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camera angles.bbl
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% $ biblatex auxiliary file $
% $ biblatex version 1.7 $
% Do not modify the above lines!
%
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{{}%
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{}{}}%
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\field{title}{Creating Reality: How TV News Distorts Events}
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grindstaff turow%
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{{}%
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{{}%
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{}{}}%
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\keyw{film, cinema}
\strng{namehash}{BDTK1}
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\field{labelyear}{1993}
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{New York}%
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{{}%
{Dondis}{D.}%
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{}{}%
{}{}}%
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\list{publisher}{1}{%
{MIT}%
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\strng{namehash}{DDA1}
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\field{title}{A Primer of Visual Literacy}
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A primer of visual literacy%
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{{}%
{Eco}{E.}%
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{}{}%
{}{}}%
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{{}%
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{}{}%
{}{}}%
{{}%
{Hawthorn}{H.}%
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{}{}}%
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{Edward Arnold}%
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\field{booktitle}{Communication Studies : An Introductory Reader}
\field{pages}{103\bibrangedash 121}
\field{title}{Towards a Semiotic Inquiry into the Television Message}
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{London}%
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\field{year}{[1965]1980}
\endentry
\entry{Eco:1976}{book}{}
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{{}%
{Eco}{E.}%
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{}{}%
{}{}}%
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{Indiana University Press}%
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\field{sortinit}{E}
\field{series}{Advances in Semiotics}
\field{title}{A Theory of Semiotics}
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{Bloomington IN}%
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\field{year}{1976}
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{{}%
{Eldridge}{E.}%
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{}{}%
{}{}}%
{{}%
{{Glasgow University Media Group}}{G.}%
{}{}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
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\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Routledge}%
}
\keyw{Television Social aspects. Television broadcasting of news.}
\strng{namehash}{EJG1}
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\field{labelyear}{1995}
\field{sortinit}{E}
\field{title}{The Glasgow Media Group Reader Vol.1, News Content, Language
and Visuals}
\list{location}{1}{%
{London}%
}
\field{annotation}{%
The Glasgow media group reader Vol.1, News content, language and visuals%
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\field{year}{1995}
\endentry
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{{}%
{Fiske}{F.}%
{John}{J.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
{{}%
{Hartley}{H.}%
{John}{J.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Methuen}%
}
\keyw{television criticism, television broadcasting, social
aspects,television programmes, semiotic aspects}
\strng{namehash}{FJHJ1}
\strng{fullhash}{FJHJ1}
\field{labelyear}{1978}
\field{sortinit}{F}
\field{isbn}{0416855601 0416855806 : 5.50}
\field{title}{Reading Television}
\list{location}{1}{%
{London}%
}
\field{annotation}{%
Reading television%
}
\field{year}{1978}
\endentry
\entry{Frank:1973a}{book}{}
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{{}%
{Frank}{F.}%
{Robert}{R.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Lexington Books}%
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\strng{namehash}{FR1}
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\field{labelyear}{1973}
\field{sortinit}{F}
\field{title}{Message Dimensions of Television News}
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{Lexington MA}%
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\field{year}{1973}
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{{}%
{Freeman}{F.}%
{Laurie~Anne}{L.~A.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Princeton University Press}%
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\keyw{Mass media,Politics,Japan, Japan,Mass media, Censorship}
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\field{labelyear}{2000}
\field{sortinit}{F}
\field{isbn}{0691059543 (cloth : alk. paper) CIP entry}
\field{title}{Closing the Shop: Information Cartels and Japan's Mass Media}
\list{location}{1}{%
{Princeton NJ}%
}
\field{annotation}{%
Closing the shop : information cartels and Japan's mass media%
}
\field{year}{2000}
\endentry
\entry{Gans:1980}{book}{}
\name{author}{1}{}{%
{{}%
{Gans}{G.}%
{Herbert~J.}{H.~J.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Vintage}%
}
\keyw{Journalism, United States,news selection}
\strng{namehash}{GHJ1}
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\field{labelyear}{1980}
\field{sortinit}{G}
\field{isbn}{0094633908 : 7.95}
\field{title}{Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly
News, `Newsweek' and `Time'}
\list{location}{1}{%
{New York}%
}
\field{annotation}{%
Deciding what's news : a study of CBS evening news, NBC nightly news,
'Newsweek' and 'Time'%
}
\field{year}{1980}
\endentry
\entry{Goodman:1976}{book}{}
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{{}%
{Goodman}{G.}%
{Nelson}{N.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Hackett Publishing}%
}
\strng{namehash}{GN1}
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\field{labelyear}{1976}
\field{sortinit}{G}
\field{title}{Languages of Art: An Approach to the Theory of Symbols}
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{Indianapolis IN}%
}
\field{year}{1976}
\endentry
\entry{Grimes:1991}{article}{}
\name{author}{1}{}{%
{{}%
{Grimes}{G.}%
{Tom}{T.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\strng{namehash}{GT1}
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\field{labelyear}{1991}
\field{sortinit}{G}
\field{number}{2}
\field{pages}{268\bibrangedash 298}
\field{title}{Mild Auditory-Visual Dissonance in Television News May Exceed
Viewer Attentional Capacity}
\field{volume}{18}
\field{journaltitle}{Human Communication Research}
\field{annotation}{%
TOM GRIMES%
}
\field{year}{1991}
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\entry{Halliday:1973}{book}{}
\name{author}{1}{}{%
{{}%
{Halliday}{H.}%
{M.~A.~K.}{M.~A.~K.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Edward Arnold}%
}
\keyw{linguistics}
\strng{namehash}{HMAK1}
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\field{labelyear}{1973}
\field{sortinit}{H}
\field{isbn}{0713117389}
\field{title}{Explorations in the Functions of Language}
\list{location}{1}{%
{London}%
}
\field{annotation}{%
Explorations in the functions of language%
}
\field{year}{1973}
\endentry
\entry{Halliday:1978}{book}{}
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{{}%
{Halliday}{H.}%
{M.~A.~K.}{M.~A.~K.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Edward Arnold}%
}
\keyw{Sociolinguistics, Semiotics, Language,education}
\strng{namehash}{HMAK1}
\strng{fullhash}{HMAK1}
\field{labelyear}{1978}
\field{sortinit}{H}
\field{isbn}{0713159677 : 9.95}
\field{title}{Language as Social Semiotic: the Social Interpretation of
Language and Meaning}
\list{location}{1}{%
{London}%
}
\field{annotation}{%
Language as social semiotic : the social interpretation of language and
meaning%
}
\field{year}{1978}
\endentry
\entry{Halliday:2004}{book}{}
\name{author}{2}{}{%
{{}%
{Halliday}{H.}%
{M.~A.~K.}{M.~A.~K.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
{{}%
{Matthiessen}{M.}%
{Christian M. I.~M.}{C.~M. I.~M.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Arnold}%
}
\keyw{English language Grammar, Functionalism}
\strng{namehash}{HMAKMCMIM1}
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\field{labelyear}{2004}
\field{sortinit}{H}
\field{edition}{3rd}
\field{isbn}{0340761679 (pbk) : 24.99}
\field{note}{(rev. {C.M.I.M. Matthiessen})}
\field{title}{An Introduction to Functional Grammar}
\list{location}{1}{%
{London}%
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\field{annotation}{%
An introduction to functional grammar (3rd Ed.)%
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\field{year}{2004}
\endentry
\entry{Hodge:1988}{book}{}
\name{author}{2}{}{%
{{}%
{Hodge}{H.}%
{Bob}{B.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
{{}%
{Kress}{K.}%
{Gunther~R.}{G.~R.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Polity}%
}
\keyw{Nonverbal communication,Social psychology}
\strng{namehash}{HBKGR1}
\strng{fullhash}{HBKGR1}
\field{labelyear}{1988}
\field{sortinit}{H}
\field{title}{Social Semiotics}
\list{location}{1}{%
{Cambridge}%
}
\field{annotation}{%
Social semiotics%
}
\field{year}{1988}
\endentry
\entry{Jobes:1961}{book}{}
\name{author}{1}{}{%
{{}%
{Jobes}{J.}%
{Gertrude}{G.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Scarecrow Press}%
}
\keyw{imported}
\strng{namehash}{JG1}
\strng{fullhash}{JG1}
\field{labelyear}{1961}
\field{sortinit}{J}
\field{title}{Dictionary of mythology, folklore and symbols.}
\list{location}{1}{%
{New York}%
}
\field{year}{1961}
\endentry
\entry{Kress:1996}{book}{}
\name{author}{2}{}{%
{{}%
{Kress}{K.}%
{Gunther~R.}{G.~R.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
{{}%
{Leeuwen}{L.}%
{Theo}{T.}%
{van}{v.}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Routledge}%
}
\keyw{Visual, design, images, perception, Semiotics}
\strng{namehash}{KGRLTv1}
\strng{fullhash}{KGRLTv1}
\field{labelyear}{2006}
\field{sortinit}{K}
\field{edition}{2nd}
\field{title}{Reading Images: the Grammar of Visual Design}
\list{location}{1}{%
{London}%
}
\field{annotation}{%
Reading images : the grammar of visual design%
}
\field{year}{2006}
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\entry{Lang:1953}{article}{}
\name{author}{2}{}{%
{{}%
{Lang}{L.}%
{Kurt}{K.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
{{}%
{Lang}{L.}%
{Gladys~E.}{G.~E.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\strng{namehash}{LKLGE1}
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\field{labelyear}{1953}
\field{sortinit}{L}
\field{number}{1}
\field{pages}{3\bibrangedash 12}
\field{title}{The Unique Perspective of Television and Its Effect: A Pilot
Study}
\field{volume}{18}
\field{journaltitle}{American Sociological Review}
\field{annotation}{%
The Unique Perspective of Television and Its Effect: A Pilot Study%
}
\field{year}{1953}
\endentry
\entry{Leach:1972}{book}{}
\name{editor}{2}{}{%
{{}%
{Leach}{L.}%
{Maria}{M.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
{{}%
{Fried}{F.}%
{Jerome}{J.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Funk \& Wagnalls}%
}
\keyw{folklore}
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\strng{fullhash}{LMFJ1}
\field{labelyear}{1972}
\field{sortinit}{L}
\field{isbn}{0308400909 9780308400900}
\field{title}{Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend}
\list{location}{1}{%
{New York}%
}
\field{year}{1972}
\endentry
\entry{Van-Leeuwen:1999}{book}{}
\name{author}{1}{}{%
{{}%
{Leeuwen}{L.}%
{Theo}{T.}%
{van}{v.}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Macmillan}%
}
\keyw{Speech. Music Semiotics. Sound Recording and reproducing, music}
\strng{namehash}{LTv1}
\strng{fullhash}{LTv1}
\field{labelyear}{1999}
\field{sortinit}{L}
\field{title}{Speech, Music, Sound}
\list{location}{1}{%
{London}%
}
\field{annotation}{%
Speech, music, sound%
}
\field{year}{1999}
\endentry
\entry{Van-Leeuwen:2001}{book}{}
\name{author}{2}{}{%
{{}%
{Leeuwen}{L.}%
{Theo}{T.}%
{van}{v.}%
{}{}}%
{{}%
{Jewitt}{J.}%
{Carey}{C.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{SAGE}%
}
\keyw{Visual communication, Art and society, Visual communication, Research}
\strng{namehash}{LTvJC1}
\strng{fullhash}{LTvJC1}
\field{labelyear}{2001}
\field{sortinit}{L}
\field{abstract}{%
This text provides a comprehensive guide to the practical applications of a
wide range of methodological approaches to visual analysis.%
}
\field{title}{Handbook of Visual Analysis}
\list{location}{1}{%
{London}%
}
\field{annotation}{%
Handbook of Visual Analysis%
}
\field{year}{2001}
\endentry
\entry{Machin:2006}{article}{}
\name{author}{2}{}{%
{{}%
{Machin}{M.}%
{David}{D.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
{{}%
{Jaworski}{J.}%
{Adam}{A.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\strng{namehash}{MDJA1}
\strng{fullhash}{MDJA1}
\field{labelyear}{2006}
\field{sortinit}{M}
\field{abstract}{%
This article examines the use of archive footage in television news
bulletins. Due to economic pressures and technological changes in the
newsroom, there has been a general increase in the use of such secondary
sources in news: press releases, public relations material, photographs from
image banks and archive news footage. Looking at the contents of one film
archive and several news items that use such material, we consider the
implications of such footage for the nature of news as bearing witness. We
also ask how viewers may interpret this footage. Do they see it as actuality
or as indicative? Existing models of visual communication suggest two
possibilities: that viewers will understand the footage in terms of the way
it is anchored by language (Barthes) or that visual communication, like
language, is made up of signs that form a grammar (Kress and Van Leeuwen),
allowing viewers to `read' the nature of what is communicated, such as
whether it claims to be a true representation. We reject both views. Images
can communicate without language, but there are important differences between
images which form simple signs systems, and language which forms complex sign
systems. Signs in simple semiotic systems are closer to the phenomenal world
(Halliday, 1985) and closer therefore to the real world of our experiences.
They powerfully index discourses within which the linguistic accompaniment
can be contained. Thus, viewers are able to see archive footage as a
sufficient likeness of the world through its ability to index the phenomenal
world, and through the compelling nature of established news frames.%
}
\field{number}{3}
\field{pages}{345\bibrangedash 366}
\field{title}{Archive Video Footage in News: Creating a Likeness and Index of
the Phenomenal World}
\verb{url}
\verb http://vcj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/5/3/345
\endverb
\field{volume}{5}
\field{journaltitle}{Visual Communication}
\field{annotation}{%
Archive video footage in news: creating a likeness and index of the
phenomenal world%
}
\field{year}{2006}
\endentry
\entry{Mandell:1973}{article}{}
\name{author}{2}{}{%
{{}%
{Mandell}{M.}%
{L.~M.}{L.~M.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
{{}%
{Shaw}{S.}%
{D.~L.}{D.~L.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\strng{namehash}{MLMSDL1}
\strng{fullhash}{MLMSDL1}
\field{labelyear}{1973}
\field{sortinit}{M}
\field{number}{353-362}
\field{title}{Judging people in the news unconsciously: Effect of camera
angle and bodily activity}
\field{volume}{17}
\field{journaltitle}{Journal of Broadcasting}
\field{annotation}{%
Judging people in the news unconsciously: Effect of camera angle and bodily
activity%
}
\field{year}{1973}
\endentry
\entry{Manning-White:1950}{incollection}{}
\name{author}{1}{}{%
{{}%
{Manning-White}{M.-W.}%
{David}{D.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\name{editor}{1}{}{%
{{}%
{Tumber}{T.}%
{Howard}{H.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Oxford University Press}%
}
\keyw{Journalism, Social aspects}
\strng{namehash}{MWD1}
\strng{fullhash}{MWD1}
\field{labelyear}{1950}
\field{sortinit}{M}
\field{booktitle}{News: A reader}
\field{isbn}{0198742320 (cased) : 40.00 0198742312 (pbk.) : 16.99}
\field{title}{The `Gatekeeper': A Case Study in the Selection of News}
\list{location}{1}{%
{Oxford}%
}
\field{annotation}{%
The 'Gatekeeper': A Case Study in the Selection of News%
}
\field{year}{1950}
\endentry
\entry{Messaris:1998}{article}{}
\name{author}{1}{}{%
{{}%
{Messaris}{M.}%
{P}{P}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\strng{namehash}{MP1}
\strng{fullhash}{MP1}
\field{labelyear}{1998}
\field{sortinit}{M}
\field{pages}{70\bibrangedash 80}
\field{title}{Visual Aspects of Media Literacy}
\field{volume}{Winter}
\field{journaltitle}{Journal of Communication}
\field{year}{1998}
\endentry
\entry{Millerson:2001}{book}{}
\name{author}{1}{}{%
{{}%
{Millerson}{M.}%
{Gerald}{G.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Focal Press}%
}
\strng{namehash}{MG1}
\strng{fullhash}{MG1}
\field{labelyear}{2001}
\field{sortinit}{M}
\field{edition}{3rd}
\field{title}{Video Production Handbook}
\list{location}{1}{%
{Oxford}%
}
\field{year}{2001}
\endentry
\entry{OToole:1995}{incollection}{}
\name{author}{1}{}{%
{{}%
{O'Toole}{O.}%
{Michael}{M.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\name{editor}{2}{}{%
{{}%
{Fries}{F.}%
{Peter~Howard}{P.~H.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
{{}%
{Gregory}{G.}%
{Michael}{M.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Ablex}%
}
\strng{namehash}{OM1}
\strng{fullhash}{OM1}
\field{labelyear}{1995}
\field{sortinit}{O}
\field{booktitle}{Discourse in Society: Systemic Functional Perspectives}
\field{pages}{159\bibrangedash 182}
\field{series}{Advances in Discourse Processes}
\field{title}{A Systemic-Functional Semiotics of Art}
\field{volume}{L}
\list{location}{1}{%
{Norwood NJ}%
}
\field{year}{1995}
\endentry
\entry{Saint-Martin:1990}{book}{}
\name{author}{1}{}{%
{{}%
{{Saint-Martin}}{S.}%
{Fernande}{F.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Indiana University Press}%
}
\keyw{language, semiotics, visual}
\strng{namehash}{SF1}
\strng{fullhash}{SF1}
\field{labelyear}{1990}
\field{sortinit}{S}
\field{isbn}{0253350573, 9780253350572}
\field{pages}{255}
\field{title}{Semiotics of Visual Language}
\field{year}{1990}
\endentry
\entry{Siebert:1956}{book}{}
\name{author}{3}{}{%
{{}%
{Siebert}{S.}%
{F.S.}{F.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
{{}%
{Peterson}{P.}%
{T.}{T.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
{{}%
{Schramm}{S.}%
{Wilbur}{W.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{University of Illinois Press}%
}
\strng{namehash}{SFPTSW1}
\strng{fullhash}{SFPTSW1}
\field{labelyear}{1956}
\field{sortinit}{S}
\field{title}{Four Theories of the Press}
\list{location}{1}{%
{Urbana IL}%
}
\field{year}{1956}
\endentry
\entry{Sonesson:1996}{inproceedings}{}
\name{author}{1}{}{%
{{}%
{Sonesson}{S.}%
{G{\"o}ran}{G.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\strng{namehash}{SG1}
\strng{fullhash}{SG1}
\field{labelyear}{1996}
\field{sortinit}{S}
\field{booktitle}{LSP and theory of translation. Acts of the XVI Vakki
symposion, Text and Image, V{\"o}jri}
\field{note}{Online:
\url{filserver.arthist.lu.se/kultsem/sonesson/Quadrature1.html} - 24 Jul 08}
\field{pages}{9\bibrangedash 33}
\field{title}{The Quadrature of the Hermeneutic Circle: The picture as
`text'}
\list{location}{1}{%
{Vaasa}%
}
\field{year}{1996}
\warn{\item Invalid format of field 'month'}
\endentry
\entry{Thompson:1993}{book}{}
\name{author}{1}{}{%
{{}%
{Thompson}{T.}%
{Roy}{R.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Focal Press}%
}
\keyw{Editing,Production}
\strng{namehash}{TR1}
\strng{fullhash}{TR1}
\field{labelyear}{1993}
\field{sortinit}{T}
\field{isbn}{0240513401 (pbk) : No price}
\field{title}{Grammar of the Edit}
\list{location}{1}{%
{Oxford}%
}
\field{annotation}{%
Grammar of the edit%
}
\field{year}{1993}
\endentry
\entry{Thompson:1998}{book}{}
\name{author}{1}{}{%
{{}%
{Thompson}{T.}%
{Roy}{R.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\list{publisher}{1}{%
{Focal Press}%
}
\keyw{Cinematography, manuals, production}
\strng{namehash}{TR1}
\strng{fullhash}{TR1}
\field{labelyear}{1998}
\field{sortinit}{T}
\field{isbn}{0240513983 (pbk) : 16.99}
\field{title}{Grammar of the Shot}
\list{location}{1}{%
{Oxford}%
}
\field{annotation}{%
Grammar of the shot%
}
\field{year}{1998}
\endentry
\entry{Tiemens:1978}{article}{}
\name{author}{1}{}{%
{{}%
{Tiemens}{T.}%
{Robert~K.}{R.~K.}%
{}{}%
{}{}}%
}
\keyw{United States, politics, portrayal, television, visual}
\strng{namehash}{TRK1}
\strng{fullhash}{TRK1}
\field{labelyear}{1978}
\field{sortinit}{T}
\field{number}{4}
\field{pages}{362\bibrangedash 70}
\field{title}{Television's portrayal of the 1976 presidential debates: An
analysis of visual content}
\field{volume}{45}
\field{journaltitle}{Communication Monographs}
\field{year}{1978}
\endentry
\entry{Tuchman:1973}{article}{}
\name{author}{1}{}{%
{{}%