item \"54\"\n",
       "\\item \"56\"\n",
       "\\item \"58\"\n",
       "\\item \"65\"\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
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       "2. \"67\"\n",
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       "912. \"49\"\n",
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       "914. \"50\"\n",
       "915. \"52\"\n",
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       "920. \"65\"\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  [1] \"63\" \"67\" \"67\" \"37\" \"41\" \"56\" \"62\" \"57\" \"63\" \"53\" \"57\" \"56\" \"56\" \"44\" \"52\"\n",
       " [16] \"57\" \"48\" \"54\" \"48\" \"49\" \"64\" \"58\" \"58\" \"58\" \"60\" \"50\" \"58\" \"66\" \"43\" \"40\"\n",
       " [31] \"69\" \"60\" \"64\" \"59\" \"44\" \"42\" \"43\" \"57\" \"55\" \"61\" \"65\" \"40\" \"71\" \"59\" \"61\"\n",
       " [46] \"58\" \"51\" \"50\" \"65\" \"53\" \"41\" \"65\" \"44\" \"44\" \"60\" \"54\" \"50\" \"41\" \"54\" \"51\"\n",
       " [61] \"51\" \"46\" \"58\" \"54\" \"54\" \"60\" \"60\" \"54\" \"59\" \"46\" \"65\" \"67\" \"62\" \"65\" \"44\"\n",
       " [76] \"65\" \"60\" \"51\" \"48\" \"58\" \"45\" \"53\" \"39\" \"68\" \"52\" \"44\" \"47\" \"53\" \"53\" \"51\"\n",
       " [91] \"66\" \"62\" \"62\" \"44\" \"63\" \"52\" \"59\" \"60\" \"52\" \"48\" \"45\" \"34\" \"57\" \"71\" \"49\"\n",
       "[106] \"54\" \"59\" \"57\" \"61\" \"39\" \"61\" \"56\" \"52\" \"43\" \"62\" \"41\" \"58\" \"35\" \"63\" \"65\"\n",
       "[121] \"48\" \"63\" \"51\" \"55\" \"65\" \"45\" \"56\" \"54\" \"44\" \"62\" \"54\" \"51\" \"29\" \"51\" \"43\"\n",
       "[136] \"55\" \"70\" \"62\" \"35\" \"51\" \"59\" \"59\" \"52\" \"64\" \"58\" \"47\" \"57\" \"41\" \"45\" \"60\"\n",
       "[151] \"52\" \"42\" \"67\" \"55\" \"64\" \"70\" \"51\" \"58\" \"60\" \"68\" \"46\" \"77\" \"54\" \"58\" \"48\"\n",
       "[166] \"57\" \"52\" \"54\" \"35\" \"45\" \"70\" \"53\" \"59\" \"62\" \"64\" \"57\" \"52\" \"56\" \"43\" \"53\"\n",
       "[181] \"48\" \"56\" \"42\" \"59\" \"60\" \"63\" \"42\" \"66\" \"54\" \"69\" \"50\" \"51\" \"43\" \"62\" \"68\"\n",
       "[196] \"67\" \"69\" \"45\" \"50\" \"59\" \"50\" \"64\" \"57\" \"64\" \"43\" \"45\" \"58\" \"50\" \"55\" \"62\"\n",
       "[211] \"37\" \"38\" \"41\" \"66\" \"52\" \"56\" \"46\" \"46\" \"64\" \"59\" \"41\" \"54\" \"39\" \"53\" \"63\"\n",
       "[226] \"34\" \"47\" \"67\" \"54\" \"66\" \"52\" \"55\" \"49\" \"74\" \"54\" \"54\" \"56\" \"46\" \"49\" \"42\"\n",
       "[241] \"41\" \"41\" \"49\" \"61\" \"60\" \"67\" \"58\" \"47\" \"52\" \"62\" \"57\" \"58\" \"64\" \"51\" \"43\"\n",
       "[256] \"42\" \"67\" \"76\" \"70\" \"57\" \"44\" \"58\" \"60\" \"44\" \"61\" \"42\" \"52\" \"59\" \"40\" \"42\"\n",
       "[271] \"61\" \"66\" \"46\" \"71\" \"59\" \"64\" \"66\" \"39\" \"57\" \"58\" \"57\" \"47\" \"55\" \"35\" \"61\"\n",
       "[286] \"58\" \"58\" \"58\" \"56\" \"56\" \"67\" \"55\" \"44\" \"63\" \"63\" \"41\" \"59\" \"57\" \"45\" \"68\"\n",
       "[301] \"57\" \"57\" \"38\" \"32\" \"34\" \"35\" \"36\" \"38\" \"38\" \"38\" \"38\" \"38\" \"38\" \"40\" \"41\"\n",
       "[316] \"42\" \"42\" \"43\" \"43\" \"43\" \"45\" \"46\" \"46\" \"47\" \"47\" \"47\" \"47\" \"48\" \"50\" \"50\"\n",
       "[331] \"50\" \"50\" \"51\" \"51\" \"51\" \"51\" \"51\" \"51\" \"51\" \"52\" \"52\" \"52\" \"52\" \"53\" \"53\"\n",
       "[346] \"53\" \"53\" \"53\" \"53\" \"53\" \"53\" \"54\" \"54\" \"54\" \"55\" \"55\" \"55\" \"55\" \"56\" \"56\"\n",
       "[361] \"56\" \"56\" \"56\" \"56\" \"56\" \"56\" \"57\" \"57\" \"57\" \"57\" \"57\" \"57\" \"58\" \"58\" \"58\"\n",
       "[376] \"59\" \"59\" \"59\" \"59\" \"59\" \"60\" \"60\" \"60\" \"60\" \"60\" \"60\" \"61\" \"61\" \"61\" \"61\"\n",
       "[391] \"61\" \"61\" \"61\" \"61\" \"61\" \"62\" \"62\" \"62\" \"62\" \"62\" \"62\" \"62\" \"63\" \"63\" \"63\"\n",
       "[406] \"63\" \"63\" \"64\" \"64\" \"64\" \"65\" \"65\" \"65\" \"65\" \"66\" \"66\" \"67\" \"68\" \"68\" \"69\"\n",
       "[421] \"69\" \"70\" \"70\" \"72\" \"73\" \"74\" \"63\" \"44\" \"60\" \"55\" \"66\" \"66\" \"65\" \"60\" \"60\"\n",
       "[436] \"60\" \"56\" \"59\" \"62\" \"63\" \"57\" \"62\" \"63\" \"46\" \"63\" \"60\" \"58\" \"64\" \"63\" \"74\"\n",
       "[451] \"52\" \"69\" \"51\" \"60\" \"56\" \"55\" \"54\" \"77\" \"63\" \"55\" \"52\" \"64\" \"60\" \"60\" \"58\"\n",
       "[466] \"59\" \"61\" \"40\" \"61\" \"41\" \"57\" \"63\" \"59\" \"51\" \"59\" \"42\" \"55\" \"63\" \"62\" \"56\"\n",
       "[481] \"53\" \"68\" \"53\" \"60\" \"62\" \"59\" \"51\" \"61\" \"57\" \"56\" \"58\" \"69\" \"67\" \"58\" \"65\"\n",
       "[496] \"63\" \"55\" \"57\" \"65\" \"54\" \"72\" \"75\" \"49\" \"51\" \"60\" \"64\" \"58\" \"61\" \"67\" \"62\"\n",
       "[511] \"65\" \"63\" \"69\" \"51\" \"62\" \"55\" \"75\" \"40\" \"67\" \"58\" \"60\" \"63\" \"35\" \"62\" \"43\"\n",
       "[526] \"63\" \"68\" \"65\" \"48\" \"63\" \"64\" \"61\" \"50\" \"59\" \"55\" \"45\" \"65\" \"61\" \"49\" \"72\"\n",
       "[541] \"50\" \"64\" \"55\" \"63\" \"59\" \"56\" \"62\" \"74\" \"54\" \"57\" \"62\" \"76\" \"54\" \"70\" \"61\"\n",
       "[556] \"48\" \"48\" \"61\" \"66\" \"68\" \"55\" \"62\" \"71\" \"74\" \"53\" \"58\" \"75\" \"56\" \"58\" \"64\"\n",
       "[571] \"54\" \"54\" \"59\" \"55\" \"57\" \"61\" \"41\" \"71\" \"38\" \"55\" \"56\" \"69\" \"64\" \"72\" \"69\"\n",
       "[586] \"56\" \"62\" \"67\" \"57\" \"69\" \"51\" \"48\" \"69\" \"69\" \"64\" \"57\" \"53\" \"37\" \"67\" \"74\"\n",
       "[601] \"63\" \"58\" \"61\" \"64\" \"58\" \"60\" \"57\" \"55\" \"55\" \"56\" \"57\" \"61\" \"61\" \"58\" \"74\"\n",
       "[616] \"68\" \"51\" \"62\" \"53\" \"62\" \"46\" \"54\" \"62\" \"55\" \"58\" \"62\" \"28\" \"29\" \"29\" \"30\"\n",
       "[631] \"31\" \"32\" \"32\" \"32\" \"33\" \"34\" \"34\" \"34\" \"35\" \"35\" \"35\" \"35\" \"36\" \"36\" \"36\"\n",
       "[646] \"36\" \"37\" \"37\" \"37\" \"37\" \"37\" \"37\" \"37\" \"38\" \"38\" \"38\" \"39\" \"39\" \"39\" \"39\"\n",
       "[661] \"39\" \"39\" \"39\" \"39\" \"39\" \"39\" \"40\" \"40\" \"40\" \"40\" \"40\" \"41\" \"41\" \"41\" \"41\"\n",
       "[676] \"41\" \"41\" \"41\" \"42\" \"42\" \"42\" \"42\" \"42\" \"42\" \"42\" \"43\" \"43\" \"43\" \"43\" \"43\"\n",
       "[691] \"43\" \"43\" \"43\" \"44\" \"44\" \"44\" \"44\" \"45\" \"45\" \"45\" \"45\" \"45\" \"45\" \"45\" \"46\"\n",
       "[706] \"46\" \"46\" \"46\" \"46\" \"46\" \"46\" \"47\" \"47\" \"47\" \"47\" \"47\" \"48\" \"48\" \"48\" \"48\"\n",
       "[721] \"48\" \"48\" \"48\" \"48\" \"48\" \"48\" \"48\" \"49\" \"49\" \"49\" \"49\" \"49\" \"49\" \"49\" \"49\"\n",
       "[736] \"50\" \"50\" \"50\" \"50\" \"50\" \"50\" \"50\" \"51\" \"51\" \"51\" \"51\" \"51\" \"51\" \"51\" \"52\"\n",
       "[751] \"52\" \"52\" \"52\" \"52\" \"52\" \"52\" \"52\" \"53\" \"53\" \"53\" \"53\" \"53\" \"53\" \"53\" \"53\"\n",
       "[766] \"53\" \"54\" \"54\" \"54\" \"54\" \"54\" \"54\" \"54\" \"54\" \"54\" \"54\" \"54\" \"54\" \"54\" \"54\"\n",
       "[781] \"54\" \"54\" \"55\" \"55\" \"55\" \"55\" \"55\" \"55\" \"55\" \"55\" \"55\" \"55\" \"56\" \"56\" \"56\"\n",
       "[796] \"56\" \"56\" \"57\" \"57\" \"57\" \"58\" \"58\" \"58\" \"58\" \"59\" \"59\" \"59\" \"59\" \"59\" \"60\"\n",
       "[811] \"61\" \"61\" \"62\" \"62\" \"31\" \"33\" \"34\" \"35\" \"36\" \"37\" \"38\" \"38\" \"38\" \"40\" \"41\"\n",
       "[826] \"41\" \"43\" \"46\" \"46\" \"46\" \"47\" \"47\" \"48\" \"48\" \"48\" \"49\" \"49\" \"49\" \"50\" \"50\"\n",
       "[841] \"51\" \"52\" \"54\" \"54\" \"55\" \"57\" \"58\" \"59\" \"60\" \"63\" \"65\" \"32\" \"38\" \"39\" \"40\"\n",
       "[856] \"43\" \"45\" \"46\" \"46\" \"48\" \"48\" \"48\" \"48\" \"50\" \"52\" \"52\" \"53\" \"54\" \"54\" \"54\"\n",
       "[871] \"54\" \"54\" \"55\" \"56\" \"57\" \"58\" \"58\" \"41\" \"43\" \"44\" \"44\" \"46\" \"47\" \"48\" \"49\"\n",
       "[886] \"49\" \"51\" \"52\" \"52\" \"52\" \"52\" \"53\" \"53\" \"54\" \"55\" \"55\" \"55\" \"56\" \"56\" \"56\"\n",
       "[901] \"58\" \"59\" \"59\" \"65\" \"66\" \"41\" \"43\" \"44\" \"47\" \"47\" \"49\" \"49\" \"50\" \"50\" \"52\"\n",
       "[916] \"52\" \"54\" \"56\" \"58\" \"65\""
      ]
     },
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     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
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       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>age</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>1</th><td>63</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>2</th><td>67</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>3</th><td>67</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>4</th><td>37</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>5</th><td>41</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>6</th><td>56</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>7</th><td>62</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>8</th><td>57</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>9</th><td>63</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>10</th><td>53</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>11</th><td>57</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>12</th><td>56</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>13</th><td>56</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>14</th><td>44</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>15</th><td>52</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>16</th><td>57</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>17</th><td>48</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>18</th><td>54</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>19</th><td>48</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>20</th><td>49</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>21</th><td>64</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>22</th><td>58</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>23</th><td>58</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>24</th><td>58</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>25</th><td>60</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>26</th><td>50</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>27</th><td>58</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>28</th><td>66</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>29</th><td>43</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>30</th><td>40</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>31</th><td><e2><8b><ae></td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>891</th><td>52</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>892</th><td>53</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>893</th><td>53</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>894</th><td>54</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>895</th><td>55</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>896</th><td>55</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>897</th><td>55</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>898</th><td>56</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>899</th><td>56</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>900</th><td>56</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>901</th><td>58</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>902</th><td>59</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>903</th><td>59</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>904</th><td>65</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>905</th><td>66</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>906</th><td>41</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>907</th><td>43</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>908</th><td>44</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>909</th><td>47</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>910</th><td>47</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>911</th><td>49</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>912</th><td>49</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>913</th><td>50</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>914</th><td>50</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>915</th><td>52</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>916</th><td>52</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>917</th><td>54</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>918</th><td>56</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>919</th><td>58</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>920</th><td>65</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|l}\n",
       "  & age\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 63\\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 67\\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 67\\\\\n",
       "\t4 & 37\\\\\n",
       "\t5 & 41\\\\\n",
       "\t6 & 56\\\\\n",
       "\t7 & 62\\\\\n",
       "\t8 & 57\\\\\n",
       "\t9 & 63\\\\\n",
       "\t10 & 53\\\\\n",
       "\t11 & 57\\\\\n",
       "\t12 & 56\\\\\n",
       "\t13 & 56\\\\\n",
       "\t14 & 44\\\\\n",
       "\t15 & 52\\\\\n",
       "\t16 & 57\\\\\n",
       "\t17 & 48\\\\\n",
       "\t18 & 54\\\\\n",
       "\t19 & 48\\\\\n",
       "\t20 & 49\\\\\n",
       "\t21 & 64\\\\\n",
       "\t22 & 58\\\\\n",
       "\t23 & 58\\\\\n",
       "\t24 & 58\\\\\n",
       "\t25 & 60\\\\\n",
       "\t26 & 50\\\\\n",
       "\t27 & 58\\\\\n",
       "\t28 & 66\\\\\n",
       "\t29 & 43\\\\\n",
       "\t30 & 40\\\\\n",
       "\t31 & <e2><8b><ae>\\\\\n",
       "\t891 & 52\\\\\n",
       "\t892 & 53\\\\\n",
       "\t893 & 53\\\\\n",
       "\t894 & 54\\\\\n",
       "\t895 & 55\\\\\n",
       "\t896 & 55\\\\\n",
       "\t897 & 55\\\\\n",
       "\t898 & 56\\\\\n",
       "\t899 & 56\\\\\n",
       "\t900 & 56\\\\\n",
       "\t901 & 58\\\\\n",
       "\t902 & 59\\\\\n",
       "\t903 & 59\\\\\n",
       "\t904 & 65\\\\\n",
       "\t905 & 66\\\\\n",
       "\t906 & 41\\\\\n",
       "\t907 & 43\\\\\n",
       "\t908 & 44\\\\\n",
       "\t909 & 47\\\\\n",
       "\t910 & 47\\\\\n",
       "\t911 & 49\\\\\n",
       "\t912 & 49\\\\\n",
       "\t913 & 50\\\\\n",
       "\t914 & 50\\\\\n",
       "\t915 & 52\\\\\n",
       "\t916 & 52\\\\\n",
       "\t917 & 54\\\\\n",
       "\t918 & 56\\\\\n",
       "\t919 & 58\\\\\n",
       "\t920 & 65\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "    age\n",
       "1    63\n",
       "2    67\n",
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      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#===========================================================\n",
    "#R\n",
    "# the variable names are embedded into the structure but accessed using a $ character\n",
    "df$age\n",
    "df['age'] # but can also be accessed using strings"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1 4 inf\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Pandas\n",
    "print(df.chest_pain.min(), df.chest_pain.max(), df.chest_pain.mean())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Warning message:\n",
      "In mean.default(df$chest_pain): argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\"1 4 NA\""
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\"1 4 NA\""
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\"1 4 NA\""
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"1 4 NA\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#R\n",
    "paste(min(df$chest_pain), max(df$chest_pain), mean(df$chest_pain), sep=\" \")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>\n",
      "RangeIndex: 920 entries, 0 to 919\n",
      "Data columns (total 14 columns):\n",
      "age                  920 non-null object\n",
      "is_male              920 non-null object\n",
      "chest_pain           920 non-null object\n",
      "rest_blood_press     920 non-null object\n",
      "cholesterol          920 non-null object\n",
      "high_blood_sugar     920 non-null object\n",
      "rest_ecg             920 non-null object\n",
      "max_heart_rate       920 non-null object\n",
      "exer_angina          920 non-null object\n",
      "ST_depression        920 non-null object\n",
      "Peak_ST_seg          920 non-null object\n",
      "major_vessels        920 non-null object\n",
      "thal                 920 non-null object\n",
      "has_heart_disease    920 non-null object\n",
      "dtypes: object(14)\n",
      "memory usage: 100.8+ KB\n",
      "None\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Pandas\n",
    "# lets get rid of the 'site' variable\n",
    "if 'site' in df:\n",
    "    del df['site']\n",
    "\n",
    "print(df.info())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "'data.frame':\t920 obs. of  14 variables:\n",
      " $ age              : chr  \"63\" \"67\" \"67\" \"37\" ...\n",
      " $ is_male          : chr  \"1\" \"1\" \"1\" \"1\" ...\n",
      " $ chest_pain       : chr  \"1\" \"4\" \"4\" \"3\" ...\n",
      " $ rest_blood_press : chr  \"145\" \"160\" \"120\" \"130\" ...\n",
      " $ cholesterol      : chr  \"233\" \"286\" \"229\" \"250\" ...\n",
      " $ high_blood_sugar : chr  \"1\" \"0\" \"0\" \"0\" ...\n",
      " $ rest_ecg         : chr  \"2\" \"2\" \"2\" \"0\" ...\n",
      " $ max_heart_rate   : chr  \"150\" \"108\" \"129\" \"187\" ...\n",
      " $ exer_angina      : chr  \"0\" \"1\" \"1\" \"0\" ...\n",
      " $ ST_depression    : chr  \"2.3\" \"1.5\" \"2.6\" \"3.5\" ...\n",
      " $ Peak_ST_seg      : chr  \"3\" \"2\" \"2\" \"3\" ...\n",
      " $ major_vessels    : chr  \"0\" \"3\" \"2\" \"0\" ...\n",
      " $ thal             : chr  \"6\" \"3\" \"7\" \"3\" ...\n",
      " $ has_heart_disease: chr  \"0\" \"2\" \"1\" \"0\" ...\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#R\n",
    "# lets get rid of the 'site' variable using R\n",
    "#df[ SUBSET ROWS HERE , SUBSET COLUMNS HERE]\n",
    "#See the follwing URL for a million different alternate examples:\n",
    "#    http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4605206/drop-data-frame-columns-by-name\n",
    "df <- df[, !(colnames(df) %in% c(\"site\"))] \n",
    "\n",
    "#do the same thing using the column index, CAREFUL, IF you run this twice, age will be gone as well!\n",
    "#This is litterally saying select all columns, except the column at index 1\n",
    "#df <- df[, -1] \n",
    "\n",
    "str(df)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>\n",
      "RangeIndex: 920 entries, 0 to 919\n",
      "Data columns (total 14 columns):\n",
      "age                  920 non-null int64\n",
      "is_male              920 non-null object\n",
      "chest_pain           920 non-null int64\n",
      "rest_blood_press     920 non-null float64\n",
      "cholesterol          920 non-null float64\n",
      "high_blood_sugar     920 non-null object\n",
      "rest_ecg             920 non-null int64\n",
      "max_heart_rate       920 non-null float64\n",
      "exer_angina          920 non-null object\n",
      "ST_depression        920 non-null float64\n",
      "Peak_ST_seg          920 non-null int64\n",
      "major_vessels        920 non-null int64\n",
      "thal                 920 non-null int64\n",
      "has_heart_disease    920 non-null int64\n",
      "dtypes: float64(4), int64(7), object(3)\n",
      "memory usage: 100.8+ KB\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Pandas\n",
    "# Notice that all of the data is stored as a non-null object\n",
    "# That's not good. It means we need to change those data types\n",
    "# in order to encode the variables properly. Right now Pandas\n",
    "# thinks all of our variables are nominal!\n",
    "\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "# replace '?' with -1, we will deal with missing values later\n",
    "df = df.replace(to_replace='?',value=-999) \n",
    "\n",
    "# let's start by first changing the numeric values to be floats\n",
    "continuous_features = ['rest_blood_press', 'cholesterol', \n",
    "                       'max_heart_rate', 'ST_depression']\n",
    "\n",
    "# and the oridnal values to be integers\n",
    "ordinal_features = ['age','major_vessels','chest_pain',\n",
    "                    'rest_ecg','Peak_ST_seg','thal','has_heart_disease']\n",
    "\n",
    "# we won't touch these variables, keep them as categorical\n",
    "categ_features = ['is_male','high_blood_sugar','exer_angina'];\n",
    "\n",
    "# use the \"astype\" function to change the variable type\n",
    "df[continuous_features] = df[continuous_features].astype(np.float64)\n",
    "df[ordinal_features] = df[ordinal_features].astype(np.int64)\n",
    "\n",
    "df.info() # now our data looks better!!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "'data.frame':\t920 obs. of  14 variables:\n",
      " $ age              : num  63 67 67 37 41 56 62 57 63 53 ...\n",
      " $ is_male          : Factor w/ 2 levels \"0\",\"1\": 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 ...\n",
      " $ chest_pain       : num  1 4 4 3 2 2 4 4 4 4 ...\n",
      " $ rest_blood_press : num  145 160 120 130 130 120 140 120 130 140 ...\n",
      " $ cholesterol      : num  233 286 229 250 204 236 268 354 254 203 ...\n",
      " $ high_blood_sugar : Factor w/ 3 levels \"-999\",\"0\",\"1\": 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 ...\n",
      " $ rest_ecg         : num  2 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 ...\n",
      " $ max_heart_rate   : num  150 108 129 187 172 178 160 163 147 155 ...\n",
      " $ exer_angina      : Factor w/ 3 levels \"-999\",\"0\",\"1\": 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 ...\n",
      " $ ST_depression    : num  2.3 1.5 2.6 3.5 1.4 0.8 3.6 0.6 1.4 3.1 ...\n",
      " $ Peak_ST_seg      : num  3 2 2 3 1 1 3 1 2 3 ...\n",
      " $ major_vessels    : num  0 3 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 ...\n",
      " $ thal             : num  6 3 7 3 3 3 3 3 7 7 ...\n",
      " $ has_heart_disease: num  0 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 2 1 ...\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#===========================================================\n",
    "#R\n",
    "# Notice that all of the data is stored as character vectors.\n",
    "# That's not good. It means we need to change those data types\n",
    "# in order to encode the variables properly. Right now R\n",
    "# thinks all of our variables are nominal!\n",
    "\n",
    "# replace '?' with -999, we will deal with missing values later\n",
    "df[df == '?'] <- -999\n",
    "\n",
    "# let's start by first changing the numeric values to be floats\n",
    "continuous_features = c('rest_blood_press', 'cholesterol', \n",
    "                       'max_heart_rate', 'ST_depression')\n",
    "\n",
    "# and the oridnal values to be integers\n",
    "ordinal_features = c('age','major_vessels','chest_pain',\n",
    "                    'rest_ecg','Peak_ST_seg','thal','has_heart_disease')\n",
    "\n",
    "# we won't touch these variables, keep them as categorical\n",
    "categ_features = c('is_male','high_blood_sugar','exer_angina')\n",
    "\n",
    "# use the sapply function to change the variable type\n",
    "df[ , continuous_features] <- lapply(df[,continuous_features],as.numeric)\n",
    "df[ , ordinal_features] <- lapply(df[,ordinal_features],as.numeric)\n",
    "df[ , categ_features] <- lapply(df[,categ_features],as.factor)\n",
    "\n",
    "str(df) # now our data looks better!!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>age</th>\n",
       "      <th>is_male</th>\n",
       "      <th>chest_pain</th>\n",
       "      <th>rest_blood_press</th>\n",
       "      <th>cholesterol</th>\n",
       "      <th>high_blood_sugar</th>\n",
       "      <th>rest_ecg</th>\n",
       "      <th>max_heart_rate</th>\n",
       "      <th>exer_angina</th>\n",
       "      <th>ST_depression</th>\n",
       "      <th>Peak_ST_seg</th>\n",
       "      <th>major_vessels</th>\n",
       "      <th>thal</th>\n",
       "      <th>has_heart_disease</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>145.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>233.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>150.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>160.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>286.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>108.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>120.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>229.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>129.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>37</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>130.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>250.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>187.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>41</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>130.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>204.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>172.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   age is_male  chest_pain  rest_blood_press  cholesterol high_blood_sugar  \\\n",
       "0   63       1           1             145.0        233.0                1   \n",
       "1   67       1           4             160.0        286.0                0   \n",
       "2   67       1           4             120.0        229.0                0   \n",
       "3   37       1           3             130.0        250.0                0   \n",
       "4   41       0           2             130.0        204.0                0   \n",
       "\n",
       "   rest_ecg  max_heart_rate exer_angina  ST_depression  Peak_ST_seg  \\\n",
       "0         2           150.0           0            2.3            3   \n",
       "1         2           108.0           1            1.5            2   \n",
       "2         2           129.0           1            2.6            2   \n",
       "3         0           187.0           0            3.5            3   \n",
       "4         2           172.0           0            1.4            1   \n",
       "\n",
       "   major_vessels  thal  has_heart_disease  \n",
       "0              0     6                  0  \n",
       "1              3     3                  2  \n",
       "2              2     7                  1  \n",
       "3              0     3                  0  \n",
       "4              0     3                  0  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Pandas\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>age</th><th scope=col>is_male</th><th scope=col>chest_pain</th><th scope=col>rest_blood_press</th><th scope=col>cholesterol</th><th scope=col>high_blood_sugar</th><th scope=col>rest_ecg</th><th scope=col>max_heart_rate</th><th scope=col>exer_angina</th><th scope=col>ST_depression</th><th scope=col>Peak_ST_seg</th><th scope=col>major_vessels</th><th scope=col>thal</th><th scope=col>has_heart_disease</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>1</th><td>63</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>145</td><td>233</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>150</td><td>0</td><td>2.3</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>6</td><td>0</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>2</th><td>67</td><td>1</td><td>4</td><td>160</td><td>286</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>108</td><td>1</td><td>1.5</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>2</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>3</th><td>67</td><td>1</td><td>4</td><td>120</td><td>229</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>129</td><td>1</td><td>2.6</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>7</td><td>1</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>4</th><td>37</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>130</td><td>250</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>187</td><td>0</td><td>3.5</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>0</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>5</th><td>41</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>130</td><td>204</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>172</td><td>0</td><td>1.4</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>0</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>6</th><td>56</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>120</td><td>236</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>178</td><td>0</td><td>0.8</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>0</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|llllllllllllll}\n",
       "  & age & is_male & chest_pain & rest_blood_press & cholesterol & high_blood_sugar & rest_ecg & max_heart_rate & exer_angina & ST_depression & Peak_ST_seg & major_vessels & thal & has_heart_disease\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 63 & 1 & 1 & 145 & 233 & 1 & 2 & 150 & 0 & 2.3 & 3 & 0 & 6 & 0\\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 67 & 1 & 4 & 160 & 286 & 0 & 2 & 108 & 1 & 1.5 & 2 & 3 & 3 & 2\\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 67 & 1 & 4 & 120 & 229 & 0 & 2 & 129 & 1 & 2.6 & 2 & 2 & 7 & 1\\\\\n",
       "\t4 & 37 & 1 & 3 & 130 & 250 & 0 & 0 & 187 & 0 & 3.5 & 3 & 0 & 3 & 0\\\\\n",
       "\t5 & 41 & 0 & 2 & 130 & 204 & 0 & 2 & 172 & 0 & 1.4 & 1 & 0 & 3 & 0\\\\\n",
       "\t6 & 56 & 1 & 2 & 120 & 236 & 0 & 0 & 178 & 0 & 0.8 & 1 & 0 & 3 & 0\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  age is_male chest_pain rest_blood_press cholesterol high_blood_sugar rest_ecg\n",
       "1  63       1          1              145         233                1        2\n",
       "2  67       1          4              160         286                0        2\n",
       "3  67       1          4              120         229                0        2\n",
       "4  37       1          3              130         250                0        0\n",
       "5  41       0          2              130         204                0        2\n",
       "6  56       1          2              120         236                0        0\n",
       "  max_heart_rate exer_angina ST_depression Peak_ST_seg major_vessels thal\n",
       "1            150           0           2.3           3             0    6\n",
       "2            108           1           1.5           2             3    3\n",
       "3            129           1           2.6           2             2    7\n",
       "4            187           0           3.5           3             0    3\n",
       "5            172           0           1.4           1             0    3\n",
       "6            178           0           0.8           1             0    3\n",
       "  has_heart_disease\n",
       "1                 0\n",
       "2                 2\n",
       "3                 1\n",
       "4                 0\n",
       "5                 0\n",
       "6                 0"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#R\n",
    "head(df)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Let's get summary of all attributes in the frame"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>age</th>\n",
       "      <th>chest_pain</th>\n",
       "      <th>rest_blood_press</th>\n",
       "      <th>cholesterol</th>\n",
       "      <th>rest_ecg</th>\n",
       "      <th>max_heart_rate</th>\n",
       "      <th>ST_depression</th>\n",
       "      <th>Peak_ST_seg</th>\n",
       "      <th>major_vessels</th>\n",
       "      <th>thal</th>\n",
       "      <th>has_heart_disease</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>count</th>\n",
       "      <td>920.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>920.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>920.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>920.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>920.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>920.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>920.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>920.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>920.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>920.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>920.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
       "      <td>53.510870</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.250000</td>\n",
       "      <td>59.592391</td>\n",
       "      <td>160.060870</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.568478</td>\n",
       "      <td>69.600000</td>\n",
       "      <td>-66.504348</td>\n",
       "      <td>-334.357609</td>\n",
       "      <td>-663.239130</td>\n",
       "      <td>-525.332609</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.995652</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>std</th>\n",
       "      <td>9.424685</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.930969</td>\n",
       "      <td>277.874147</td>\n",
       "      <td>239.175526</td>\n",
       "      <td>46.588394</td>\n",
       "      <td>270.772391</td>\n",
       "      <td>250.806627</td>\n",
       "      <td>472.914987</td>\n",
       "      <td>472.397826</td>\n",
       "      <td>501.515562</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.142693</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>min</th>\n",
       "      <td>28.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>-999.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>-999.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>-999.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>-999.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>-999.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>-999.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>-999.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>-999.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>25%</th>\n",
       "      <td>47.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>120.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>164.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>115.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>-999.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>-999.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>-999.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>50%</th>\n",
       "      <td>54.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>130.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>221.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>138.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.200000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>-999.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>-999.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>75%</th>\n",
       "      <td>60.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>140.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>267.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>156.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.500000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>max</th>\n",
       "      <td>77.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>200.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>603.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>202.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.200000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "              age  chest_pain  rest_blood_press  cholesterol    rest_ecg  \\\n",
       "count  920.000000  920.000000        920.000000   920.000000  920.000000   \n",
       "mean    53.510870    3.250000         59.592391   160.060870   -1.568478   \n",
       "std      9.424685    0.930969        277.874147   239.175526   46.588394   \n",
       "min     28.000000    1.000000       -999.000000  -999.000000 -999.000000   \n",
       "25%     47.000000    3.000000        120.000000   164.000000    0.000000   \n",
       "50%     54.000000    4.000000        130.000000   221.000000    0.000000   \n",
       "75%     60.000000    4.000000        140.000000   267.000000    1.000000   \n",
       "max     77.000000    4.000000        200.000000   603.000000    2.000000   \n",
       "\n",
       "       max_heart_rate  ST_depression  Peak_ST_seg  major_vessels        thal  \\\n",
       "count      920.000000     920.000000   920.000000     920.000000  920.000000   \n",
       "mean        69.600000     -66.504348  -334.357609    -663.239130 -525.332609   \n",
       "std        270.772391     250.806627   472.914987     472.397826  501.515562   \n",
       "min       -999.000000    -999.000000  -999.000000    -999.000000 -999.000000   \n",
       "25%        115.000000       0.000000  -999.000000    -999.000000 -999.000000   \n",
       "50%        138.000000       0.200000     1.000000    -999.000000 -999.000000   \n",
       "75%        156.000000       1.500000     2.000000       0.000000    6.000000   \n",
       "max        202.000000       6.200000     3.000000       3.000000    7.000000   \n",
       "\n",
       "       has_heart_disease  \n",
       "count         920.000000  \n",
       "mean            0.995652  \n",
       "std             1.142693  \n",
       "min             0.000000  \n",
       "25%             0.000000  \n",
       "50%             1.000000  \n",
       "75%             2.000000  \n",
       "max             4.000000  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Pandas\n",
    "df.describe() # will get summary of continuous or the nominals"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 73,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "      age        is_male   chest_pain   rest_blood_press   cholesterol    \n",
       " Min.   :28.00   0:194   Min.   :1.00   Min.   :-999.00   Min.   :-999.0  \n",
       " 1st Qu.:47.00   1:726   1st Qu.:3.00   1st Qu.: 120.00   1st Qu.: 164.0  \n",
       " Median :54.00           Median :4.00   Median : 130.00   Median : 221.0  \n",
       " Mean   :53.51           Mean   :3.25   Mean   :  59.59   Mean   : 160.1  \n",
       " 3rd Qu.:60.00           3rd Qu.:4.00   3rd Qu.: 140.00   3rd Qu.: 267.0  \n",
       " Max.   :77.00           Max.   :4.00   Max.   : 200.00   Max.   : 603.0  \n",
       " high_blood_sugar    rest_ecg        max_heart_rate   exer_angina\n",
       " -999: 90         Min.   :-999.000   Min.   :-999.0   -999: 55   \n",
       " 0   :692         1st Qu.:   0.000   1st Qu.: 115.0   0   :528   \n",
       " 1   :138         Median :   0.000   Median : 138.0   1   :337   \n",
       "                  Mean   :  -1.568   Mean   :  69.6              \n",
       "                  3rd Qu.:   1.000   3rd Qu.: 156.0              \n",
       "                  Max.   :   2.000   Max.   : 202.0              \n",
       " ST_depression     Peak_ST_seg     major_vessels         thal       \n",
       " Min.   :-999.0   Min.   :-999.0   Min.   :-999.0   Min.   :-999.0  \n",
       " 1st Qu.:   0.0   1st Qu.:-999.0   1st Qu.:-999.0   1st Qu.:-999.0  \n",
       " Median :   0.2   Median :   1.0   Median :-999.0   Median :-999.0  \n",
       " Mean   : -66.5   Mean   :-334.4   Mean   :-663.2   Mean   :-525.3  \n",
       " 3rd Qu.:   1.5   3rd Qu.:   2.0   3rd Qu.:   0.0   3rd Qu.:   6.0  \n",
       " Max.   :   6.2   Max.   :   3.0   Max.   :   3.0   Max.   :   7.0  \n",
       " has_heart_disease\n",
       " Min.   :0.0000   \n",
       " 1st Qu.:0.0000   \n",
       " Median :1.0000   \n",
       " Mean   :0.9957   \n",
       " 3rd Qu.:2.0000   \n",
       " Max.   :4.0000   "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#R\n",
    "summary(df)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "There are 920 entries in this data frame. Notice that this data frame has a number of missing values denoted by the value -999 (that we changed the '?' value to before). We need to either remove the missing values from the dataset OR we need to fill in with our best guess for those values. Let's first drop all the rows with missing values."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>\n",
      "RangeIndex: 920 entries, 0 to 919\n",
      "Data columns (total 14 columns):\n",
      "age                  920 non-null int64\n",
      "is_male              920 non-null object\n",
      "chest_pain           920 non-null int64\n",
      "rest_blood_press     861 non-null float64\n",
      "cholesterol          890 non-null float64\n",
      "high_blood_sugar     830 non-null object\n",
      "rest_ecg             918 non-null float64\n",
      "max_heart_rate       865 non-null float64\n",
      "exer_angina          865 non-null object\n",
      "ST_depression        858 non-null float64\n",
      "Peak_ST_seg          611 non-null float64\n",
      "major_vessels        309 non-null float64\n",
      "thal                 434 non-null float64\n",
      "has_heart_disease    920 non-null int64\n",
      "dtypes: float64(8), int64(3), object(3)\n",
      "memory usage: 100.8+ KB\n",
      "None\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
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       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>age</th>\n",
       "      <th>chest_pain</th>\n",
       "      <th>rest_blood_press</th>\n",
       "      <th>cholesterol</th>\n",
       "      <th>rest_ecg</th>\n",
       "      <th>max_heart_rate</th>\n",
       "      <th>ST_depression</th>\n",
       "      <th>Peak_ST_seg</th>\n",
       "      <th>major_vessels</th>\n",
       "      <th>thal</th>\n",
       "      <th>has_heart_disease</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>count</th>\n",
       "      <td>920.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>920.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>861.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>890.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>918.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>865.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>858.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>611.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>309.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>434.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>920.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
       "      <td>53.510870</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.250000</td>\n",
       "      <td>132.132404</td>\n",
       "      <td>199.130337</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.604575</td>\n",
       "      <td>137.545665</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.878788</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.770867</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.676375</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.087558</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.995652</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>std</th>\n",
       "      <td>9.424685</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.930969</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.066070</td>\n",
       "      <td>110.780810</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.805827</td>\n",
       "      <td>25.926276</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.091226</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.619256</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.935653</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.919075</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.142693</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>min</th>\n",
       "      <td>28.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>60.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>-2.600000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>25%</th>\n",
       "      <td>47.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>120.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>175.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>120.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>50%</th>\n",
       "      <td>54.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>130.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>223.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>140.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.500000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>75%</th>\n",
       "      <td>60.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>140.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>268.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>157.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.500000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>max</th>\n",
       "      <td>77.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>200.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>603.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>202.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.200000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "              age  chest_pain  rest_blood_press  cholesterol    rest_ecg  \\\n",
       "count  920.000000  920.000000        861.000000   890.000000  918.000000   \n",
       "mean    53.510870    3.250000        132.132404   199.130337    0.604575   \n",
       "std      9.424685    0.930969         19.066070   110.780810    0.805827   \n",
       "min     28.000000    1.000000          0.000000     0.000000    0.000000   \n",
       "25%     47.000000    3.000000        120.000000   175.000000    0.000000   \n",
       "50%     54.000000    4.000000        130.000000   223.000000    0.000000   \n",
       "75%     60.000000    4.000000        140.000000   268.000000    1.000000   \n",
       "max     77.000000    4.000000        200.000000   603.000000    2.000000   \n",
       "\n",
       "       max_heart_rate  ST_depression  Peak_ST_seg  major_vessels        thal  \\\n",
       "count      865.000000     858.000000   611.000000     309.000000  434.000000   \n",
       "mean       137.545665       0.878788     1.770867       0.676375    5.087558   \n",
       "std         25.926276       1.091226     0.619256       0.935653    1.919075   \n",
       "min         60.000000      -2.600000     1.000000       0.000000    3.000000   \n",
       "25%        120.000000       0.000000     1.000000       0.000000    3.000000   \n",
       "50%        140.000000       0.500000     2.000000       0.000000    6.000000   \n",
       "75%        157.000000       1.500000     2.000000       1.000000    7.000000   \n",
       "max        202.000000       6.200000     3.000000       3.000000    7.000000   \n",
       "\n",
       "       has_heart_disease  \n",
       "count         920.000000  \n",
       "mean            0.995652  \n",
       "std             1.142693  \n",
       "min             0.000000  \n",
       "25%             0.000000  \n",
       "50%             1.000000  \n",
       "75%             2.000000  \n",
       "max             4.000000  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Pandas\n",
    "# how many value have the -1 (which we set as the missing values) \n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "\n",
    "# let's set those values to NaN, so that Pandas understand they are missing\n",
    "df = df.replace(to_replace=-999,value=np.nan) # replace -1 with NaN (not a number)\n",
    "print(df.info())\n",
    "df.describe() # scroll over to see the values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 74,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "1759"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "1759"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1759"
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      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 1759"
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     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "1759"
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      "text/latex": [
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      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 1759"
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     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "'data.frame':\t920 obs. of  14 variables:\n",
      " $ age              : num  63 67 67 37 41 56 62 57 63 53 ...\n",
      " $ is_male          : Factor w/ 2 levels \"0\",\"1\": 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 ...\n",
      " $ chest_pain       : num  1 4 4 3 2 2 4 4 4 4 ...\n",
      " $ rest_blood_press : num  145 160 120 130 130 120 140 120 130 140 ...\n",
      " $ cholesterol      : num  233 286 229 250 204 236 268 354 254 203 ...\n",
      " $ high_blood_sugar : Factor w/ 3 levels \"-999\",\"0\",\"1\": 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 ...\n",
      " $ rest_ecg         : num  2 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 ...\n",
      " $ max_heart_rate   : num  150 108 129 187 172 178 160 163 147 155 ...\n",
      " $ exer_angina      : Factor w/ 3 levels \"-999\",\"0\",\"1\": 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 ...\n",
      " $ ST_depression    : num  2.3 1.5 2.6 3.5 1.4 0.8 3.6 0.6 1.4 3.1 ...\n",
      " $ Peak_ST_seg      : num  3 2 2 3 1 1 3 1 2 3 ...\n",
      " $ major_vessels    : num  0 3 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 ...\n",
      " $ thal             : num  6 3 7 3 3 3 3 3 7 7 ...\n",
      " $ has_heart_disease: num  0 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 2 1 ...\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "      age        is_male   chest_pain   rest_blood_press  cholesterol   \n",
       " Min.   :28.00   0:194   Min.   :1.00   Min.   :  0.0    Min.   :  0.0  \n",
       " 1st Qu.:47.00   1:726   1st Qu.:3.00   1st Qu.:120.0    1st Qu.:175.0  \n",
       " Median :54.00           Median :4.00   Median :130.0    Median :223.0  \n",
       " Mean   :53.51           Mean   :3.25   Mean   :132.1    Mean   :199.1  \n",
       " 3rd Qu.:60.00           3rd Qu.:4.00   3rd Qu.:140.0    3rd Qu.:268.0  \n",
       " Max.   :77.00           Max.   :4.00   Max.   :200.0    Max.   :603.0  \n",
       "                                        NA's   :59       NA's   :30     \n",
       " high_blood_sugar    rest_ecg      max_heart_rate  exer_angina\n",
       " -999:  0         Min.   :0.0000   Min.   : 60.0   -999:  0   \n",
       " 0   :692         1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:120.0   0   :528   \n",
       " 1   :138         Median :0.0000   Median :140.0   1   :337   \n",
       " NA's: 90         Mean   :0.6046   Mean   :137.5   NA's: 55   \n",
       "                  3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:157.0              \n",
       "                  Max.   :2.0000   Max.   :202.0              \n",
       "                  NA's   :2        NA's   :55                 \n",
       " ST_depression      Peak_ST_seg    major_vessels         thal      \n",
       " Min.   :-2.6000   Min.   :1.000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :3.000  \n",
       " 1st Qu.: 0.0000   1st Qu.:1.000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:3.000  \n",
       " Median : 0.5000   Median :2.000   Median :0.0000   Median :6.000  \n",
       " Mean   : 0.8788   Mean   :1.771   Mean   :0.6764   Mean   :5.088  \n",
       " 3rd Qu.: 1.5000   3rd Qu.:2.000   3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:7.000  \n",
       " Max.   : 6.2000   Max.   :3.000   Max.   :3.0000   Max.   :7.000  \n",
       " NA's   :62        NA's   :309     NA's   :611      NA's   :486    \n",
       " has_heart_disease\n",
       " Min.   :0.0000   \n",
       " 1st Qu.:0.0000   \n",
       " Median :1.0000   \n",
       " Mean   :0.9957   \n",
       " 3rd Qu.:2.0000   \n",
       " Max.   :4.0000   \n",
       "                  "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#R\n",
    "# how many values were previously ? (which we set as the missing values) \n",
    "length(df[df == '-999'])  #Count the  -999 values\n",
    "\n",
    "# let's set those values to NA, so that R understand they are missing\n",
    "df[df == '-999'] <- NA\n",
    "\n",
    "# how many values were previously -999 (which we set as the missing values) \n",
    "sum(is.na(df))\n",
    "\n",
    "str(df)\n",
    "summary(df) # scroll over to see the values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Wow. Notice how the number of attributes went down in the description function. Looks like we need to impute values. If we drop the rows with missing data, we will be throwing away almost 80% of the data collected. No way!!\n",
    "\n",
    "### Imputation of NaN values (Optional)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "age                   54.0\n",
       "is_male                1.0\n",
       "chest_pain             4.0\n",
       "rest_blood_press     130.0\n",
       "cholesterol          223.0\n",
       "high_blood_sugar       0.0\n",
       "rest_ecg               0.0\n",
       "max_heart_rate       140.0\n",
       "exer_angina            0.0\n",
       "ST_depression          0.5\n",
       "Peak_ST_seg            2.0\n",
       "major_vessels          0.0\n",
       "thal                   6.0\n",
       "has_heart_disease      1.0\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Pandas\n",
    "# lets look at some stats of the data\n",
    "df.median() # only calculates for numeric data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 75,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "      age        is_male   chest_pain   rest_blood_press  cholesterol   \n",
       " Min.   :28.00   0:194   Min.   :1.00   Min.   :  0.0    Min.   :  0.0  \n",
       " 1st Qu.:47.00   1:726   1st Qu.:3.00   1st Qu.:120.0    1st Qu.:175.0  \n",
       " Median :54.00           Median :4.00   Median :130.0    Median :223.0  \n",
       " Mean   :53.51           Mean   :3.25   Mean   :132.1    Mean   :199.1  \n",
       " 3rd Qu.:60.00           3rd Qu.:4.00   3rd Qu.:140.0    3rd Qu.:268.0  \n",
       " Max.   :77.00           Max.   :4.00   Max.   :200.0    Max.   :603.0  \n",
       "                                        NA's   :59       NA's   :30     \n",
       " high_blood_sugar    rest_ecg      max_heart_rate  exer_angina\n",
       " -999:  0         Min.   :0.0000   Min.   : 60.0   -999:  0   \n",
       " 0   :692         1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:120.0   0   :528   \n",
       " 1   :138         Median :0.0000   Median :140.0   1   :337   \n",
       " NA's: 90         Mean   :0.6046   Mean   :137.5   NA's: 55   \n",
       "                  3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:157.0              \n",
       "                  Max.   :2.0000   Max.   :202.0              \n",
       "                  NA's   :2        NA's   :55                 \n",
       " ST_depression      Peak_ST_seg    major_vessels         thal      \n",
       " Min.   :-2.6000   Min.   :1.000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :3.000  \n",
       " 1st Qu.: 0.0000   1st Qu.:1.000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:3.000  \n",
       " Median : 0.5000   Median :2.000   Median :0.0000   Median :6.000  \n",
       " Mean   : 0.8788   Mean   :1.771   Mean   :0.6764   Mean   :5.088  \n",
       " 3rd Qu.: 1.5000   3rd Qu.:2.000   3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:7.000  \n",
       " Max.   : 6.2000   Max.   :3.000   Max.   :3.0000   Max.   :7.000  \n",
       " NA's   :62        NA's   :309     NA's   :611      NA's   :486    \n",
       " has_heart_disease\n",
       " Min.   :0.0000   \n",
       " 1st Qu.:0.0000   \n",
       " Median :1.0000   \n",
       " Mean   :0.9957   \n",
       " 3rd Qu.:2.0000   \n",
       " Max.   :4.0000   \n",
       "                  "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#R\n",
    "# lets look at some stats of the data\n",
    "summary(df) # only calculates for numeric data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>\n",
      "RangeIndex: 920 entries, 0 to 919\n",
      "Data columns (total 14 columns):\n",
      "age                  920 non-null int64\n",
      "is_male              920 non-null object\n",
      "chest_pain           920 non-null int64\n",
      "rest_blood_press     920 non-null float64\n",
      "cholesterol          920 non-null float64\n",
      "high_blood_sugar     920 non-null object\n",
      "rest_ecg             920 non-null float64\n",
      "max_heart_rate       920 non-null float64\n",
      "exer_angina          920 non-null object\n",
      "ST_depression        920 non-null float64\n",
      "Peak_ST_seg          920 non-null float64\n",
      "major_vessels        920 non-null float64\n",
      "thal                 920 non-null float64\n",
      "has_heart_disease    920 non-null int64\n",
      "dtypes: float64(8), int64(3), object(3)\n",
      "memory usage: 100.8+ KB\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Pandas\n",
    "# the 'fillna' function will take the given series (the output above)\n",
    "# and fill in the missing values for the columns it has\n",
    "df_imputed = df.fillna(df.median()) # note that to do this all values must be numeric\n",
    "df_imputed.info()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Notice that the object variables are unchanged, but all the numeric/ordinal values have been filled in with the median of the columns. Let's try something (slightly) smarter, and fill in the oridinals with the median and the continuous with the mean."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 76,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "      age        is_male   chest_pain   rest_blood_press  cholesterol   \n",
       " Min.   :28.00   0:194   Min.   :1.00   Min.   :  0.0    Min.   :  0.0  \n",
       " 1st Qu.:47.00   1:726   1st Qu.:3.00   1st Qu.:120.0    1st Qu.:177.8  \n",
       " Median :54.00           Median :4.00   Median :130.0    Median :221.0  \n",
       " Mean   :53.51           Mean   :3.25   Mean   :132.1    Mean   :199.1  \n",
       " 3rd Qu.:60.00           3rd Qu.:4.00   3rd Qu.:140.0    3rd Qu.:267.0  \n",
       " Max.   :77.00           Max.   :4.00   Max.   :200.0    Max.   :603.0  \n",
       " high_blood_sugar    rest_ecg      max_heart_rate  exer_angina\n",
       " -999:  0         Min.   :0.0000   Min.   : 60.0   -999:  0   \n",
       " 0   :692         1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:120.0   0   :528   \n",
       " 1   :138         Median :0.0000   Median :138.0   1   :337   \n",
       " NA's: 90         Mean   :0.6046   Mean   :137.5   NA's: 55   \n",
       "                  3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:156.0              \n",
       "                  Max.   :2.0000   Max.   :202.0              \n",
       " ST_depression      Peak_ST_seg    major_vessels         thal      \n",
       " Min.   :-2.6000   Min.   :1.000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :3.000  \n",
       " 1st Qu.: 0.0000   1st Qu.:1.771   1st Qu.:0.6764   1st Qu.:5.088  \n",
       " Median : 0.8000   Median :1.771   Median :0.6764   Median :5.088  \n",
       " Mean   : 0.8788   Mean   :1.771   Mean   :0.6764   Mean   :5.088  \n",
       " 3rd Qu.: 1.5000   3rd Qu.:2.000   3rd Qu.:0.6764   3rd Qu.:6.000  \n",
       " Max.   : 6.2000   Max.   :3.000   Max.   :3.0000   Max.   :7.000  \n",
       " has_heart_disease\n",
       " Min.   :0.0000   \n",
       " 1st Qu.:0.0000   \n",
       " Median :1.0000   \n",
       " Mean   :0.9957   \n",
       " 3rd Qu.:2.0000   \n",
       " Max.   :4.0000   "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#R\n",
    "# the lapply function will take the given series (the output above)\n",
    "# and fill in the missing values for the columns it has\n",
    "\n",
    "df_imputed <- df\n",
    "\n",
    "#Get only the numeric columns in the data frame\n",
    "numCols <- sapply(df, is.numeric)\n",
    "\n",
    "#Now perform Simple Mean Imputation on each numeric column\n",
    "df_imputed[,numCols] <- lapply(df_imputed[,numCols], function(x) { \n",
    "  x[is.na(x)] <- mean(x, na.rm = TRUE)\n",
    "  x\n",
    "})\n",
    "\n",
    "summary(df_imputed)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Notice all of the NA values are now imputed / replaced with the mean() for each column."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "is_male                1.000000\n",
      "high_blood_sugar       0.000000\n",
      "exer_angina            0.000000\n",
      "age                   54.000000\n",
      "major_vessels          0.000000\n",
      "chest_pain             4.000000\n",
      "rest_ecg               0.000000\n",
      "Peak_ST_seg            2.000000\n",
      "thal                   6.000000\n",
      "has_heart_disease      1.000000\n",
      "rest_blood_press     132.132404\n",
      "cholesterol          199.130337\n",
      "max_heart_rate       137.545665\n",
      "ST_depression          0.878788\n",
      "dtype: float64\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Pandas\n",
    "# make  one series for imputing with\n",
    "series_mean = df[continuous_features].mean()\n",
    "series_median = df[categ_features+ordinal_features].median()\n",
    "cat_series = pd.concat((series_median,series_mean))\n",
    "\n",
    "print(cat_series)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>\n",
      "RangeIndex: 920 entries, 0 to 919\n",
      "Data columns (total 14 columns):\n",
      "age                  920 non-null int64\n",
      "is_male              920 non-null object\n",
      "chest_pain           920 non-null int64\n",
      "rest_blood_press     920 non-null float64\n",
      "cholesterol          920 non-null float64\n",
      "high_blood_sugar     920 non-null object\n",
      "rest_ecg             920 non-null float64\n",
      "max_heart_rate       920 non-null float64\n",
      "exer_angina          920 non-null object\n",
      "ST_depression        920 non-null float64\n",
      "Peak_ST_seg          920 non-null float64\n",
      "major_vessels        920 non-null float64\n",
      "thal                 920 non-null float64\n",
      "has_heart_disease    920 non-null int64\n",
      "dtypes: float64(8), int64(3), object(3)\n",
      "memory usage: 100.8+ KB\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Pandas\n",
    "# now let's impute the numbers a bit differently\n",
    "\n",
    "df_imputed = df.fillna(value=cat_series)\n",
    "df_imputed.info()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "      age        is_male   chest_pain   rest_blood_press  cholesterol   \n",
       " Min.   :28.00   0:194   Min.   :1.00   Min.   :  0.0    Min.   :  0.0  \n",
       " 1st Qu.:47.00   1:726   1st Qu.:3.00   1st Qu.:120.0    1st Qu.:177.8  \n",
       " Median :54.00           Median :4.00   Median :130.0    Median :221.0  \n",
       " Mean   :53.51           Mean   :3.25   Mean   :132.1    Mean   :199.1  \n",
       " 3rd Qu.:60.00           3rd Qu.:4.00   3rd Qu.:140.0    3rd Qu.:267.0  \n",
       " Max.   :77.00           Max.   :4.00   Max.   :200.0    Max.   :603.0  \n",
       "                                                                        \n",
       " high_blood_sugar    rest_ecg      max_heart_rate  exer_angina\n",
       " -999:  0         Min.   :0.0000   Min.   : 60.0   -999:  0   \n",
       " 0   :692         1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:120.0   0   :528   \n",
       " 1   :138         Median :0.0000   Median :138.0   1   :337   \n",
       " NA's: 90         Mean   :0.6046   Mean   :137.5   NA's: 55   \n",
       "                  3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:156.0              \n",
       "                  Max.   :2.0000   Max.   :202.0              \n",
       "                  NA's   :2                                   \n",
       " ST_depression      Peak_ST_seg    major_vessels         thal      \n",
       " Min.   :-2.6000   Min.   :1.000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :3.000  \n",
       " 1st Qu.: 0.0000   1st Qu.:1.000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:3.000  \n",
       " Median : 0.8000   Median :2.000   Median :0.0000   Median :6.000  \n",
       " Mean   : 0.8788   Mean   :1.771   Mean   :0.6764   Mean   :5.088  \n",
       " 3rd Qu.: 1.5000   3rd Qu.:2.000   3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:7.000  \n",
       " Max.   : 6.2000   Max.   :3.000   Max.   :3.0000   Max.   :7.000  \n",
       "                   NA's   :309     NA's   :611      NA's   :486    \n",
       " has_heart_disease\n",
       " Min.   :0.0000   \n",
       " 1st Qu.:0.0000   \n",
       " Median :1.0000   \n",
       " Mean   :0.9957   \n",
       " 3rd Qu.:2.0000   \n",
       " Max.   :4.0000   \n",
       "                  "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#R\n",
    "# impute with the mean for the continuous features\n",
    "df_imputed <- df\n",
    "\n",
    "df_imputed[,continuous_features] <- lapply(df_imputed[,continuous_features], function(x) { \n",
    "  x[is.na(x)] <- mean(x, na.rm = TRUE)\n",
    "  x\n",
    "})\n",
    "\n",
    "# impute with the median for the categ_features + ordinal_features\n",
    "df_imputed[,c(continuous_features, ordinal_features)] <- lapply(df_imputed[,c(continuous_features, ordinal_features)], function(x) { \n",
    "  x[is.na(x)] <- median(x)\n",
    "  x\n",
    "})\n",
    "\n",
    "summary(df_imputed)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>is_male</th>\n",
       "      <th>high_blood_sugar</th>\n",
       "      <th>exer_angina</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>count</th>\n",
       "      <td>920</td>\n",
       "      <td>920</td>\n",
       "      <td>920</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>unique</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>top</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>freq</th>\n",
       "      <td>726</td>\n",
       "      <td>692</td>\n",
       "      <td>528</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       is_male high_blood_sugar exer_angina\n",
       "count      920              920         920\n",
       "unique       2                3           3\n",
       "top          1                0           0\n",
       "freq       726              692         528"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Pandas\n",
    "df_imputed[categ_features].describe()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 78,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       " is_male high_blood_sugar exer_angina\n",
       " 0:194   -999:  0         -999:  0   \n",
       " 1:726   0   :692         0   :528   \n",
       "         1   :138         1   :337   \n",
       "         NA's: 90         NA's: 55   "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#R\n",
    "summary(df_imputed[, categ_features])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Indexing logically into Data Frames\n",
    "Let's now say that we are only interested in the summary of the dataframe when the patient has heart disease. We can achieve this using a few line of code:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>age</th>\n",
       "      <th>chest_pain</th>\n",
       "      <th>rest_blood_press</th>\n",
       "      <th>cholesterol</th>\n",
       "      <th>rest_ecg</th>\n",
       "      <th>max_heart_rate</th>\n",
       "      <th>ST_depression</th>\n",
       "      <th>Peak_ST_seg</th>\n",
       "      <th>major_vessels</th>\n",
       "      <th>thal</th>\n",
       "      <th>has_heart_disease</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>count</th>\n",
       "      <td>411.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>411.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>411.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>411.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>411.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>411.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>411.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>411.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>411.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>411.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>411.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
       "      <td>50.547445</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.761557</td>\n",
       "      <td>130.021042</td>\n",
       "      <td>226.575368</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.547445</td>\n",
       "      <td>148.252830</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.441739</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.729927</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.111922</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.085158</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>std</th>\n",
       "      <td>9.433700</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.903425</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.460208</td>\n",
       "      <td>74.301504</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.805204</td>\n",
       "      <td>23.152969</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.704425</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.515662</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.427276</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.510951</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>min</th>\n",
       "      <td>28.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>80.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>69.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.100000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>25%</th>\n",
       "      <td>43.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>120.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>199.130337</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>135.500000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>50%</th>\n",
       "      <td>51.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>130.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>225.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>150.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>75%</th>\n",
       "      <td>57.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>140.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>266.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>165.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.878788</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>max</th>\n",
       "      <td>76.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>190.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>564.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>202.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.200000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "              age  chest_pain  rest_blood_press  cholesterol    rest_ecg  \\\n",
       "count  411.000000  411.000000        411.000000   411.000000  411.000000   \n",
       "mean    50.547445    2.761557        130.021042   226.575368    0.547445   \n",
       "std      9.433700    0.903425         16.460208    74.301504    0.805204   \n",
       "min     28.000000    1.000000         80.000000     0.000000    0.000000   \n",
       "25%     43.000000    2.000000        120.000000   199.130337    0.000000   \n",
       "50%     51.000000    3.000000        130.000000   225.000000    0.000000   \n",
       "75%     57.000000    4.000000        140.000000   266.000000    1.000000   \n",
       "max     76.000000    4.000000        190.000000   564.000000    2.000000   \n",
       "\n",
       "       max_heart_rate  ST_depression  Peak_ST_seg  major_vessels        thal  \\\n",
       "count      411.000000     411.000000   411.000000     411.000000  411.000000   \n",
       "mean       148.252830       0.441739     1.729927       0.111922    5.085158   \n",
       "std         23.152969       0.704425     0.515662       0.427276    1.510951   \n",
       "min         69.000000      -1.100000     1.000000       0.000000    3.000000   \n",
       "25%        135.500000       0.000000     1.000000       0.000000    3.000000   \n",
       "50%        150.000000       0.000000     2.000000       0.000000    6.000000   \n",
       "75%        165.000000       0.878788     2.000000       0.000000    6.000000   \n",
       "max        202.000000       4.200000     3.000000       3.000000    7.000000   \n",
       "\n",
       "       has_heart_disease  \n",
       "count              411.0  \n",
       "mean                 0.0  \n",
       "std                  0.0  \n",
       "min                  0.0  \n",
       "25%                  0.0  \n",
       "50%                  0.0  \n",
       "75%                  0.0  \n",
       "max                  0.0  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Pandas\n",
    "df_imputed[df_imputed.has_heart_disease==0].describe()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "      age        is_male   chest_pain    rest_blood_press  cholesterol   \n",
       " Min.   :28.00   0:144   Min.   :1.000   Min.   : 80      Min.   :  0.0  \n",
       " 1st Qu.:43.00   1:267   1st Qu.:2.000   1st Qu.:120      1st Qu.:199.1  \n",
       " Median :51.00           Median :3.000   Median :130      Median :225.0  \n",
       " Mean   :50.55           Mean   :2.762   Mean   :130      Mean   :226.6  \n",
       " 3rd Qu.:57.00           3rd Qu.:4.000   3rd Qu.:140      3rd Qu.:266.0  \n",
       " Max.   :76.00           Max.   :4.000   Max.   :190      Max.   :564.0  \n",
       "                                                                         \n",
       " high_blood_sugar    rest_ecg      max_heart_rate  exer_angina\n",
       " -999:  0         Min.   :0.0000   Min.   : 69.0   -999:  0   \n",
       " 0   :353         1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:135.5   0   :336   \n",
       " 1   : 44         Median :0.0000   Median :150.0   1   : 55   \n",
       " NA's: 14         Mean   :0.5474   Mean   :148.3   NA's: 20   \n",
       "                  3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:165.0              \n",
       "                  Max.   :2.0000   Max.   :202.0              \n",
       "                                                              \n",
       " ST_depression      Peak_ST_seg    major_vessels         thal      \n",
       " Min.   :-1.1000   Min.   :1.000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :3.000  \n",
       " 1st Qu.: 0.0000   1st Qu.:1.000   1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:3.000  \n",
       " Median : 0.0000   Median :1.000   Median :0.0000   Median :3.000  \n",
       " Mean   : 0.4417   Mean   :1.491   Mean   :0.2788   Mean   :3.989  \n",
       " 3rd Qu.: 0.8788   3rd Qu.:2.000   3rd Qu.:0.0000   3rd Qu.:6.000  \n",
       " Max.   : 4.2000   Max.   :3.000   Max.   :3.0000   Max.   :7.000  \n",
       "                   NA's   :193     NA's   :246      NA's   :224    \n",
       " has_heart_disease\n",
       " Min.   :0        \n",
       " 1st Qu.:0        \n",
       " Median :0        \n",
       " Mean   :0        \n",
       " 3rd Qu.:0        \n",
       " Max.   :0        \n",
       "                  "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#R\n",
    "summary(df_imputed[df_imputed$has_heart_disease==0, ])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>age</th>\n",
       "      <th>chest_pain</th>\n",
       "      <th>rest_blood_press</th>\n",
       "      <th>cholesterol</th>\n",
       "      <th>rest_ecg</th>\n",
       "      <th>max_heart_rate</th>\n",
       "      <th>ST_depression</th>\n",
       "      <th>Peak_ST_seg</th>\n",
       "      <th>major_vessels</th>\n",
       "      <th>thal</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>has_heart_disease</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>51</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>130.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>225.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>150.0</td>\n",
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       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>55</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>130.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>226.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>130.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>58</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>132.132404</td>\n",
       "      <td>193.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>130.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>132.132404</td>\n",
       "      <td>212.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>122.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>59</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>133.066202</td>\n",
       "      <td>218.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>126.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.45</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                   age  chest_pain  rest_blood_press  cholesterol  rest_ecg  \\\n",
       "has_heart_disease                                                             \n",
       "0                   51           3        130.000000        225.0       0.0   \n",
       "1                   55           4        130.000000        226.0       0.0   \n",
       "2                   58           4        132.132404        193.0       0.0   \n",
       "3                   60           4        132.132404        212.0       1.0   \n",
       "4                   59           4        133.066202        218.5       1.0   \n",
       "\n",
       "                   max_heart_rate  ST_depression  Peak_ST_seg  major_vessels  \\\n",
       "has_heart_disease                                                              \n",
       "0                           150.0           0.00          2.0            0.0   \n",
       "1                           130.0           1.00          2.0            0.0   \n",
       "2                           130.0           1.40          2.0            0.0   \n",
       "3                           122.0           1.00          2.0            0.0   \n",
       "4                           126.5           2.45          2.0            0.0   \n",
       "\n",
       "                   thal  \n",
       "has_heart_disease        \n",
       "0                   6.0  \n",
       "1                   6.0  \n",
       "2                   6.0  \n",
       "3                   6.0  \n",
       "4                   6.0  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Pandas\n",
    "# or we can use the extremely useful \"groupby\" function\n",
    "df_imputed.groupby(by='has_heart_disease').median()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>has_heart_disease</th><th scope=col>age</th><th scope=col>chest_pain</th><th scope=col>rest_blood_press</th><th scope=col>cholesterol</th><th scope=col>rest_ecg</th><th scope=col>max_heart_rate</th><th scope=col>ST_depression</th><th scope=col>Peak_ST_seg</th><th scope=col>major_vessels</th><th scope=col>thal</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>1</th><td>0</td><td>51</td><td>3</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>0</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>2</th><td>1</td><td>55</td><td>4</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>3</th><td>2</td><td>58</td><td>4</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>0</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>4</th><td>3</td><td>60</td><td>4</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>1</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>5</th><td>4</td><td>59</td><td>4</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>1</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllll}\n",
       "  & has_heart_disease & age & chest_pain & rest_blood_press & cholesterol & rest_ecg & max_heart_rate & ST_depression & Peak_ST_seg & major_vessels & thal\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t1 & 0 & 51 & 3 & NA & NA & 0 & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA\\\\\n",
       "\t2 & 1 & 55 & 4 & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA\\\\\n",
       "\t3 & 2 & 58 & 4 & NA & NA & 0 & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA\\\\\n",
       "\t4 & 3 & 60 & 4 & NA & NA & 1 & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA\\\\\n",
       "\t5 & 4 & 59 & 4 & NA & NA & 1 & NA & NA & NA & NA & NA\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "Source: local data frame [5 x 11]\n",
       "\n",
       "  has_heart_disease   age chest_pain rest_blood_press cholesterol rest_ecg\n",
       "              (dbl) (dbl)      (dbl)            (lgl)       (lgl)    (dbl)\n",
       "1                 0    51          3               NA          NA        0\n",
       "2                 1    55          4               NA          NA       NA\n",
       "3                 2    58          4               NA          NA        0\n",
       "4                 3    60          4               NA          NA        1\n",
       "5                 4    59          4               NA          NA        1\n",
       "Variables not shown: max_heart_rate (lgl), ST_depression (lgl), Peak_ST_seg\n",
       "  (lgl), major_vessels (lgl), thal (lgl)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#R\n",
    "#or we can use the extremely useful \"groupby\" function\n",
    "library(dplyr)\n",
    "numCols <- sapply(df, is.numeric)\n",
    "\n",
    "df[,numCols] %>%\n",
    "  group_by(has_heart_disease) %>%\n",
    "  summarise_each(funs(median))\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>age</th>\n",
       "      <th>chest_pain</th>\n",
       "      <th>rest_blood_press</th>\n",
       "      <th>cholesterol</th>\n",
       "      <th>rest_ecg</th>\n",
       "      <th>max_heart_rate</th>\n",
       "      <th>ST_depression</th>\n",
       "      <th>Peak_ST_seg</th>\n",
       "      <th>major_vessels</th>\n",
       "      <th>thal</th>\n",
       "      <th>has_heart_disease</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>has_heart_disease</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>False</th>\n",
       "      <td>50.547445</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.761557</td>\n",
       "      <td>130.021042</td>\n",
       "      <td>226.575368</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.547445</td>\n",
       "      <td>148.252830</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.441739</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.729927</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.111922</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.085158</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>True</th>\n",
       "      <td>55.903733</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.644401</td>\n",
       "      <td>133.837257</td>\n",
       "      <td>176.969418</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.648330</td>\n",
       "      <td>128.899997</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.231690</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.943026</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.320236</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.960707</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.799607</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                         age  chest_pain  rest_blood_press  cholesterol  \\\n",
       "has_heart_disease                                                         \n",
       "False              50.547445    2.761557        130.021042   226.575368   \n",
       "True               55.903733    3.644401        133.837257   176.969418   \n",
       "\n",
       "                   rest_ecg  max_heart_rate  ST_depression  Peak_ST_seg  \\\n",
       "has_heart_disease                                                         \n",
       "False              0.547445      148.252830       0.441739     1.729927   \n",
       "True               0.648330      128.899997       1.231690     1.943026   \n",
       "\n",
       "                   major_vessels      thal  has_heart_disease  \n",
       "has_heart_disease                                              \n",
       "False                   0.111922  5.085158           0.000000  \n",
       "True                    0.320236  5.960707           1.799607  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Pandas\n",
    "df_imputed.groupby(by=df_imputed.has_heart_disease>0).mean()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>age</th>\n",
       "      <th>chest_pain</th>\n",
       "      <th>rest_blood_press</th>\n",
       "      <th>cholesterol</th>\n",
       "      <th>rest_ecg</th>\n",
       "      <th>max_heart_rate</th>\n",
       "      <th>ST_depression</th>\n",
       "      <th>Peak_ST_seg</th>\n",
       "      <th>major_vessels</th>\n",
       "      <th>thal</th>\n",
       "      <th>has_heart_disease</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>major_vessels</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>False</th>\n",
       "      <td>53.368889</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.241111</td>\n",
       "      <td>132.026458</td>\n",
       "      <td>197.656567</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.586667</td>\n",
       "      <td>137.612235</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.856872</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.847778</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.165556</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.566667</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.966667</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>True</th>\n",
       "      <td>59.900000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.650000</td>\n",
       "      <td>136.900000</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.450000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.350000</td>\n",
       "      <td>134.550000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.865000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.850000</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.700000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.300000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                     age  chest_pain  rest_blood_press  cholesterol  rest_ecg  \\\n",
       "major_vessels                                                                   \n",
       "False          53.368889    3.241111        132.026458   197.656567  0.586667   \n",
       "True           59.900000    3.650000        136.900000   265.450000  1.350000   \n",
       "\n",
       "               max_heart_rate  ST_depression  Peak_ST_seg  major_vessels  \\\n",
       "major_vessels                                                              \n",
       "False              137.612235       0.856872     1.847778       0.165556   \n",
       "True               134.550000       1.865000     1.850000       3.000000   \n",
       "\n",
       "                   thal  has_heart_disease  \n",
       "major_vessels                               \n",
       "False          5.566667           0.966667  \n",
       "True           5.700000           2.300000  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Pandas\n",
    "df_imputed.groupby(by=df_imputed.major_vessels>2).mean()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### One Hot Encoding of Categorical Variables"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>chest_1</th>\n",
       "      <th>chest_2</th>\n",
       "      <th>chest_3</th>\n",
       "      <th>chest_4</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   chest_1  chest_2  chest_3  chest_4\n",
       "0        1        0        0        0\n",
       "1        0        0        0        1\n",
       "2        0        0        0        1\n",
       "3        0        0        1        0\n",
       "4        0        1        0        0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Pandas\n",
    "# one hot encoded variables can be created using the get_dummies variable\n",
    "tmpdf = pd.get_dummies(df_imputed['chest_pain'],prefix='chest')\n",
    "\n",
    "tmpdf.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>is_male_0</th>\n",
       "      <th>is_male_1</th>\n",
       "      <th>high_blood_sugar_0.0</th>\n",
       "      <th>high_blood_sugar_0</th>\n",
       "      <th>high_blood_sugar_1</th>\n",
       "      <th>exer_angina_0.0</th>\n",
       "      <th>exer_angina_0</th>\n",
       "      <th>exer_angina_1</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   is_male_0  is_male_1  high_blood_sugar_0.0  high_blood_sugar_0  \\\n",
       "0          0          1                     0                   0   \n",
       "1          0          1                     0                   1   \n",
       "2          0          1                     0                   1   \n",
       "3          0          1                     0                   1   \n",
       "4          1          0                     0                   1   \n",
       "\n",
       "   high_blood_sugar_1  exer_angina_0.0  exer_angina_0  exer_angina_1  \n",
       "0                   1                0              1              0  \n",
       "1                   0                0              0              1  \n",
       "2                   0                0              0              1  \n",
       "3                   0                0              1              0  \n",
       "4                   0                0              1              0  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Pandas\n",
    "#one hot encoding of ALL categorical variables\n",
    "# there is lot going on in this one line of code, so let's step through it\n",
    "\n",
    "# pd.concat([*]], axis=1) // this line of code concatenates all the data frames in the [*] list\n",
    "# [** for col in categ_features] // this steps through each feature in categ_features and \n",
    "#                                //   creates a new element in a list based on the output of **\n",
    "# pd.get_dummies(df_imputed[col],prefix=col) // this creates a one hot encoded dataframe of the variable=col (like code above)\n",
    "\n",
    "one_hot_df = pd.concat([pd.get_dummies(df_imputed[col],prefix=col) for col in categ_features], axis=1)\n",
    "\n",
    "one_hot_df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Calling R from iPython\n",
    "\n",
    "- Note: you will need R installed on your machine to run these!!\n",
    "\n",
    "iPython has a lot of interesting \"magics\" built in. If you use R and have it installed on your machine, then you can write and look at R code directly from iPython cells. R also uses data frames, which we can push data into directly from the Pandas object we are using.\n",
    "\n",
    "#### Note for Windows Users:\n",
    "The Rmagic objects in Rpy2 currently do not present all of the R log outputs to Jupyter Notebook.  Instead, they only show up in the Windows command console.  The next cell is a workaround using RWinOut to capture all the R log outputs for windows users.    "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#When using Rmagic from Rpy2, some of the R log outputs only show up in the command window.\n",
    "#The RWinOut project contains code for Windows users to see R output in thier notebook.\n",
    "#This code is a workaround and will hopefully no longer be requred at some point in the future.\n",
    "\n",
    "import sys\n",
    "import os \n",
    "\n",
    "is_windows = sys.platform.startswith('win')\n",
    "\n",
    "if is_windows:\n",
    "    #Check to see if RWinOut.py has already been installed in the current working directory\n",
    "    has_RWinOut = os.path.exists(\"RWinOut.py\") \n",
    "    \n",
    "    if has_RWinOut == False:\n",
    "        #install RWinOut in the current working directory using curl\n",
    "        !curl -O \"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vitorcurtis/RWinOut/master/RWinOut.py\"    "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Load Rpy2 or RWinOut Depending on OS"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#The %load_ext command for Rmagic / Rpy2 should be in its own notebook cell in Jupyter Notebook! \n",
    "if is_windows:\n",
    "    # windows users - load RWinOut in place of rpy2.ipython so all R log outputs can be seen in jupyter notebook \n",
    "    %load_ext RWinOut\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    #import rpy2\n",
    "    %load_ext rpy2.ipython"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Using R from Python"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# CONVERT PANDAS DATAFRAME TO R DATA.FRAME\n",
    "# adapted from: http://tagteam.harvard.edu/hub_feeds/1981/feed_items/196017\n",
    "df_colnames = df_imputed.columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Index(['age', 'is_male', 'chest_pain', 'rest_blood_press', 'cholesterol',\n",
       "       'high_blood_sugar', 'rest_ecg', 'max_heart_rate', 'exer_angina',\n",
       "       'ST_depression', 'Peak_ST_seg', 'major_vessels', 'thal',\n",
       "       'has_heart_disease'],\n",
       "      dtype='object')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_colnames"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Now lets take the data frame from pandas and tell Rmagics that we want to have variables available in the R workspace. We use the %%R command to tell iPython that the entire cell is R code. The \"-i\" tells Rmagics that we want to transfer those variables over to R.\n",
    "\n",
    "The following code will take the variables df_imputed and df_colnames into the R workspace and test if they are truly saved as R data.frames type variables."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1] TRUE\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%R -i df_imputed,df_colnames \n",
    "\n",
    "colnames(df_imputed) <- unlist(df_colnames); \n",
    "print(is.data.frame(df_imputed))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "They were data.frames! Great. Let's call an R function on the data.frame."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "      age          is_male            chest_pain   rest_blood_press\n",
      " Min.   :28.00   Length:920         Min.   :1.00   Min.   :  0.0   \n",
      " 1st Qu.:47.00   Class :character   1st Qu.:3.00   1st Qu.:120.0   \n",
      " Median :54.00   Mode  :character   Median :4.00   Median :130.0   \n",
      " Mean   :53.51                      Mean   :3.25   Mean   :132.1   \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:60.00                      3rd Qu.:4.00   3rd Qu.:140.0   \n",
      " Max.   :77.00                      Max.   :4.00   Max.   :200.0   \n",
      "  cholesterol    high_blood_sugar.0 high_blood_sugar.1 high_blood_sugar.2\n",
      " Min.   :  0.0   Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " 1st Qu.:177.8   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Median :221.0   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      " Mean   :199.1                                                           \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:267.0                                                           \n",
      " Max.   :603.0                                                           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.3 high_blood_sugar.4 high_blood_sugar.5 high_blood_sugar.6\n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.7 high_blood_sugar.8 high_blood_sugar.9 high_blood_sugar.10\n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                                             \n",
      "                                                                             \n",
      "                                                                             \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.11 high_blood_sugar.12 high_blood_sugar.13\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.14 high_blood_sugar.15 high_blood_sugar.16\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.17 high_blood_sugar.18 high_blood_sugar.19\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.20 high_blood_sugar.21 high_blood_sugar.22\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.23 high_blood_sugar.24 high_blood_sugar.25\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.26 high_blood_sugar.27 high_blood_sugar.28\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.29 high_blood_sugar.30 high_blood_sugar.31\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.32 high_blood_sugar.33 high_blood_sugar.34\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.35 high_blood_sugar.36 high_blood_sugar.37\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.38 high_blood_sugar.39 high_blood_sugar.40\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.41 high_blood_sugar.42 high_blood_sugar.43\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.44 high_blood_sugar.45 high_blood_sugar.46\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.47 high_blood_sugar.48 high_blood_sugar.49\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.50 high_blood_sugar.51 high_blood_sugar.52\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.53 high_blood_sugar.54 high_blood_sugar.55\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.56 high_blood_sugar.57 high_blood_sugar.58\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.59 high_blood_sugar.60 high_blood_sugar.61\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.62 high_blood_sugar.63 high_blood_sugar.64\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.65 high_blood_sugar.66 high_blood_sugar.67\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.68 high_blood_sugar.69 high_blood_sugar.70\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.71 high_blood_sugar.72 high_blood_sugar.73\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.74 high_blood_sugar.75 high_blood_sugar.76\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.77 high_blood_sugar.78 high_blood_sugar.79\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.80 high_blood_sugar.81 high_blood_sugar.82\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.83 high_blood_sugar.84 high_blood_sugar.85\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.86 high_blood_sugar.87 high_blood_sugar.88\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.89 high_blood_sugar.90 high_blood_sugar.91\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.92 high_blood_sugar.93 high_blood_sugar.94\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.95 high_blood_sugar.96 high_blood_sugar.97\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920         \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character   \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character   \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      "                                                            \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.98 high_blood_sugar.99 high_blood_sugar.100\n",
      " Length:920          Length:920          Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character    Class :character    Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character    Mode  :character    Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                             \n",
      "                                                             \n",
      "                                                             \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.101 high_blood_sugar.102 high_blood_sugar.103\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.104 high_blood_sugar.105 high_blood_sugar.106\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.107 high_blood_sugar.108 high_blood_sugar.109\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.110 high_blood_sugar.111 high_blood_sugar.112\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.113 high_blood_sugar.114 high_blood_sugar.115\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.116 high_blood_sugar.117 high_blood_sugar.118\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.119 high_blood_sugar.120 high_blood_sugar.121\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.122 high_blood_sugar.123 high_blood_sugar.124\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.125 high_blood_sugar.126 high_blood_sugar.127\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.128 high_blood_sugar.129 high_blood_sugar.130\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.131 high_blood_sugar.132 high_blood_sugar.133\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.134 high_blood_sugar.135 high_blood_sugar.136\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.137 high_blood_sugar.138 high_blood_sugar.139\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.140 high_blood_sugar.141 high_blood_sugar.142\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.143 high_blood_sugar.144 high_blood_sugar.145\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.146 high_blood_sugar.147 high_blood_sugar.148\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.149 high_blood_sugar.150 high_blood_sugar.151\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.152 high_blood_sugar.153 high_blood_sugar.154\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.155 high_blood_sugar.156 high_blood_sugar.157\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.158 high_blood_sugar.159 high_blood_sugar.160\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.161 high_blood_sugar.162 high_blood_sugar.163\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.164 high_blood_sugar.165 high_blood_sugar.166\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.167 high_blood_sugar.168 high_blood_sugar.169\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.170 high_blood_sugar.171 high_blood_sugar.172\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.173 high_blood_sugar.174 high_blood_sugar.175\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.176 high_blood_sugar.177 high_blood_sugar.178\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.179 high_blood_sugar.180 high_blood_sugar.181\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.182 high_blood_sugar.183 high_blood_sugar.184\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.185 high_blood_sugar.186 high_blood_sugar.187\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.188 high_blood_sugar.189 high_blood_sugar.190\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.191 high_blood_sugar.192 high_blood_sugar.193\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.194 high_blood_sugar.195 high_blood_sugar.196\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.197 high_blood_sugar.198 high_blood_sugar.199\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.200 high_blood_sugar.201 high_blood_sugar.202\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.203 high_blood_sugar.204 high_blood_sugar.205\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.206 high_blood_sugar.207 high_blood_sugar.208\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.209 high_blood_sugar.210 high_blood_sugar.211\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.212 high_blood_sugar.213 high_blood_sugar.214\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.215 high_blood_sugar.216 high_blood_sugar.217\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.218 high_blood_sugar.219 high_blood_sugar.220\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.221 high_blood_sugar.222 high_blood_sugar.223\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.224 high_blood_sugar.225 high_blood_sugar.226\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.227 high_blood_sugar.228 high_blood_sugar.229\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.230 high_blood_sugar.231 high_blood_sugar.232\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.233 high_blood_sugar.234 high_blood_sugar.235\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.236 high_blood_sugar.237 high_blood_sugar.238\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.239 high_blood_sugar.240 high_blood_sugar.241\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.242 high_blood_sugar.243 high_blood_sugar.244\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.245 high_blood_sugar.246 high_blood_sugar.247\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.248 high_blood_sugar.249 high_blood_sugar.250\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.251 high_blood_sugar.252 high_blood_sugar.253\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.254 high_blood_sugar.255 high_blood_sugar.256\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.257 high_blood_sugar.258 high_blood_sugar.259\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.260 high_blood_sugar.261 high_blood_sugar.262\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.263 high_blood_sugar.264 high_blood_sugar.265\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.266 high_blood_sugar.267 high_blood_sugar.268\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.269 high_blood_sugar.270 high_blood_sugar.271\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.272 high_blood_sugar.273 high_blood_sugar.274\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.275 high_blood_sugar.276 high_blood_sugar.277\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.278 high_blood_sugar.279 high_blood_sugar.280\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.281 high_blood_sugar.282 high_blood_sugar.283\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.284 high_blood_sugar.285 high_blood_sugar.286\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.287 high_blood_sugar.288 high_blood_sugar.289\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.290 high_blood_sugar.291 high_blood_sugar.292\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.293 high_blood_sugar.294 high_blood_sugar.295\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.296 high_blood_sugar.297 high_blood_sugar.298\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.299 high_blood_sugar.300 high_blood_sugar.301\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.302 high_blood_sugar.303 high_blood_sugar.304\n",
      " Length:920           Min.   :0            Min.   :0           \n",
      " Class :character     1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Mode  :character     Median :0            Median :0           \n",
      "                      Mean   :0            Mean   :0           \n",
      "                      3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      "                      Max.   :0            Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.305 high_blood_sugar.306 high_blood_sugar.307\n",
      " Min.   :0            Min.   :0            Min.   :0           \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Median :0            Median :0            Median :0           \n",
      " Mean   :0            Mean   :0            Mean   :0           \n",
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      " Max.   :0            Max.   :0            Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.308 high_blood_sugar.309 high_blood_sugar.310\n",
      " Length:920           Min.   :0            Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     1st Qu.:0            Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Median :0            Mode  :character    \n",
      "                      Mean   :0                                \n",
      "                      3rd Qu.:0                                \n",
      "                      Max.   :0                                \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.311 high_blood_sugar.312 high_blood_sugar.313\n",
      " Min.   :0            Min.   :0            Min.   :0           \n",
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      " high_blood_sugar.314 high_blood_sugar.315 high_blood_sugar.316\n",
      " Min.   :0            Min.   :0            Length:920          \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0            Class :character    \n",
      " Median :0            Median :0            Mode  :character    \n",
      " Mean   :0            Mean   :0                                \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0                                \n",
      " Max.   :0            Max.   :0                                \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.317 high_blood_sugar.318 high_blood_sugar.319\n",
      " Min.   :0            Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Median :0            Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      " Mean   :0                                                     \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0                                                     \n",
      " Max.   :0                                                     \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.320 high_blood_sugar.321 high_blood_sugar.322\n",
      " Min.   :0            Min.   :0            Length:920          \n",
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      " Median :0            Median :0            Mode  :character    \n",
      " Mean   :0            Mean   :0                                \n",
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      " high_blood_sugar.323 high_blood_sugar.324 high_blood_sugar.325\n",
      " Min.   :0            Length:920           Min.   :0           \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            Class :character     1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Median :0            Mode  :character     Median :0           \n",
      " Mean   :0                                 Mean   :0           \n",
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      " high_blood_sugar.326 high_blood_sugar.327 high_blood_sugar.328\n",
      " Length:920           Min.   :0            Min.   :0           \n",
      " Class :character     1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Mode  :character     Median :0            Median :0           \n",
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      " high_blood_sugar.329 high_blood_sugar.330 high_blood_sugar.331\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Min.   :0           \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Median :0           \n",
      "                                           Mean   :0           \n",
      "                                           3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      "                                           Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.332 high_blood_sugar.333 high_blood_sugar.334\n",
      " Min.   :0            Min.   :0            Length:920          \n",
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      " Median :0            Median :0            Mode  :character    \n",
      " Mean   :0            Mean   :0                                \n",
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      " high_blood_sugar.335 high_blood_sugar.336 high_blood_sugar.337\n",
      " Min.   :0            Min.   :0            Length:920          \n",
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      " Min.   :0            Min.   :0            Length:920          \n",
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      " Median :0            Median :0            Mode  :character    \n",
      " Mean   :0            Mean   :0                                \n",
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      " high_blood_sugar.344 high_blood_sugar.345 high_blood_sugar.346\n",
      " Min.   :0            Length:920           Min.   :0           \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            Class :character     1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Median :0            Mode  :character     Median :0           \n",
      " Mean   :0                                 Mean   :0           \n",
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      " high_blood_sugar.347 high_blood_sugar.348 high_blood_sugar.349\n",
      " Min.   :0            Min.   :0            Length:920          \n",
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      " Median :0            Median :0            Mode  :character    \n",
      " Mean   :0            Mean   :0                                \n",
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      " high_blood_sugar.350 high_blood_sugar.351 high_blood_sugar.352\n",
      " Min.   :0            Length:920           Min.   :0           \n",
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      " high_blood_sugar.353 high_blood_sugar.354 high_blood_sugar.355\n",
      " Min.   :0            Min.   :0            Min.   :0           \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Median :0            Median :0            Median :0           \n",
      " Mean   :0            Mean   :0            Mean   :0           \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      " Max.   :0            Max.   :0            Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.356 high_blood_sugar.357 high_blood_sugar.358\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.359 high_blood_sugar.360 high_blood_sugar.361\n",
      " Min.   :0            Length:920           Min.   :0           \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            Class :character     1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Median :0            Mode  :character     Median :0           \n",
      " Mean   :0                                 Mean   :0           \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0                                 3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      " Max.   :0                                 Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.362 high_blood_sugar.363 high_blood_sugar.364\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.365 high_blood_sugar.366 high_blood_sugar.367\n",
      " Min.   :0            Min.   :0            Min.   :0           \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0           \n",
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      " Mean   :0            Mean   :0            Mean   :0           \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      " Max.   :0            Max.   :0            Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.368 high_blood_sugar.369 high_blood_sugar.370\n",
      " Length:920           Min.   :0            Min.   :0           \n",
      " Class :character     1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Mode  :character     Median :0            Median :0           \n",
      "                      Mean   :0            Mean   :0           \n",
      "                      3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      "                      Max.   :0            Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.371 high_blood_sugar.372 high_blood_sugar.373\n",
      " Min.   :0            Min.   :0            Length:920          \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0            Class :character    \n",
      " Median :0            Median :0            Mode  :character    \n",
      " Mean   :0            Mean   :0                                \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0                                \n",
      " Max.   :0            Max.   :0                                \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.374 high_blood_sugar.375 high_blood_sugar.376\n",
      " Min.   :0            Min.   :0            Min.   :0           \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Median :0            Median :0            Median :0           \n",
      " Mean   :0            Mean   :0            Mean   :0           \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      " Max.   :0            Max.   :0            Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.377 high_blood_sugar.378 high_blood_sugar.379\n",
      " Length:920           Min.   :0            Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     1st Qu.:0            Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Median :0            Mode  :character    \n",
      "                      Mean   :0                                \n",
      "                      3rd Qu.:0                                \n",
      "                      Max.   :0                                \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.380 high_blood_sugar.381 high_blood_sugar.382\n",
      " Min.   :0            Min.   :0            Min.   :0           \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Median :0            Median :0            Median :0           \n",
      " Mean   :0            Mean   :0            Mean   :0           \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      " Max.   :0            Max.   :0            Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.383 high_blood_sugar.384 high_blood_sugar.385\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Min.   :0           \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Median :0           \n",
      "                                           Mean   :0           \n",
      "                                           3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      "                                           Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.386 high_blood_sugar.387 high_blood_sugar.388\n",
      " Min.   :0            Min.   :0            Min.   :0           \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Median :0            Median :0            Median :0           \n",
      " Mean   :0            Mean   :0            Mean   :0           \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      " Max.   :0            Max.   :0            Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.389 high_blood_sugar.390 high_blood_sugar.391\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Min.   :0           \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Median :0           \n",
      "                                           Mean   :0           \n",
      "                                           3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      "                                           Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.392 high_blood_sugar.393 high_blood_sugar.394\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.395 high_blood_sugar.396 high_blood_sugar.397\n",
      " Min.   :0            Min.   :0            Min.   :0           \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Median :0            Median :0            Median :0           \n",
      " Mean   :0            Mean   :0            Mean   :0           \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      " Max.   :0            Max.   :0            Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.398 high_blood_sugar.399 high_blood_sugar.400\n",
      " Length:920           Min.   :0            Min.   :0           \n",
      " Class :character     1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Mode  :character     Median :0            Median :0           \n",
      "                      Mean   :0            Mean   :0           \n",
      "                      3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      "                      Max.   :0            Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.401 high_blood_sugar.402 high_blood_sugar.403\n",
      " Min.   :0            Min.   :0            Min.   :0           \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Median :0            Median :0            Median :0           \n",
      " Mean   :0            Mean   :0            Mean   :0           \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      " Max.   :0            Max.   :0            Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.404 high_blood_sugar.405 high_blood_sugar.406\n",
      " Length:920           Min.   :0            Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     1st Qu.:0            Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Median :0            Mode  :character    \n",
      "                      Mean   :0                                \n",
      "                      3rd Qu.:0                                \n",
      "                      Max.   :0                                \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.407 high_blood_sugar.408 high_blood_sugar.409\n",
      " Length:920           Min.   :0            Min.   :0           \n",
      " Class :character     1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Mode  :character     Median :0            Median :0           \n",
      "                      Mean   :0            Mean   :0           \n",
      "                      3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      "                      Max.   :0            Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.410 high_blood_sugar.411 high_blood_sugar.412\n",
      " Length:920           Min.   :0            Min.   :0           \n",
      " Class :character     1st Qu.:0            1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Mode  :character     Median :0            Median :0           \n",
      "                      Mean   :0            Mean   :0           \n",
      "                      3rd Qu.:0            3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      "                      Max.   :0            Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.413 high_blood_sugar.414 high_blood_sugar.415\n",
      " Length:920           Min.   :0            Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     1st Qu.:0            Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Median :0            Mode  :character    \n",
      "                      Mean   :0                                \n",
      "                      3rd Qu.:0                                \n",
      "                      Max.   :0                                \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.416 high_blood_sugar.417 high_blood_sugar.418\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Min.   :0           \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Median :0           \n",
      "                                           Mean   :0           \n",
      "                                           3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      "                                           Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.419 high_blood_sugar.420 high_blood_sugar.421\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.422 high_blood_sugar.423 high_blood_sugar.424\n",
      " Length:920           Min.   :0            Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     1st Qu.:0            Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Median :0            Mode  :character    \n",
      "                      Mean   :0                                \n",
      "                      3rd Qu.:0                                \n",
      "                      Max.   :0                                \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.425 high_blood_sugar.426 high_blood_sugar.427\n",
      " Min.   :0            Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Median :0            Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      " Mean   :0                                                     \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0                                                     \n",
      " Max.   :0                                                     \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.428 high_blood_sugar.429 high_blood_sugar.430\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.431 high_blood_sugar.432 high_blood_sugar.433\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.434 high_blood_sugar.435 high_blood_sugar.436\n",
      " Min.   :0            Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Median :0            Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      " Mean   :0                                                     \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0                                                     \n",
      " Max.   :0                                                     \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.437 high_blood_sugar.438 high_blood_sugar.439\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.440 high_blood_sugar.441 high_blood_sugar.442\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.443 high_blood_sugar.444 high_blood_sugar.445\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.446 high_blood_sugar.447 high_blood_sugar.448\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.449 high_blood_sugar.450 high_blood_sugar.451\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.452 high_blood_sugar.453 high_blood_sugar.454\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.455 high_blood_sugar.456 high_blood_sugar.457\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.458 high_blood_sugar.459 high_blood_sugar.460\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.461 high_blood_sugar.462 high_blood_sugar.463\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.464 high_blood_sugar.465 high_blood_sugar.466\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.467 high_blood_sugar.468 high_blood_sugar.469\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.470 high_blood_sugar.471 high_blood_sugar.472\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.473 high_blood_sugar.474 high_blood_sugar.475\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Min.   :0           \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Median :0           \n",
      "                                           Mean   :0           \n",
      "                                           3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      "                                           Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.476 high_blood_sugar.477 high_blood_sugar.478\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.479 high_blood_sugar.480 high_blood_sugar.481\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.482 high_blood_sugar.483 high_blood_sugar.484\n",
      " Min.   :0            Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Median :0            Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      " Mean   :0                                                     \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0                                                     \n",
      " Max.   :0                                                     \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.485 high_blood_sugar.486 high_blood_sugar.487\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Min.   :0           \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Median :0           \n",
      "                                           Mean   :0           \n",
      "                                           3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      "                                           Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.488 high_blood_sugar.489 high_blood_sugar.490\n",
      " Min.   :0            Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Median :0            Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      " Mean   :0                                                     \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0                                                     \n",
      " Max.   :0                                                     \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.491 high_blood_sugar.492 high_blood_sugar.493\n",
      " Min.   :0            Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Median :0            Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      " Mean   :0                                                     \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0                                                     \n",
      " Max.   :0                                                     \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.494 high_blood_sugar.495 high_blood_sugar.496\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.497 high_blood_sugar.498 high_blood_sugar.499\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.500 high_blood_sugar.501 high_blood_sugar.502\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.503 high_blood_sugar.504 high_blood_sugar.505\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.506 high_blood_sugar.507 high_blood_sugar.508\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.509 high_blood_sugar.510 high_blood_sugar.511\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.512 high_blood_sugar.513 high_blood_sugar.514\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.515 high_blood_sugar.516 high_blood_sugar.517\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.518 high_blood_sugar.519 high_blood_sugar.520\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.521 high_blood_sugar.522 high_blood_sugar.523\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.524 high_blood_sugar.525 high_blood_sugar.526\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.527 high_blood_sugar.528 high_blood_sugar.529\n",
      " Length:920           Min.   :0            Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     1st Qu.:0            Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Median :0            Mode  :character    \n",
      "                      Mean   :0                                \n",
      "                      3rd Qu.:0                                \n",
      "                      Max.   :0                                \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.530 high_blood_sugar.531 high_blood_sugar.532\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.533 high_blood_sugar.534 high_blood_sugar.535\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.536 high_blood_sugar.537 high_blood_sugar.538\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.539 high_blood_sugar.540 high_blood_sugar.541\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.542 high_blood_sugar.543 high_blood_sugar.544\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.545 high_blood_sugar.546 high_blood_sugar.547\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.548 high_blood_sugar.549 high_blood_sugar.550\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.551 high_blood_sugar.552 high_blood_sugar.553\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.554 high_blood_sugar.555 high_blood_sugar.556\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.557 high_blood_sugar.558 high_blood_sugar.559\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.560 high_blood_sugar.561 high_blood_sugar.562\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.563 high_blood_sugar.564 high_blood_sugar.565\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.566 high_blood_sugar.567 high_blood_sugar.568\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.569 high_blood_sugar.570 high_blood_sugar.571\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.572 high_blood_sugar.573 high_blood_sugar.574\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.575 high_blood_sugar.576 high_blood_sugar.577\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.578 high_blood_sugar.579 high_blood_sugar.580\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.581 high_blood_sugar.582 high_blood_sugar.583\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.584 high_blood_sugar.585 high_blood_sugar.586\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.587 high_blood_sugar.588 high_blood_sugar.589\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.590 high_blood_sugar.591 high_blood_sugar.592\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.593 high_blood_sugar.594 high_blood_sugar.595\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.596 high_blood_sugar.597 high_blood_sugar.598\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.599 high_blood_sugar.600 high_blood_sugar.601\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.602 high_blood_sugar.603 high_blood_sugar.604\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.605 high_blood_sugar.606 high_blood_sugar.607\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.608 high_blood_sugar.609 high_blood_sugar.610\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.611 high_blood_sugar.612 high_blood_sugar.613\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.614 high_blood_sugar.615 high_blood_sugar.616\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.617 high_blood_sugar.618 high_blood_sugar.619\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.620 high_blood_sugar.621 high_blood_sugar.622\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.623 high_blood_sugar.624 high_blood_sugar.625\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.626 high_blood_sugar.627 high_blood_sugar.628\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.629 high_blood_sugar.630 high_blood_sugar.631\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.632 high_blood_sugar.633 high_blood_sugar.634\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.635 high_blood_sugar.636 high_blood_sugar.637\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.638 high_blood_sugar.639 high_blood_sugar.640\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.641 high_blood_sugar.642 high_blood_sugar.643\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.644 high_blood_sugar.645 high_blood_sugar.646\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.647 high_blood_sugar.648 high_blood_sugar.649\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.650 high_blood_sugar.651 high_blood_sugar.652\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.653 high_blood_sugar.654 high_blood_sugar.655\n",
      " Min.   :0            Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Median :0            Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      " Mean   :0                                                     \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0                                                     \n",
      " Max.   :0                                                     \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.656 high_blood_sugar.657 high_blood_sugar.658\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.659 high_blood_sugar.660 high_blood_sugar.661\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.662 high_blood_sugar.663 high_blood_sugar.664\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.665 high_blood_sugar.666 high_blood_sugar.667\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.668 high_blood_sugar.669 high_blood_sugar.670\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.671 high_blood_sugar.672 high_blood_sugar.673\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.674 high_blood_sugar.675 high_blood_sugar.676\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.677 high_blood_sugar.678 high_blood_sugar.679\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.680 high_blood_sugar.681 high_blood_sugar.682\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.683 high_blood_sugar.684 high_blood_sugar.685\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.686 high_blood_sugar.687 high_blood_sugar.688\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.689 high_blood_sugar.690 high_blood_sugar.691\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.692 high_blood_sugar.693 high_blood_sugar.694\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.695 high_blood_sugar.696 high_blood_sugar.697\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.698 high_blood_sugar.699 high_blood_sugar.700\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.701 high_blood_sugar.702 high_blood_sugar.703\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.704 high_blood_sugar.705 high_blood_sugar.706\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.707 high_blood_sugar.708 high_blood_sugar.709\n",
      " Min.   :0            Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Median :0            Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      " Mean   :0                                                     \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0                                                     \n",
      " Max.   :0                                                     \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.710 high_blood_sugar.711 high_blood_sugar.712\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.713 high_blood_sugar.714 high_blood_sugar.715\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.716 high_blood_sugar.717 high_blood_sugar.718\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.719 high_blood_sugar.720 high_blood_sugar.721\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.722 high_blood_sugar.723 high_blood_sugar.724\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.725 high_blood_sugar.726 high_blood_sugar.727\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.728 high_blood_sugar.729 high_blood_sugar.730\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.731 high_blood_sugar.732 high_blood_sugar.733\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Min.   :0           \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Median :0           \n",
      "                                           Mean   :0           \n",
      "                                           3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      "                                           Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.734 high_blood_sugar.735 high_blood_sugar.736\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.737 high_blood_sugar.738 high_blood_sugar.739\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.740 high_blood_sugar.741 high_blood_sugar.742\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.743 high_blood_sugar.744 high_blood_sugar.745\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.746 high_blood_sugar.747 high_blood_sugar.748\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.749 high_blood_sugar.750 high_blood_sugar.751\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.752 high_blood_sugar.753 high_blood_sugar.754\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.755 high_blood_sugar.756 high_blood_sugar.757\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Min.   :0           \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Median :0           \n",
      "                                           Mean   :0           \n",
      "                                           3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      "                                           Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.758 high_blood_sugar.759 high_blood_sugar.760\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.761 high_blood_sugar.762 high_blood_sugar.763\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.764 high_blood_sugar.765 high_blood_sugar.766\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.767 high_blood_sugar.768 high_blood_sugar.769\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.770 high_blood_sugar.771 high_blood_sugar.772\n",
      " Min.   :0            Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0            Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Median :0            Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      " Mean   :0                                                     \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0                                                     \n",
      " Max.   :0                                                     \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.773 high_blood_sugar.774 high_blood_sugar.775\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.776 high_blood_sugar.777 high_blood_sugar.778\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.779 high_blood_sugar.780 high_blood_sugar.781\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.782 high_blood_sugar.783 high_blood_sugar.784\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.785 high_blood_sugar.786 high_blood_sugar.787\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.788 high_blood_sugar.789 high_blood_sugar.790\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.791 high_blood_sugar.792 high_blood_sugar.793\n",
      " Length:920           Min.   :0            Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     1st Qu.:0            Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Median :0            Mode  :character    \n",
      "                      Mean   :0                                \n",
      "                      3rd Qu.:0                                \n",
      "                      Max.   :0                                \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.794 high_blood_sugar.795 high_blood_sugar.796\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.797 high_blood_sugar.798 high_blood_sugar.799\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.800 high_blood_sugar.801 high_blood_sugar.802\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.803 high_blood_sugar.804 high_blood_sugar.805\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.806 high_blood_sugar.807 high_blood_sugar.808\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.809 high_blood_sugar.810 high_blood_sugar.811\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.812 high_blood_sugar.813 high_blood_sugar.814\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.815 high_blood_sugar.816 high_blood_sugar.817\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.818 high_blood_sugar.819 high_blood_sugar.820\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.821 high_blood_sugar.822 high_blood_sugar.823\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Min.   :0           \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     1st Qu.:0           \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Median :0           \n",
      "                                           Mean   :0           \n",
      "                                           3rd Qu.:0           \n",
      "                                           Max.   :0           \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.824 high_blood_sugar.825 high_blood_sugar.826\n",
      " Length:920           Min.   :0            Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     1st Qu.:0            Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Median :0            Mode  :character    \n",
      "                      Mean   :0                                \n",
      "                      3rd Qu.:0                                \n",
      "                      Max.   :0                                \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.827 high_blood_sugar.828 high_blood_sugar.829\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.830 high_blood_sugar.831 high_blood_sugar.832\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.833 high_blood_sugar.834 high_blood_sugar.835\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.836 high_blood_sugar.837 high_blood_sugar.838\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.839 high_blood_sugar.840 high_blood_sugar.841\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.842 high_blood_sugar.843 high_blood_sugar.844\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.845 high_blood_sugar.846 high_blood_sugar.847\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.848 high_blood_sugar.849 high_blood_sugar.850\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.851 high_blood_sugar.852 high_blood_sugar.853\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.854 high_blood_sugar.855 high_blood_sugar.856\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.857 high_blood_sugar.858 high_blood_sugar.859\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.860 high_blood_sugar.861 high_blood_sugar.862\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.863 high_blood_sugar.864 high_blood_sugar.865\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.866 high_blood_sugar.867 high_blood_sugar.868\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.869 high_blood_sugar.870 high_blood_sugar.871\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.872 high_blood_sugar.873 high_blood_sugar.874\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.875 high_blood_sugar.876 high_blood_sugar.877\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.878 high_blood_sugar.879 high_blood_sugar.880\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.881 high_blood_sugar.882 high_blood_sugar.883\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.884 high_blood_sugar.885 high_blood_sugar.886\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.887 high_blood_sugar.888 high_blood_sugar.889\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.890 high_blood_sugar.891 high_blood_sugar.892\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.893 high_blood_sugar.894 high_blood_sugar.895\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.896 high_blood_sugar.897 high_blood_sugar.898\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.899 high_blood_sugar.900 high_blood_sugar.901\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.902 high_blood_sugar.903 high_blood_sugar.904\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.905 high_blood_sugar.906 high_blood_sugar.907\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.908 high_blood_sugar.909 high_blood_sugar.910\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.911 high_blood_sugar.912 high_blood_sugar.913\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.914 high_blood_sugar.915 high_blood_sugar.916\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      " high_blood_sugar.917 high_blood_sugar.918 high_blood_sugar.919\n",
      " Length:920           Length:920           Length:920          \n",
      " Class :character     Class :character     Class :character    \n",
      " Mode  :character     Mode  :character     Mode  :character    \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "                                                               \n",
      "    rest_ecg      max_heart_rate  exer_angina.0      exer_angina.1     \n",
      " Min.   :0.0000   Min.   : 60.0   Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:120.0   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Median :0.0000   Median :138.0   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      " Mean   :0.6033   Mean   :137.5                                        \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:1.0000   3rd Qu.:156.0                                        \n",
      " Max.   :2.0000   Max.   :202.0                                        \n",
      " exer_angina.2      exer_angina.3      exer_angina.4      exer_angina.5     \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.6      exer_angina.7      exer_angina.8      exer_angina.9     \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.10     exer_angina.11     exer_angina.12     exer_angina.13    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.14     exer_angina.15     exer_angina.16     exer_angina.17    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.18     exer_angina.19     exer_angina.20     exer_angina.21    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.22     exer_angina.23     exer_angina.24     exer_angina.25    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.26     exer_angina.27     exer_angina.28     exer_angina.29    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.30     exer_angina.31     exer_angina.32     exer_angina.33    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.34     exer_angina.35     exer_angina.36     exer_angina.37    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.38     exer_angina.39     exer_angina.40     exer_angina.41    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.42     exer_angina.43     exer_angina.44     exer_angina.45    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.46     exer_angina.47     exer_angina.48     exer_angina.49    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.50     exer_angina.51     exer_angina.52     exer_angina.53    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.54     exer_angina.55     exer_angina.56     exer_angina.57    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.58     exer_angina.59     exer_angina.60     exer_angina.61    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.62     exer_angina.63     exer_angina.64     exer_angina.65    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.66     exer_angina.67     exer_angina.68     exer_angina.69    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.70     exer_angina.71     exer_angina.72     exer_angina.73    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.74     exer_angina.75     exer_angina.76     exer_angina.77    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.78     exer_angina.79     exer_angina.80     exer_angina.81    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.82     exer_angina.83     exer_angina.84     exer_angina.85    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.86     exer_angina.87     exer_angina.88     exer_angina.89    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.90     exer_angina.91     exer_angina.92     exer_angina.93    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.94     exer_angina.95     exer_angina.96     exer_angina.97    \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.98     exer_angina.99     exer_angina.100    exer_angina.101   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.102    exer_angina.103    exer_angina.104    exer_angina.105   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.106    exer_angina.107    exer_angina.108    exer_angina.109   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.110    exer_angina.111    exer_angina.112    exer_angina.113   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.114    exer_angina.115    exer_angina.116    exer_angina.117   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.118    exer_angina.119    exer_angina.120    exer_angina.121   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.122    exer_angina.123    exer_angina.124    exer_angina.125   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.126    exer_angina.127    exer_angina.128    exer_angina.129   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.130    exer_angina.131    exer_angina.132    exer_angina.133   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.134    exer_angina.135    exer_angina.136    exer_angina.137   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.138    exer_angina.139    exer_angina.140    exer_angina.141   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.142    exer_angina.143    exer_angina.144    exer_angina.145   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.146    exer_angina.147    exer_angina.148    exer_angina.149   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.150    exer_angina.151    exer_angina.152    exer_angina.153   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.154    exer_angina.155    exer_angina.156    exer_angina.157   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.158    exer_angina.159    exer_angina.160    exer_angina.161   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.162    exer_angina.163    exer_angina.164    exer_angina.165   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.166    exer_angina.167    exer_angina.168    exer_angina.169   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.170    exer_angina.171    exer_angina.172    exer_angina.173   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.174    exer_angina.175    exer_angina.176    exer_angina.177   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.178    exer_angina.179    exer_angina.180    exer_angina.181   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.182    exer_angina.183    exer_angina.184    exer_angina.185   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.186    exer_angina.187    exer_angina.188    exer_angina.189   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.190    exer_angina.191    exer_angina.192    exer_angina.193   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.194    exer_angina.195    exer_angina.196    exer_angina.197   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.198    exer_angina.199    exer_angina.200    exer_angina.201   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.202    exer_angina.203    exer_angina.204    exer_angina.205   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.206    exer_angina.207    exer_angina.208    exer_angina.209   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.210    exer_angina.211    exer_angina.212    exer_angina.213   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.214    exer_angina.215    exer_angina.216    exer_angina.217   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.218    exer_angina.219    exer_angina.220    exer_angina.221   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.222    exer_angina.223    exer_angina.224    exer_angina.225   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.226    exer_angina.227    exer_angina.228    exer_angina.229   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.230    exer_angina.231    exer_angina.232    exer_angina.233   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.234    exer_angina.235    exer_angina.236    exer_angina.237   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.238    exer_angina.239    exer_angina.240    exer_angina.241   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.242    exer_angina.243    exer_angina.244    exer_angina.245   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.246    exer_angina.247    exer_angina.248    exer_angina.249   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.250    exer_angina.251    exer_angina.252    exer_angina.253   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.254    exer_angina.255    exer_angina.256    exer_angina.257   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.258    exer_angina.259    exer_angina.260    exer_angina.261   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.262    exer_angina.263    exer_angina.264    exer_angina.265   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.266    exer_angina.267    exer_angina.268    exer_angina.269   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.270    exer_angina.271    exer_angina.272    exer_angina.273   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.274    exer_angina.275    exer_angina.276    exer_angina.277   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.278    exer_angina.279    exer_angina.280    exer_angina.281   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.282    exer_angina.283    exer_angina.284    exer_angina.285   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.286    exer_angina.287    exer_angina.288    exer_angina.289   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.290    exer_angina.291    exer_angina.292    exer_angina.293   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.294    exer_angina.295    exer_angina.296    exer_angina.297   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.298    exer_angina.299    exer_angina.300    exer_angina.301   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.302    exer_angina.303    exer_angina.304    exer_angina.305   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.306    exer_angina.307    exer_angina.308    exer_angina.309   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.310    exer_angina.311    exer_angina.312    exer_angina.313   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.314    exer_angina.315    exer_angina.316    exer_angina.317   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.318    exer_angina.319    exer_angina.320    exer_angina.321   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.322    exer_angina.323    exer_angina.324    exer_angina.325   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.326    exer_angina.327    exer_angina.328    exer_angina.329   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.330    exer_angina.331    exer_angina.332    exer_angina.333   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.334    exer_angina.335    exer_angina.336    exer_angina.337   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.338    exer_angina.339    exer_angina.340    exer_angina.341   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.342    exer_angina.343    exer_angina.344    exer_angina.345   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.346    exer_angina.347    exer_angina.348    exer_angina.349   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.350    exer_angina.351    exer_angina.352    exer_angina.353   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.354    exer_angina.355    exer_angina.356    exer_angina.357   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.358    exer_angina.359    exer_angina.360    exer_angina.361   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.362    exer_angina.363    exer_angina.364    exer_angina.365   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.366    exer_angina.367    exer_angina.368    exer_angina.369   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.370    exer_angina.371    exer_angina.372    exer_angina.373   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.374    exer_angina.375    exer_angina.376    exer_angina.377   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.378    exer_angina.379    exer_angina.380    exer_angina.381   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.382    exer_angina.383    exer_angina.384    exer_angina.385   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.386    exer_angina.387    exer_angina.388    exer_angina.389   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.390    exer_angina.391    exer_angina.392    exer_angina.393   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.394    exer_angina.395    exer_angina.396    exer_angina.397   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.398    exer_angina.399    exer_angina.400    exer_angina.401   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.402    exer_angina.403    exer_angina.404    exer_angina.405   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.406    exer_angina.407    exer_angina.408    exer_angina.409   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.410    exer_angina.411    exer_angina.412    exer_angina.413   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.414    exer_angina.415    exer_angina.416    exer_angina.417   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.418    exer_angina.419    exer_angina.420 exer_angina.421   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Min.   :0       Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:0       Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :0       Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                       Mean   :0                         \n",
      "                                       3rd Qu.:0                         \n",
      "                                       Max.   :0                         \n",
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      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.426    exer_angina.427    exer_angina.428    exer_angina.429   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.430    exer_angina.431    exer_angina.432    exer_angina.433   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.434    exer_angina.435    exer_angina.436    exer_angina.437   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.438    exer_angina.439 exer_angina.440    exer_angina.441   \n",
      " Length:920         Min.   :0       Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   1st Qu.:0       Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Median :0       Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                    Mean   :0                                            \n",
      "                    3rd Qu.:0                                            \n",
      "                    Max.   :0                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.442    exer_angina.443    exer_angina.444    exer_angina.445   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.446    exer_angina.447    exer_angina.448    exer_angina.449\n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Min.   :0      \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:0      \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :0      \n",
      "                                                          Mean   :0      \n",
      "                                                          3rd Qu.:0      \n",
      "                                                          Max.   :0      \n",
      " exer_angina.450    exer_angina.451    exer_angina.452 exer_angina.453   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Min.   :0       Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:0       Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :0       Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                       Mean   :0                         \n",
      "                                       3rd Qu.:0                         \n",
      "                                       Max.   :0                         \n",
      " exer_angina.454    exer_angina.455 exer_angina.456 exer_angina.457   \n",
      " Length:920         Min.   :0       Min.   :0       Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   1st Qu.:0       1st Qu.:0       Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Median :0       Median :0       Mode  :character  \n",
      "                    Mean   :0       Mean   :0                         \n",
      "                    3rd Qu.:0       3rd Qu.:0                         \n",
      "                    Max.   :0       Max.   :0                         \n",
      " exer_angina.458    exer_angina.459    exer_angina.460    exer_angina.461   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.462 exer_angina.463    exer_angina.464 exer_angina.465   \n",
      " Min.   :0       Length:920         Min.   :0       Length:920        \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0       Class :character   1st Qu.:0       Class :character  \n",
      " Median :0       Mode  :character   Median :0       Mode  :character  \n",
      " Mean   :0                          Mean   :0                         \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0                          3rd Qu.:0                         \n",
      " Max.   :0                          Max.   :0                         \n",
      " exer_angina.466    exer_angina.467    exer_angina.468    exer_angina.469   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
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      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.470 exer_angina.471    exer_angina.472    exer_angina.473   \n",
      " Min.   :0       Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0       Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Median :0       Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      " Mean   :0                                                               \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0                                                               \n",
      " Max.   :0                                                               \n",
      " exer_angina.474    exer_angina.475    exer_angina.476    exer_angina.477\n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Min.   :0      \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:0      \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :0      \n",
      "                                                          Mean   :0      \n",
      "                                                          3rd Qu.:0      \n",
      "                                                          Max.   :0      \n",
      " exer_angina.478    exer_angina.479    exer_angina.480    exer_angina.481   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
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      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.482    exer_angina.483 exer_angina.484 exer_angina.485   \n",
      " Length:920         Min.   :0       Min.   :0       Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   1st Qu.:0       1st Qu.:0       Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Median :0       Median :0       Mode  :character  \n",
      "                    Mean   :0       Mean   :0                         \n",
      "                    3rd Qu.:0       3rd Qu.:0                         \n",
      "                    Max.   :0       Max.   :0                         \n",
      " exer_angina.486 exer_angina.487    exer_angina.488    exer_angina.489   \n",
      " Min.   :0       Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0       Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Median :0       Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      " Mean   :0                                                               \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0                                                               \n",
      " Max.   :0                                                               \n",
      " exer_angina.490    exer_angina.491    exer_angina.492    exer_angina.493   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
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      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
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      " Min.   :0       Min.   :0       Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0       1st Qu.:0       Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Median :0       Median :0       Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      " Mean   :0       Mean   :0                                            \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0       3rd Qu.:0                                            \n",
      " Max.   :0       Max.   :0                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.498 exer_angina.499    exer_angina.500    exer_angina.501   \n",
      " Min.   :0       Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0       Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Median :0       Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      " Mean   :0                                                               \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0                                                               \n",
      " Max.   :0                                                               \n",
      " exer_angina.502    exer_angina.503 exer_angina.504    exer_angina.505   \n",
      " Length:920         Min.   :0       Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   1st Qu.:0       Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Median :0       Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                    Mean   :0                                            \n",
      "                    3rd Qu.:0                                            \n",
      "                    Max.   :0                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.506    exer_angina.507    exer_angina.508    exer_angina.509   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
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      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
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      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Min.   :0      \n",
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      "                                                          Max.   :0      \n",
      " exer_angina.514    exer_angina.515 exer_angina.516    exer_angina.517   \n",
      " Length:920         Min.   :0       Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   1st Qu.:0       Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Median :0       Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                    Mean   :0                                            \n",
      "                    3rd Qu.:0                                            \n",
      "                    Max.   :0                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.518    exer_angina.519    exer_angina.520 exer_angina.521   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Min.   :0       Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:0       Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :0       Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                       Mean   :0                         \n",
      "                                       3rd Qu.:0                         \n",
      "                                       Max.   :0                         \n",
      " exer_angina.522 exer_angina.523    exer_angina.524    exer_angina.525   \n",
      " Min.   :0       Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0       Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Median :0       Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      " Mean   :0                                                               \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0                                                               \n",
      " Max.   :0                                                               \n",
      " exer_angina.526    exer_angina.527    exer_angina.528    exer_angina.529   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
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      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
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      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
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      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.534    exer_angina.535 exer_angina.536 exer_angina.537\n",
      " Length:920         Min.   :0       Min.   :0       Min.   :0      \n",
      " Class :character   1st Qu.:0       1st Qu.:0       1st Qu.:0      \n",
      " Mode  :character   Median :0       Median :0       Median :0      \n",
      "                    Mean   :0       Mean   :0       Mean   :0      \n",
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      " Min.   :0       Min.   :0       Min.   :0       Min.   :0      \n",
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      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Min.   :0      \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:0      \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :0      \n",
      "                                                          Mean   :0      \n",
      "                                                          3rd Qu.:0      \n",
      "                                                          Max.   :0      \n",
      " exer_angina.546 exer_angina.547    exer_angina.548    exer_angina.549   \n",
      " Min.   :0       Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0       Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Median :0       Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      " Mean   :0                                                               \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0                                                               \n",
      " Max.   :0                                                               \n",
      " exer_angina.550 exer_angina.551    exer_angina.552    exer_angina.553   \n",
      " Min.   :0       Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0       Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Median :0       Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      " Mean   :0                                                               \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0                                                               \n",
      " Max.   :0                                                               \n",
      " exer_angina.554    exer_angina.555 exer_angina.556    exer_angina.557   \n",
      " Length:920         Min.   :0       Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   1st Qu.:0       Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Median :0       Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                    Mean   :0                                            \n",
      "                    3rd Qu.:0                                            \n",
      "                    Max.   :0                                            \n",
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      " Length:920         Min.   :0       Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   1st Qu.:0       Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Median :0       Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                    Mean   :0                                            \n",
      "                    3rd Qu.:0                                            \n",
      "                    Max.   :0                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.562 exer_angina.563 exer_angina.564    exer_angina.565   \n",
      " Min.   :0       Min.   :0       Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0       1st Qu.:0       Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Median :0       Median :0       Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      " Mean   :0       Mean   :0                                            \n",
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      " Max.   :0       Max.   :0                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.566    exer_angina.567 exer_angina.568 exer_angina.569   \n",
      " Length:920         Min.   :0       Min.   :0       Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   1st Qu.:0       1st Qu.:0       Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Median :0       Median :0       Mode  :character  \n",
      "                    Mean   :0       Mean   :0                         \n",
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      " exer_angina.570 exer_angina.571 exer_angina.572    exer_angina.573\n",
      " Min.   :0       Min.   :0       Length:920         Min.   :0      \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0       1st Qu.:0       Class :character   1st Qu.:0      \n",
      " Median :0       Median :0       Mode  :character   Median :0      \n",
      " Mean   :0       Mean   :0                          Mean   :0      \n",
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      " exer_angina.574    exer_angina.575 exer_angina.576    exer_angina.577   \n",
      " Length:920         Min.   :0       Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   1st Qu.:0       Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Median :0       Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                    Mean   :0                                            \n",
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      " exer_angina.578    exer_angina.579    exer_angina.580    exer_angina.581\n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Min.   :0      \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:0      \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :0      \n",
      "                                                          Mean   :0      \n",
      "                                                          3rd Qu.:0      \n",
      "                                                          Max.   :0      \n",
      " exer_angina.582    exer_angina.583    exer_angina.584 exer_angina.585\n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Min.   :0       Min.   :0      \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:0       1st Qu.:0      \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :0       Median :0      \n",
      "                                       Mean   :0       Mean   :0      \n",
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      "                                       Max.   :0       Max.   :0      \n",
      " exer_angina.586    exer_angina.587 exer_angina.588    exer_angina.589\n",
      " Length:920         Min.   :0       Length:920         Min.   :0      \n",
      " Class :character   1st Qu.:0       Class :character   1st Qu.:0      \n",
      " Mode  :character   Median :0       Mode  :character   Median :0      \n",
      "                    Mean   :0                          Mean   :0      \n",
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      " exer_angina.590 exer_angina.591    exer_angina.592    exer_angina.593\n",
      " Min.   :0       Length:920         Length:920         Min.   :0      \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0       Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:0      \n",
      " Median :0       Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :0      \n",
      " Mean   :0                                             Mean   :0      \n",
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      " exer_angina.594 exer_angina.595    exer_angina.596    exer_angina.597   \n",
      " Min.   :0       Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0       Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Median :0       Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      " Mean   :0                                                               \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0                                                               \n",
      " Max.   :0                                                               \n",
      " exer_angina.598    exer_angina.599    exer_angina.600 exer_angina.601   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Min.   :0       Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:0       Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :0       Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                       Mean   :0                         \n",
      "                                       3rd Qu.:0                         \n",
      "                                       Max.   :0                         \n",
      " exer_angina.602    exer_angina.603    exer_angina.604    exer_angina.605   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.606    exer_angina.607 exer_angina.608    exer_angina.609   \n",
      " Length:920         Min.   :0       Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   1st Qu.:0       Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Median :0       Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                    Mean   :0                                            \n",
      "                    3rd Qu.:0                                            \n",
      "                    Max.   :0                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.610    exer_angina.611 exer_angina.612    exer_angina.613   \n",
      " Length:920         Min.   :0       Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   1st Qu.:0       Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Median :0       Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                    Mean   :0                                            \n",
      "                    3rd Qu.:0                                            \n",
      "                    Max.   :0                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.614    exer_angina.615    exer_angina.616    exer_angina.617   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.618    exer_angina.619    exer_angina.620    exer_angina.621   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.622 exer_angina.623    exer_angina.624 exer_angina.625   \n",
      " Min.   :0       Length:920         Min.   :0       Length:920        \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0       Class :character   1st Qu.:0       Class :character  \n",
      " Median :0       Mode  :character   Median :0       Mode  :character  \n",
      " Mean   :0                          Mean   :0                         \n",
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      " Max.   :0                          Max.   :0                         \n",
      " exer_angina.626    exer_angina.627    exer_angina.628    exer_angina.629   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
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      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
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      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
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      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.634    exer_angina.635    exer_angina.636    exer_angina.637   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
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      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
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      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
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      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.642    exer_angina.643    exer_angina.644    exer_angina.645   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
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      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.646    exer_angina.647    exer_angina.648    exer_angina.649   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
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      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.650    exer_angina.651    exer_angina.652    exer_angina.653   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.654    exer_angina.655    exer_angina.656    exer_angina.657   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
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      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
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      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.662    exer_angina.663    exer_angina.664    exer_angina.665   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.666    exer_angina.667    exer_angina.668    exer_angina.669   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.670    exer_angina.671    exer_angina.672    exer_angina.673   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.674    exer_angina.675    exer_angina.676    exer_angina.677   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.678    exer_angina.679    exer_angina.680    exer_angina.681   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.682    exer_angina.683    exer_angina.684    exer_angina.685   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.686    exer_angina.687    exer_angina.688    exer_angina.689   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.690    exer_angina.691    exer_angina.692    exer_angina.693   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.694    exer_angina.695    exer_angina.696    exer_angina.697   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.698    exer_angina.699    exer_angina.700    exer_angina.701   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.702    exer_angina.703    exer_angina.704    exer_angina.705   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.706    exer_angina.707    exer_angina.708    exer_angina.709   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.710    exer_angina.711    exer_angina.712    exer_angina.713   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.714    exer_angina.715    exer_angina.716 exer_angina.717   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Min.   :0       Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:0       Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :0       Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                       Mean   :0                         \n",
      "                                       3rd Qu.:0                         \n",
      "                                       Max.   :0                         \n",
      " exer_angina.718    exer_angina.719    exer_angina.720    exer_angina.721   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.722    exer_angina.723    exer_angina.724    exer_angina.725   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.726    exer_angina.727    exer_angina.728    exer_angina.729   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.730    exer_angina.731    exer_angina.732    exer_angina.733   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.734    exer_angina.735    exer_angina.736    exer_angina.737   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.738    exer_angina.739    exer_angina.740    exer_angina.741   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.742    exer_angina.743    exer_angina.744    exer_angina.745   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.746    exer_angina.747    exer_angina.748    exer_angina.749   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.750    exer_angina.751    exer_angina.752    exer_angina.753   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
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      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.758    exer_angina.759    exer_angina.760    exer_angina.761   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.762    exer_angina.763    exer_angina.764    exer_angina.765   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.766    exer_angina.767    exer_angina.768    exer_angina.769   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.770    exer_angina.771    exer_angina.772    exer_angina.773   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.774    exer_angina.775    exer_angina.776    exer_angina.777   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.778    exer_angina.779    exer_angina.780    exer_angina.781   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.782    exer_angina.783    exer_angina.784    exer_angina.785   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
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      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.790    exer_angina.791    exer_angina.792    exer_angina.793   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.794    exer_angina.795    exer_angina.796    exer_angina.797   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.798    exer_angina.799    exer_angina.800    exer_angina.801   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.802    exer_angina.803    exer_angina.804    exer_angina.805   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.806    exer_angina.807    exer_angina.808    exer_angina.809   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.810    exer_angina.811    exer_angina.812    exer_angina.813   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.814    exer_angina.815    exer_angina.816    exer_angina.817   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.818    exer_angina.819    exer_angina.820    exer_angina.821   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.822    exer_angina.823    exer_angina.824    exer_angina.825   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.826    exer_angina.827    exer_angina.828    exer_angina.829   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.830    exer_angina.831    exer_angina.832    exer_angina.833   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.834    exer_angina.835    exer_angina.836    exer_angina.837   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.838    exer_angina.839    exer_angina.840    exer_angina.841   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.842    exer_angina.843    exer_angina.844    exer_angina.845   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.846    exer_angina.847    exer_angina.848    exer_angina.849   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.850    exer_angina.851    exer_angina.852    exer_angina.853   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.854    exer_angina.855    exer_angina.856    exer_angina.857   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.858    exer_angina.859    exer_angina.860    exer_angina.861   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.862    exer_angina.863    exer_angina.864    exer_angina.865   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.866    exer_angina.867    exer_angina.868    exer_angina.869   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.870    exer_angina.871    exer_angina.872    exer_angina.873   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.874    exer_angina.875    exer_angina.876    exer_angina.877   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.878    exer_angina.879    exer_angina.880    exer_angina.881   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.882    exer_angina.883    exer_angina.884    exer_angina.885   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.886    exer_angina.887    exer_angina.888    exer_angina.889   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.890    exer_angina.891    exer_angina.892    exer_angina.893   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.894    exer_angina.895    exer_angina.896    exer_angina.897   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.898    exer_angina.899    exer_angina.900    exer_angina.901   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.902    exer_angina.903    exer_angina.904    exer_angina.905   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.906    exer_angina.907    exer_angina.908    exer_angina.909   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.910    exer_angina.911    exer_angina.912    exer_angina.913   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.914    exer_angina.915    exer_angina.916    exer_angina.917   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Length:920         Length:920        \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      "                                                                            \n",
      " exer_angina.918    exer_angina.919    ST_depression      Peak_ST_seg   \n",
      " Length:920         Length:920         Min.   :-2.6000   Min.   :1.000  \n",
      " Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.: 0.0000   1st Qu.:2.000  \n",
      " Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median : 0.8000   Median :2.000  \n",
      "                                       Mean   : 0.8788   Mean   :1.848  \n",
      "                                       3rd Qu.: 1.5000   3rd Qu.:2.000  \n",
      "                                       Max.   : 6.2000   Max.   :3.000  \n",
      " major_vessels         thal      has_heart_disease\n",
      " Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :3.00   Min.   :0.0000   \n",
      " 1st Qu.:0.0000   1st Qu.:6.00   1st Qu.:0.0000   \n",
      " Median :0.0000   Median :6.00   Median :1.0000   \n",
      " Mean   :0.2272   Mean   :5.57   Mean   :0.9957   \n",
      " 3rd Qu.:0.0000   3rd Qu.:6.00   3rd Qu.:2.0000   \n",
      " Max.   :3.0000   Max.   :7.00   Max.   :4.0000   \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%R -i df_imputed \n",
    "print(summary(df_imputed))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "So we are able to call some R and get console output, now let's make some changes to the data.fram in R and print the result back in python."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "original: 0    63\n",
      "1    67\n",
      "2    67\n",
      "3    37\n",
      "4    41\n",
      "Name: age, dtype: int64\n",
      "after manipulation in R: 0    63\n",
      "1    67\n",
      "2    67\n",
      "3    37\n",
      "4    41\n",
      "Name: age, dtype: int64\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print('original:', df_imputed.age.head())\n",
    "\n",
    "# give df_imputed, then multiply it by to in R\n",
    "# the %R command tells iPython its just one line of R code\n",
    "%R -i df_imputed df_imputed$age <- df_imputed$age*2\n",
    "\n",
    "# now we are back in python, did it change?\n",
    "print ('after manipulation in R:', df_imputed.age.head())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Well, it looks like the data was not synchronized... So instead let's setup an output variable for the DataFrame that we send into R. `-i df_imputed` means that we are sending in the DataFrame as an R data.frame. `-o df_imputed` means we are also getting the same variable and copying it back to the python workspace."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "original: 0    63\n",
      "1    67\n",
      "2    67\n",
      "3    37\n",
      "4    41\n",
      "Name: age, dtype: int64\n",
      "after manipulation in R: 0    126.0\n",
      "1    134.0\n",
      "2    134.0\n",
      "3     74.0\n",
      "4     82.0\n",
      "Name: age, dtype: float64\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print('original:', df_imputed.age.head()) \n",
    "\n",
    "# This is the same code as before, but now with an output variable\n",
    "%R -i df_imputed -o df_imputed  df_imputed$age <- df_imputed$age*2\n",
    "# you can place the above on any line to make sure that the data stays\n",
    "# synchronized between pandas and python\n",
    "print('after manipulation in R:', df_imputed.age.head())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Awesome. So now we can send DataFrames into R, manipulate them, and get them back into the python workspace. Is this memory hogging? Yes. Is it really useful for when you want to connect and work with different parts of R? You betcha."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>\n",
      "RangeIndex: 920 entries, 0 to 919\n",
      "Columns: 1852 entries, age to has_heart_disease\n",
      "dtypes: float64(154), int32(2), object(1696)\n",
      "memory usage: 13.0+ MB\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# We can also just go and get new variables from R and \n",
    "# have them spit them back out for us\n",
    "# here I am sending in df_imputed and getting back a data frame\n",
    "# created in R\n",
    "%R -i df_imputed -o df_from_R df_from_R <- df_imputed\n",
    "\n",
    "# notice that the only differebce is that the integers are 32 bits\n",
    "df_from_R.info()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "That's it. Use this as a reference sheet for Pandas, some basic imputation, and calling R code. Thanks!"
   ]
  }
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