List-of-abbreviations.md

Abbreviation	Spellout	Explanation
1	First Person	A verb form when the subject is the speaker, either
		in singular with я 'I' or plural with мы 'we'
2	Second Person	A verb form when the subject is the hearer, either
		in singular with ты 'you' or plural with вы 'you'
3	Third Person	A verb form when the subject is neither the speaker
		nor the hearer, either in singular with он 'he/it',
		она 'she/it' оно 'it' or plural with они 'they'
Acc	Accusative case	Used to mark direct objects; destinations with в 'into' and
		на 'onto'; as the object of prepositions за 'behind',
		о 'against', по 'up to', под 'under', с 'approximately',
		про 'about', через 'across', сквозь 'through'; and in expressions of
		time like в пятницу 'on Friday', в час 'at one o'clock'
Adverb	Adverb	A word that modifies an adjective or a verb like очень 'very'
		and красиво 'well'
Anim	Animate	In the accusative case, Russian distinguishes between nouns that refer to
		animate beings (people and animals) and all other nouns
Biasp	Biaspectual	A verb that can signal both perfective and imperfective aspect,
		like обещать 'promise'
Comparative	Comparative	A comparative form of an adjective, like теплее 'warmer', лучше 'better'
Dat	Dative case	Used to mark indirect objects, with certain verbs indicating communication,
		benefit, harm, equality, or submission; with expressions of age and
		need; and with prepositions к 'toward', по 'along'
Fem	Feminine gender	A class of nouns ending in -a, -я, or -ь;
		adjectives, participles, and past tense verb forms can also
		express gender
Gen	Genitive case	Used with many prepositions, among them из 'from', с 'from',
		от 'from', до 'to', у 'at'; with certain verbs of
		approach and withdrawal; to express 'of'; to express colors;
		with numerals and quantifiers; to express the lack of something;
		and in comparisons
Gerund	Gerund	A verb form that can be either perfective like
		посоветовавшись 'after having consulted' or imperfective like улыбаясь 'while smiling'
Imper	Imperative	A verb form that is used to tell someone to
		do something, like извините! 'excuse me!' and не забывайте 'don't forget!'
Imperf	Imperfective aspect	A verb that is used to describe actions seen as
		processes or as repeated events
Inan	Inanimate	In the accusative case, Russian distinguishes between nouns that refer
		to animate beings (people and animals) and all other nouns (inanimate)
Inf	Infinitive	A verb form that corresponds to 'to X', as in
		писать 'to write'
Ins	Instrumental case	Used to mark the agent in a passive construction like
		Он был очень взволнован появлением этой женщины 'He was very
		excited by the appearance of this woman' (the appearance is the agent);
		to mark means and instruments; to mark labels for things as in
		Правила являются частью игры 'The rules are part of the game'
		(part is a label); and with prepositions с 'with', перед 'in front
		of', за 'behind', над 'above', под 'under', между 'between'
Loc	Locative case	Used after the prepositions в ‘in’, на ‘on’, при ‘at’,
		о ‘about’, по ‘after’; also called “Prepositional case”
Masc	Masculine gender	A class of nouns ending in a consonant or -ь,
		or referring to a male human and ending in -а or -я; adjectives,
		participles, and past tense verb forms can also express gender
Neut	Neuter gender	A class of nouns ending in a -o or -e; adjectives,
		participles, and past tense verb forms can also express gender
Nom	Nominative case	Used to mark the subject of a sentence, the Y in
		a sentence meaning ‘X is Y’, in apposition, and when calling
		someone or naming something
Past	Past tense	A verb form that describes a situation before the present time
PastActiveParticiple	Past Active Participle	A verb form that describes someone or something that did
		something in the past, as in остывший (чай) ‘(tea) that had
		gotten cold’
PastPassiveParticiple	Past Passive Participle	A verb form that describes someone or something that has
		been acted upon, as in (куртка) застёгнута ‘(the jacket is)
		buttoned up’
Perf	Perfective aspect	A verb that is used to describe actions seen as
		unique complete events that can be sequenced
Plur	Plural number	A form of a noun, adjective, or verb that refers to
		more than one individual
PresentActiveParticiple	Present Active Participle	A verb form that describes someone or something that is
		doing something, as in желтеющий (лист) ‘(a leaf) that is
		turning yellow’
PresentPassiveParticiple	Present Passive Participle	A verb form that describes someone or something that is
		being acted upon, as in (документы) пересылаемые (по электронной
		почте) ‘(the documents) that are being sent (by email)’
Sing	Singular number	A form of a noun, adjective, or verb that refers
		to one individual