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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "677d2418bec65e3338edb076e806bc1ec15693c5d0104683f2efe857f61056a9"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-targets",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-targets"
+version = "0.48.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "05d4b17490f70499f20b9e791dcf6a299785ce8af4d709018206dc5b4953e95f"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
+ "windows_aarch64_msvc",
+ "windows_i686_gnu",
+ "windows_i686_msvc",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnu",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
+ "windows_x86_64_msvc",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
+version = "0.48.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "91ae572e1b79dba883e0d315474df7305d12f569b400fcf90581b06062f7e1bc"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
+version = "0.48.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b2ef27e0d7bdfcfc7b868b317c1d32c641a6fe4629c171b8928c7b08d98d7cf3"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_i686_gnu"
+version = "0.48.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "622a1962a7db830d6fd0a69683c80a18fda201879f0f447f065a3b7467daa241"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_i686_msvc"
+version = "0.48.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4542c6e364ce21bf45d69fdd2a8e455fa38d316158cfd43b3ac1c5b1b19f8e00"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
+version = "0.48.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ca2b8a661f7628cbd23440e50b05d705db3686f894fc9580820623656af974b1"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
+version = "0.48.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7896dbc1f41e08872e9d5e8f8baa8fdd2677f29468c4e156210174edc7f7b953"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
+version = "0.48.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1a515f5799fe4961cb532f983ce2b23082366b898e52ffbce459c86f67c8378a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winnow"
+version = "0.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "81fac9742fd1ad1bd9643b991319f72dd031016d44b77039a26977eb667141e7"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winreg"
+version = "0.10.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "80d0f4e272c85def139476380b12f9ac60926689dd2e01d4923222f40580869d"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ws_stream_wasm"
+version = "0.7.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7999f5f4217fe3818726b66257a4475f71e74ffd190776ad053fa159e50737f5"
+dependencies = [
+ "async_io_stream",
+ "futures",
+ "js-sys",
+ "log",
+ "pharos",
+ "rustc_version 0.4.0",
+ "send_wrapper 0.6.0",
+ "thiserror",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+ "wasm-bindgen-futures",
+ "web-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wyz"
+version = "0.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "05f360fc0b24296329c78fda852a1e9ae82de9cf7b27dae4b7f62f118f77b9ed"
+dependencies = [
+ "tap",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zeroize"
+version = "1.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2a0956f1ba7c7909bfb66c2e9e4124ab6f6482560f6628b5aaeba39207c9aad9"
+dependencies = [
+ "zeroize_derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zeroize_derive"
+version = "1.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ce36e65b0d2999d2aafac989fb249189a141aee1f53c612c1f37d72631959f69"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.26",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zeth"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "assert_cmd",
+ "bincode",
+ "bonsai-sdk",
+ "bytemuck",
+ "clap",
+ "env_logger",
+ "ethers-core",
+ "hashbrown 0.13.2",
+ "hex",
+ "log",
+ "revm",
+ "risc0-zkvm",
+ "rstest",
+ "serde",
+ "tempfile",
+ "tokio",
+ "zeth-primitives",
+ "zeth_guests",
+ "zeth_lib",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zeth-primitives"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "alloy-primitives",
+ "alloy-rlp",
+ "alloy-rlp-derive",
+ "anyhow",
+ "bincode",
+ "bytes",
+ "ethers-core",
+ "hex-literal",
+ "k256",
+ "log",
+ "rand",
+ "revm-primitives",
+ "rlp",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "sha2",
+ "sha3",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zeth_guests"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "risc0-build",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zeth_lib"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "bincode",
+ "chrono",
+ "env_logger",
+ "ethers-core",
+ "ethers-providers",
+ "flate2",
+ "hashbrown 0.13.2",
+ "hex-literal",
+ "log",
+ "once_cell",
+ "phf",
+ "revm",
+ "rstest",
+ "ruint",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "serde_with",
+ "thiserror",
+ "tokio",
+ "zeth-primitives",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zip"
+version = "0.6.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "760394e246e4c28189f19d488c058bf16f564016aefac5d32bb1f3b51d5e9261"
+dependencies = [
+ "aes",
+ "byteorder",
+ "bzip2",
+ "constant_time_eq",
+ "crc32fast",
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+ "flate2",
+ "hmac",
+ "pbkdf2",
+ "sha1",
+ "time",
+ "zstd",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zstd"
+version = "0.11.2+zstd.1.5.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "20cc960326ece64f010d2d2107537f26dc589a6573a316bd5b1dba685fa5fde4"
+dependencies = [
+ "zstd-safe",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zstd-safe"
+version = "5.0.2+zstd.1.5.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1d2a5585e04f9eea4b2a3d1eca508c4dee9592a89ef6f450c11719da0726f4db"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+ "zstd-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zstd-sys"
+version = "2.0.8+zstd.1.5.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5556e6ee25d32df2586c098bbfa278803692a20d0ab9565e049480d52707ec8c"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "libc",
+ "pkg-config",
+]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..792607948
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+[workspace]
+members = [
+    "guests",
+    "host",
+    "lib",
+    "primitives",
+]
+
+# Always optimize; building and running the guest takes much longer without optimization.
+[profile.dev]
+opt-level = 3
+
+[profile.dev.build-override]
+opt-level = 3
+
+[profile.release]
+debug = 1
+lto = true
+
+[profile.release.build-override]
+opt-level = 3
+
+[patch.crates-io]
+# use optimized risc0 circuit
+crypto-bigint = { git = "https://github.com/risc0/RustCrypto-crypto-bigint", tag = "v0.5.2-risc0" }
+k256 = { git = "https://github.com/risc0/RustCrypto-elliptic-curves", tag = "k256/v0.13.1-risc0" }
+sha2 = { git = "https://github.com/risc0/RustCrypto-hashes", tag = "sha2/v0.10.6-risc0" }
+
+[workspace.dependencies]
+bonsai-sdk = { git = "https://github.com/risc0/risc0.git", branch = "release-0.16" }
+risc0-build = { git = "https://github.com/risc0/risc0.git", branch = "release-0.16" }
+risc0-zkvm = { git = "https://github.com/risc0/risc0.git", branch = "release-0.16", default-features = false }
diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..261eeb9e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
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+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
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+
+      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
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+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
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+      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
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+
+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+      submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+      or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
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+      to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+      communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+      and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
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+      designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
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+      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
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+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
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+   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
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+      (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
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+      (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
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+          of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
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+          notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
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+      You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+      may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+      for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
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+      reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+      the conditions stated in this License.
+
+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+      except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+      origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
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+      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
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+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
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+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
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+
+   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..986e035df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# zeth
+
+## git-lfs
+
+To facilitate testing, this repository includes cached RPC data. These data are tracked using [git-lfs](https://git-lfs.com/). To use these files:
+
+1. Install `git-lfs`.
+2. Pull the cache files using `git lfs pull`.
+
+This will fetch the cached RPC data and store the results in the `host/testdata` directory.
+
+## Building
+
+```console
+$ cargo build --release
+```
+
+## Running
+
+The `zeth` tool requires an Eth data provider. Three different providers are supported:
+
+* File provider. Specified by giving `--cache-path FILENAME`.
+* RPC provider. Specified by giving `--rpc-url RPC_URL`.
+* Cached RPC provider. Specified by giving both `--cache-path FILENAME` and `--rpc-url RPC_URL`.
+
+Example (replace `YOUR_API_KEY` with your API key for Alchemy):
+
+```console
+$ RUST_LOG=info ./target/release/zeth \
+    --cache-path host/testdata \
+    --block-no 16424130 \
+    --rpc-url "https://eth-mainnet.g.alchemy.com/v2/YOUR_API_KEY"
+```
+
+### Running in the zkVM executor
+
+Add the flag `--local-exec (segment limit)`.
+
+### Running on Bonsai
+
+First, set the following environment variables:
+
+* `BONSAI_API_URL`
+* `BONSAI_API_KEY`
+
+For example,
+
+```console
+$ export BONSAI_API_URL="bonsai_url"
+$ export BONSAI_API_KEY="my_api_key"
+```
+
+To submit a proving job to Bonsai, add the flag `--bonsai-submit`. This will submit the job to Bonsai, print the session UUID to console, and poll Bonsai until the job is complete. For example,
+
+```console
+$ RUST_LOG=info ./target/release/zketh --cache-path host/testdata --block-no 17735424 --bonsai-submit
+```
+
+To check the status of a job that's already been submitted to Bonsai, add the flag `--bonsai-verify SESSION_UUID`, where `SESSION_UUID` is the UUID printed by the `--bonsai-submit` command. For example,
+
+```console
+$ RUST_LOG=info ./target/release/zketh --cache-path host/testdata --block-no 17735424 --bonsai-verify f150e1c6-ca9f-4c8f-9dfb-e9e022315e5c
+```
diff --git a/config.toml b/config.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f95e9cd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/config.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[patch.crates-io]
+cc = { git = "https://github.com/rust-lang/cc-rs", tag = "1.0.79" }
+
+[env]
+CARGO_WORKSPACE_DIR = { value = "", relative = true }
diff --git a/guests/Cargo.toml b/guests/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d56d20c0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guests/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[package]
+name = "zeth_guests"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[build-dependencies]
+risc0-build = { workspace = true }
+
+[package.metadata.risc0]
+methods = ["eth-block"]
diff --git a/guests/build.rs b/guests/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42c6db8ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guests/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+fn main() {
+    risc0_build::embed_methods();
+}
diff --git a/guests/eth-block/Cargo.lock b/guests/eth-block/Cargo.lock
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c6145237
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guests/eth-block/Cargo.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,3374 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 3
+
+[[package]]
+name = "addr2line"
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+checksum = "9b85cbef8c220a6abc02aefd892dfc0fc23afb1c6a426316ec33253a3877249b"
+dependencies = [
+ "js-sys",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+]
+
+[[package]]
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+version = "0.22.0"
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+ "ring",
+ "untrusted",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "webpki-roots"
+version = "0.22.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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+ "webpki",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "webpki-roots"
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+ "rustls-webpki 0.100.1",
+]
+
+[[package]]
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+ "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu",
+ "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu"
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+ "windows-targets",
+]
+
+[[package]]
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+ "windows-targets",
+]
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+[[package]]
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+dependencies = [
+ "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
+ "windows_aarch64_msvc",
+ "windows_i686_gnu",
+ "windows_i686_msvc",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnu",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
+ "windows_x86_64_msvc",
+]
+
+[[package]]
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+
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+checksum = "81fac9742fd1ad1bd9643b991319f72dd031016d44b77039a26977eb667141e7"
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+ "memchr",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winreg"
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "80d0f4e272c85def139476380b12f9ac60926689dd2e01d4923222f40580869d"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ws_stream_wasm"
+version = "0.7.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7999f5f4217fe3818726b66257a4475f71e74ffd190776ad053fa159e50737f5"
+dependencies = [
+ "async_io_stream",
+ "futures",
+ "js-sys",
+ "log",
+ "pharos",
+ "rustc_version 0.4.0",
+ "send_wrapper 0.6.0",
+ "thiserror",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+ "wasm-bindgen-futures",
+ "web-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wyz"
+version = "0.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "05f360fc0b24296329c78fda852a1e9ae82de9cf7b27dae4b7f62f118f77b9ed"
+dependencies = [
+ "tap",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zeroize"
+version = "1.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2a0956f1ba7c7909bfb66c2e9e4124ab6f6482560f6628b5aaeba39207c9aad9"
+dependencies = [
+ "zeroize_derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zeroize_derive"
+version = "1.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ce36e65b0d2999d2aafac989fb249189a141aee1f53c612c1f37d72631959f69"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.25",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zeth-primitives"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "alloy-primitives",
+ "alloy-rlp",
+ "alloy-rlp-derive",
+ "anyhow",
+ "bytes",
+ "ethers-core",
+ "k256",
+ "log",
+ "revm-primitives",
+ "rlp",
+ "serde",
+ "sha2",
+ "sha3",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zeth_lib"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "chrono",
+ "ethers-core",
+ "ethers-providers",
+ "flate2",
+ "hashbrown 0.13.2",
+ "hex-literal",
+ "log",
+ "once_cell",
+ "revm",
+ "ruint",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "serde_with",
+ "thiserror",
+ "tokio",
+ "zeth-primitives",
+]
diff --git a/guests/eth-block/Cargo.toml b/guests/eth-block/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3cb2f3550
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guests/eth-block/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+[package]
+name = "eth-block"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[workspace]
+
+[dependencies]
+k256 = { version = "=0.13.1", features = ["std", "ecdsa"], default_features = false }
+risc0-zkvm = { git = "https://github.com/risc0/risc0.git", branch = "release-0.16", default-features = false, features = ['std'] }
+zeth_lib = { path = "../../lib", default-features = false }
+
+[patch.crates-io]
+radium = { git = 'https://github.com/ferrilab/radium.git', rev = "723bed5" }
+# use optimized risc0 circuit
+crypto-bigint = { git = "https://github.com/risc0/RustCrypto-crypto-bigint", tag = "v0.5.2-risc0" }
+k256 = { git = "https://github.com/risc0/RustCrypto-elliptic-curves", tag = "k256/v0.13.1-risc0" }
+sha2 = { git = "https://github.com/risc0/RustCrypto-hashes", tag = "sha2/v0.10.6-risc0" }
diff --git a/guests/eth-block/src/main.rs b/guests/eth-block/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..71453bf5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guests/eth-block/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#![no_main]
+
+use risc0_zkvm::guest::env;
+use zeth_lib::{block_builder::BlockBuilder, validation::Input};
+
+risc0_zkvm::guest::entry!(main);
+
+pub fn main() {
+    let input: Input = env::read();
+
+    let result = BlockBuilder::from(input)
+        .initialize_evm_storage()
+        .expect("Failed to create in-memory evm storage")
+        .initialize_header()
+        .expect("Failed to create the initial block header fields")
+        .execute_transactions()
+        .expect("Failed to execute transactions")
+        .build(None)
+        .expect("Failed to build the resulting block");
+
+    env::commit(&result.hash());
+
+    // Leak memory, save cycles
+    core::mem::forget(result);
+}
diff --git a/guests/src/lib.rs b/guests/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0c7a9dd66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guests/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/methods.rs"));
diff --git a/host/Cargo.toml b/host/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e07ff2af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/host/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+[package]
+name = "zeth"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow = "1.0"
+bincode = "1.3.3"
+bonsai-sdk = { workspace = true }
+bytemuck = "1.13"
+clap = { version = "4.0", features = ["derive"] }
+env_logger = "0.10"
+ethers-core = "2.0"
+hashbrown = "0.13"
+hex = "0.4.3"
+log = "0.4"
+revm = { version = "3.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "serde"] }
+risc0-zkvm = { workspace = true, features = ["prove"] }
+serde = "1.0"
+tempfile = "3.6"
+tokio = { version = "1.23", features = ["full"] }
+zeth-primitives = { path = "../primitives" }
+zeth_guests = { path = "../guests" }
+zeth_lib = { path = "../lib" }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+assert_cmd = "2.0"
+rstest = "0.18"
+
+[features]
+profiler = ["risc0-zkvm/profiler"]
diff --git a/host/src/main.rs b/host/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ec144f0f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/host/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+extern crate core;
+
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use bonsai_sdk::alpha as bonsai_sdk;
+use clap::Parser;
+use log::{error, info};
+use risc0_zkvm::{
+    serde::{from_slice, to_vec},
+    ExecutorEnv, FileSegmentRef, LocalExecutor, MemoryImage, Program, SessionReceipt,
+};
+use tempfile::tempdir;
+use zeth_guests::{ETH_BLOCK_ELF, ETH_BLOCK_ID};
+use zeth_lib::{block_builder::BlockBuilder, validation::Input};
+use zeth_primitives::BlockHash;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[clap(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+struct Args {
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    rpc_url: Option<String>,
+
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    cache_path: Option<String>,
+
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    block_no: u64,
+
+    #[clap(short, long, default_value_t = 0)]
+    local_exec: u32,
+
+    #[clap(long, default_value_t = false)]
+    bonsai_submit: bool,
+
+    #[clap(long)]
+    bonsai_verify: Option<String>,
+}
+
+fn cache_file_path(cache_path: &String, block_no: u64, ext: &str) -> String {
+    format!("{}/{}.{}", cache_path, block_no, ext)
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    env_logger::init();
+    let args = Args::parse();
+
+    // Fetch all of the initial data
+    let rpc_cache = args
+        .cache_path
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|dir| cache_file_path(dir, args.block_no, "json.gz"));
+
+    let init = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
+        zeth_lib::host::get_initial_data(rpc_cache, args.rpc_url, args.block_no)
+            .expect("Could not init")
+    })
+    .await?;
+
+    let input: Input = init.clone().into();
+
+    // Verify that the transactions run correctly
+    {
+        let input: Input = from_slice(&to_vec(&input).expect("Input serialization failed"))
+            .expect("Input deserialization failed");
+
+        info!("Running from memory ...");
+
+        let block_builder = BlockBuilder::from(input)
+            .initialize_evm_storage()
+            .expect("Error initializing MemDb from Input")
+            .initialize_header()
+            .expect("Error creating initial block header")
+            .execute_transactions()
+            .expect("Error while running transactions");
+
+        let fini_db = block_builder.clone().to_db();
+        let accounts_len = fini_db.accounts_len();
+
+        let mut storage_deltas = Default::default();
+        let validated_header = block_builder
+            .build(Some(&mut storage_deltas))
+            .expect("Error while verifying final state");
+
+        info!(
+            "Memory-backed execution is Done! Database contains {} accounts",
+            accounts_len
+        );
+
+        // Verify final state
+        info!("Verifying final state using provider data ...");
+        let errors = zeth_lib::host::verify_state(fini_db, init.fini_proofs, storage_deltas)
+            .expect("Could not verify final state!");
+        for (address, address_errors) in &errors {
+            info!(
+                "Verify found {:?} error(s) for address {:?}",
+                address_errors.len(),
+                address
+            );
+            for error in address_errors {
+                match error {
+                    zeth_lib::host::VerifyError::BalanceMismatch {
+                        rpc_value,
+                        our_value,
+                        difference,
+                    } => error!(
+                        "  Error: BalanceMismatch: rpc_value={} our_value={} difference={}",
+                        rpc_value, our_value, difference
+                    ),
+                    _ => error!("  Error: {:?}", error),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let errors_len = errors.len();
+        if errors_len > 0 {
+            error!(
+                "Verify found {:?} account(s) with error(s) ({}% correct)",
+                errors_len,
+                (100.0 * (accounts_len - errors_len) as f64 / accounts_len as f64)
+            );
+        }
+
+        let found_hash = validated_header.hash();
+        let expected_hash = init.fini_block.hash();
+        if found_hash.as_slice() != expected_hash.as_slice() {
+            error!(
+                "Final block hash mismatch {} (expected {})",
+                found_hash, expected_hash,
+            );
+
+            bail!("Invalid block hash");
+        }
+
+        info!("Final block hash derived successfully. {}", found_hash)
+    }
+
+    // Run in the executor (if requested)
+    if args.local_exec > 0 {
+        let segment_limit_po2 = args.local_exec as usize;
+
+        info!(
+            "Running in executor with segment_limit_po2 = {:?}",
+            segment_limit_po2
+        );
+
+        let input = to_vec(&input).expect("Could not serialize input!");
+        info!(
+            "Input size: {} words ( {} MB )",
+            input.len(),
+            input.len() * 4 / 1_000_000
+        );
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "profiler")]
+        let mut profiler =
+            risc0_zkvm::Profiler::new(zeth_guests::ETH_BLOCK_PATH, ETH_BLOCK_ELF).unwrap();
+
+        info!("Running the executor...");
+        let start_time = Instant::now();
+        let session = {
+            let mut builder = ExecutorEnv::builder();
+            builder
+                .session_limit(None)
+                .segment_limit_po2(segment_limit_po2)
+                .add_input(&input);
+
+            #[cfg(feature = "profiler")]
+            builder.trace_callback(profiler.make_trace_callback());
+
+            let env = builder.build().unwrap();
+            let mut exec = LocalExecutor::from_elf(env, ETH_BLOCK_ELF).unwrap();
+
+            let segment_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+
+            exec.run_with_callback(|segment| {
+                Ok(Box::new(FileSegmentRef::new(&segment, segment_dir.path())?))
+            })
+            .unwrap()
+        };
+        info!(
+            "Generated {:?} segments; elapsed time: {:?}",
+            session.segments.len(),
+            start_time.elapsed()
+        );
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "profiler")]
+        {
+            profiler.finalize();
+
+            let sys_time = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+                .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+                .unwrap();
+            std::fs::write(
+                format!("profile_{}.pb", sys_time.as_secs()),
+                &profiler.encode_to_vec(),
+            )
+            .expect("Failed to write profiling output");
+        }
+
+        info!(
+            "Executor ran in (roughly) {} cycles",
+            session.segments.len() * (1 << segment_limit_po2)
+        );
+
+        let expected_hash = init.fini_block.hash();
+        let found_hash: BlockHash = from_slice(&session.journal).unwrap();
+
+        if found_hash == expected_hash {
+            info!("Block hash (from executor): {}", found_hash);
+        } else {
+            error!(
+                "Final block hash mismatch (from executor) {} (expected {})",
+                found_hash, expected_hash,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut bonsai_session_uuid = args.bonsai_verify;
+
+    // Run in Bonsai (if requested)
+    if bonsai_session_uuid.is_none() && args.bonsai_submit {
+        info!("Creating Bonsai client");
+        let client = bonsai_sdk::Client::from_env().expect("Could not create Bonsai client");
+
+        // create the memoryImg, upload it and return the imageId
+        info!("Uploading memory image");
+        let img_id = {
+            let program = Program::load_elf(ETH_BLOCK_ELF, risc0_zkvm::MEM_SIZE as u32)
+                .expect("Could not load ELF");
+            let image = MemoryImage::new(&program, risc0_zkvm::PAGE_SIZE as u32)
+                .expect("Could not create memory image");
+            let image_id = hex::encode(image.compute_id());
+            let image = bincode::serialize(&image).expect("Failed to serialize memory img");
+
+            match client.upload_img(&image_id, image) {
+                Ok(_) => (),
+                Err(bonsai_sdk::SdkErr::ImageIdExists) => (),
+                Err(err) => panic!("Could not upload ELF: {}", err),
+            };
+            image_id
+        };
+
+        // Prepare input data and upload it.
+        info!("Uploading inputs");
+        let input_data = to_vec(&input).unwrap();
+        let input_data = bytemuck::cast_slice(&input_data).to_vec();
+        let input_id = client
+            .upload_input(input_data)
+            .expect("Could not upload inputs");
+
+        // Start a session running the prover
+        info!("Starting session");
+        let session = client
+            .create_session(img_id, input_id)
+            .expect("Could not create Bonsai session");
+
+        println!("Bonsai session UUID: {}", session.uuid);
+        bonsai_session_uuid = Some(session.uuid)
+    }
+
+    // Verify receipt from Bonsai (if requested)
+    if let Some(session_uuid) = bonsai_session_uuid {
+        let client = bonsai_sdk::Client::from_env().expect("Could not create Bonsai client");
+        let session = bonsai_sdk::SessionId { uuid: session_uuid };
+
+        loop {
+            let res = session
+                .status(&client)
+                .expect("Could not fetch Bonsai status");
+            if res.status == "RUNNING" {
+                std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(15));
+                continue;
+            }
+            if res.status == "SUCCEEDED" {
+                // Download the receipt, containing the output
+                let receipt_url = res
+                    .receipt_url
+                    .expect("API error, missing receipt on completed session");
+
+                let receipt_buf = client
+                    .download(&receipt_url)
+                    .expect("Could not download receipt");
+                let receipt: SessionReceipt =
+                    bincode::deserialize(&receipt_buf).expect("Could not deserialize receipt");
+                receipt
+                    .verify(ETH_BLOCK_ID)
+                    .expect("Receipt verification failed");
+
+                let expected_hash = init.fini_block.hash();
+                let found_hash: BlockHash = from_slice(&receipt.journal).unwrap();
+
+                if found_hash == expected_hash {
+                    info!("Block hash (from Bonsai): {}", found_hash);
+                } else {
+                    error!(
+                        "Final block hash mismatch (from Bonsai) {} (expected {})",
+                        found_hash, expected_hash,
+                    );
+                }
+            } else {
+                panic!("Workflow exited: {}", res.status);
+            }
+
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/host/testdata/.gitkeep b/host/testdata/.gitkeep
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
diff --git a/host/tests/blocks.rs b/host/tests/blocks.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0be0cfb8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/host/tests/blocks.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#![feature(path_file_prefix)]
+
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use assert_cmd::Command;
+use rstest::rstest;
+
+#[rstest]
+fn block_cli(#[files("testdata/*.json.gz")] mut path: PathBuf) {
+    let block_no = String::from(path.file_prefix().unwrap().to_str().unwrap());
+
+    path.pop();
+
+    let mut cmd = Command::cargo_bin("zeth").unwrap();
+    let assert = cmd
+        .args(&[
+            "--cache-path",
+            path.to_str().unwrap(),
+            "--block-no",
+            &block_no,
+        ])
+        .assert();
+    assert.success();
+}
diff --git a/lib/Cargo.toml b/lib/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6af101c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+[package]
+name = "zeth_lib"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow = "1.0"
+hashbrown = "0.13"
+hex-literal = "0.4"
+once_cell = "1.18"
+revm = { version = "3.3", default-features = false, features = ["std", "serde"] }
+ruint = { version = "1.10", default-features = false }
+serde = "1.0"
+thiserror = "1.0"
+zeth-primitives = { path = "../primitives", features = ["revm"] }
+
+[target.'cfg(not(target_os = "zkvm"))'.dependencies]
+chrono = { version = "0.4", default-features = false }
+ethers-core = "2.0"
+ethers-providers =  "2.0"
+flate2 = "1.0.26"
+log = "0.4"
+serde_json = { version = "1.0", default-features = false, features = ["alloc"] }
+serde_with = "3.0"
+tokio = { version = "1.23", features = ["full"] }
+zeth-primitives = { path = "../primitives", features = ["revm", "ethers"] }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+bincode = "1.3"
+env_logger = "0.10"
+phf = { version = "0.11", features = ["macros"] }
+rstest = "0.18"
+serde_with = "3.1"
diff --git a/lib/src/block_builder.rs b/lib/src/block_builder.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f49be2c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/src/block_builder.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,490 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use core::mem;
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
+use hashbrown::{hash_map, HashMap};
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "zkvm"))]
+use log::{debug, info};
+use revm::{
+    primitives::{
+        Account, AccountInfo, Address, BlockEnv, Bytecode, CfgEnv, ResultAndState, SpecId,
+        TransactTo, TxEnv, B160, B256, U256,
+    },
+    EVM,
+};
+use zeth_primitives::{
+    block::Header,
+    keccak::{keccak, KECCAK_EMPTY},
+    receipt::Receipt,
+    revm::{from_revm_b256, to_revm_b160, to_revm_b256},
+    transaction::{Transaction, TransactionKind, TxEssence},
+    trie::{MptNode, StateAccount},
+    Bloom, Bytes, RlpBytes,
+};
+
+use crate::{
+    consts::{self, GWEI_TO_WEI},
+    guest_mem_forget,
+    mem_db::{AccountState, DbAccount, MemDb},
+    validation::{
+        compute_base_fee, compute_block_number, compute_spec_id, verify_extra_data,
+        verify_gas_limit, verify_parent_chain, verify_state_trie, verify_storage_trie,
+        verify_timestamp, Input,
+    },
+};
+
+pub trait BlockBuilderDatabase: revm::Database + Sized {
+    /// Creates a new DB from the accounts and the block hashes.
+    fn load(accounts: HashMap<B160, DbAccount>, block_hashes: HashMap<u64, B256>) -> Self;
+    /// Returns all non-deleted accounts with their storage entries.
+    fn accounts(&self) -> hash_map::Iter<B160, DbAccount>;
+    /// Increases the balance of `address` by `amount`.
+    fn increase_balance(&mut self, address: Address, amount: U256) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    /// Updates the account of `address`.
+    fn update(&mut self, address: Address, account: Account);
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct BlockBuilder<D> {
+    db: Option<D>,
+    header: Option<Header>,
+    input: Input,
+}
+
+impl From<Input> for BlockBuilder<MemDb> {
+    fn from(input: Input) -> Self {
+        BlockBuilder {
+            db: None,
+            header: None,
+            input,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D> BlockBuilder<D>
+where
+    D: BlockBuilderDatabase,
+    <D as revm::Database>::Error: std::fmt::Debug,
+{
+    pub fn new(db: Option<D>, input: Input) -> Self {
+        BlockBuilder {
+            db,
+            header: None,
+            input,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_db(self) -> D {
+        self.db.unwrap()
+    }
+
+    pub fn initialize_evm_storage(mut self) -> Result<Self> {
+        verify_state_trie(
+            &self.input.parent_state_trie,
+            &self.input.parent_header.state_root,
+        )?;
+
+        // hash all the contract code
+        let contracts: HashMap<B256, Bytes> = mem::take(&mut self.input.contracts)
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|bytes| (keccak(&bytes).into(), bytes))
+            .collect();
+
+        // Load account data into db
+        let mut accounts = HashMap::with_capacity(self.input.parent_storage.len());
+        for (address, (storage_trie, slots)) in &mut self.input.parent_storage {
+            // consume the slots, as they are no longer needed afterwards
+            let slots = mem::take(slots);
+
+            // load the account from the state trie or empty if it does not exist
+            let state_account = self
+                .input
+                .parent_state_trie
+                .rlp_lookup::<StateAccount>(&keccak(address))?
+                .unwrap_or_default();
+            verify_storage_trie(address, storage_trie, &state_account.storage_root)?;
+
+            // load the corresponding code
+            let code_hash = to_revm_b256(state_account.code_hash);
+            let bytecode = if code_hash.0 == KECCAK_EMPTY.0 {
+                Bytecode::new()
+            } else {
+                let bytes = contracts.get(&code_hash).unwrap().clone();
+                unsafe { Bytecode::new_raw_with_hash(bytes.0, code_hash) }
+            };
+
+            // load storage reads
+            let mut storage = HashMap::with_capacity(slots.len());
+            for slot in slots {
+                let value: zeth_primitives::U256 = storage_trie
+                    .rlp_lookup(&keccak(slot.to_be_bytes::<32>()))?
+                    .unwrap_or_default();
+                storage.insert(slot, value);
+            }
+
+            let mem_account = DbAccount {
+                info: AccountInfo {
+                    balance: state_account.balance,
+                    nonce: state_account.nonce,
+                    code_hash: to_revm_b256(state_account.code_hash),
+                    code: Some(bytecode),
+                },
+                state: AccountState::None,
+                storage,
+            };
+
+            accounts.insert(*address, mem_account);
+        }
+        guest_mem_forget(contracts);
+
+        // prepare block hash history
+        let block_hashes =
+            verify_parent_chain(&self.input.parent_header, &self.input.ancestor_headers)?;
+
+        // Store database
+        self.db = Some(D::load(accounts, block_hashes));
+
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    pub fn initialize_header(mut self) -> Result<Self> {
+        // Verify current block
+        verify_gas_limit(self.input.gas_limit, self.input.parent_header.gas_limit)?;
+        verify_timestamp(self.input.timestamp, self.input.parent_header.timestamp)?;
+        verify_extra_data(&self.input.extra_data)?;
+        // Initialize result header
+        self.header = Some(Header {
+            // Initialize fields that we can compute from the parent
+            parent_hash: self.input.parent_header.hash(),
+            number: compute_block_number(&self.input.parent_header)?,
+            base_fee_per_gas: compute_base_fee(&self.input.parent_header)?,
+            // Initialize metadata from input
+            beneficiary: self.input.beneficiary,
+            gas_limit: self.input.gas_limit,
+            timestamp: self.input.timestamp,
+            mix_hash: self.input.mix_hash,
+            extra_data: self.input.extra_data.clone(),
+            // do not fill the remaining fields
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    pub fn execute_transactions(mut self) -> Result<Self> {
+        let header = self.header.as_mut().expect("Header is not initialized");
+        let spec_id = compute_spec_id(&self.input.chain_spec, header.number)?;
+
+        #[cfg(not(target_os = "zkvm"))]
+        {
+            use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};
+            let dt = Utc
+                .timestamp_opt(self.input.timestamp.try_into().unwrap(), 0)
+                .unwrap();
+
+            info!("Block no. {}", header.number);
+            info!("  EVM spec ID: {:?}", spec_id);
+            info!("  Timestamp: {}", dt);
+            info!("  Transactions: {}", self.input.transactions.len());
+            info!("  Withdrawals: {}", self.input.withdrawals.len());
+            info!("  Fee Recipient: {:?}", self.input.beneficiary);
+            info!("  Gas limit: {}", self.input.gas_limit);
+            info!("  Base fee per gas: {}", header.base_fee_per_gas);
+            info!("  Extra data: {:?}", self.input.extra_data);
+        }
+
+        // initialize the EVM
+        let mut evm = EVM::new();
+
+        evm.env.cfg = CfgEnv {
+            chain_id: U256::from(self.input.chain_spec.chain_id()),
+            spec_id,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        evm.env.block = BlockEnv {
+            number: header.number.try_into().unwrap(),
+            coinbase: to_revm_b160(self.input.beneficiary),
+            timestamp: self.input.timestamp,
+            difficulty: U256::ZERO,
+            prevrandao: Some(to_revm_b256(self.input.mix_hash)),
+            basefee: header.base_fee_per_gas,
+            gas_limit: self.input.gas_limit,
+        };
+
+        evm.database(self.db.take().unwrap());
+
+        // bloom filter over all transaction logs
+        let mut logs_bloom = Bloom::default();
+        // keep track of the gas used over all transactions
+        let mut cumulative_gas_used = consts::ZERO;
+
+        // process all the transactions
+        let mut tx_trie = MptNode::default();
+        let mut receipt_trie = MptNode::default();
+        for (tx_no, tx) in self.input.transactions.iter().enumerate() {
+            // verify the transaction signature
+            let tx_from = tx
+                .recover_from()
+                .with_context(|| format!("Error recovering address for transaction {}", tx_no))?;
+
+            #[cfg(not(target_os = "zkvm"))]
+            {
+                let tx_hash = tx.hash();
+                debug!("Tx no. {} (hash: {})", tx_no, tx_hash);
+                debug!("  Type: {}", tx.tx_type());
+                debug!("  Fr: {:?}", tx_from);
+                debug!("  To: {:?}", tx.to().unwrap_or_default());
+            }
+
+            // verify transaction gas
+            let block_available_gas = self.input.gas_limit - cumulative_gas_used;
+            if block_available_gas < tx.gas_limit() {
+                bail!("Error at transaction {}: gas exceeds block limit", tx_no);
+            }
+
+            // process the transaction
+            let tx_from = to_revm_b160(tx_from);
+            fill_tx_env(&mut evm.env.tx, tx, tx_from);
+            let ResultAndState { result, state } = evm
+                .transact()
+                .map_err(|evm_err| anyhow!("Error at transaction {}: {:?}", tx_no, evm_err))?;
+
+            let gas_used = result.gas_used().try_into().unwrap();
+            cumulative_gas_used = cumulative_gas_used.checked_add(gas_used).unwrap();
+
+            #[cfg(not(target_os = "zkvm"))]
+            debug!("  Ok: {:?}", result);
+
+            // create the receipt from the EVM result
+            let receipt = Receipt::new(
+                tx.tx_type(),
+                result.is_success(),
+                cumulative_gas_used,
+                result.logs().into_iter().map(|log| log.into()).collect(),
+            );
+
+            // accumulate logs to the block bloom filter
+            logs_bloom.accrue_bloom(receipt.payload.logs_bloom);
+
+            // Add receipt and tx to tries
+            let trie_key = tx_no.to_rlp();
+            tx_trie.rlp_update(&trie_key, tx);
+            receipt_trie.rlp_update(&trie_key, receipt);
+
+            // update account states
+            let db = evm.db().unwrap();
+            for (address, account) in state {
+                #[cfg(not(target_os = "zkvm"))]
+                if account.is_touched {
+                    // log account
+                    debug!(
+                        "  State {:?} (storage_cleared={}, is_destroyed={}, is_not_existing={})",
+                        address,
+                        account.storage_cleared,
+                        account.is_destroyed,
+                        account.is_not_existing
+                    );
+                    // log balance changes
+                    debug!(
+                        "     After balance: {} (Nonce: {})",
+                        account.info.balance, account.info.nonce
+                    );
+
+                    // log state changes
+                    for (addr, slot) in &account.storage {
+                        if slot.is_changed() {
+                            debug!("    Storage address: {:?}", addr);
+                            debug!("      Before: {:?}", slot.original_value);
+                            debug!("       After: {:?}", slot.present_value);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                db.update(address, account);
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.db = Some(evm.take_db());
+
+        // process withdrawals unconditionally after any transactions
+        let mut withdrawals_trie = MptNode::default();
+        for (i, withdrawal) in self.input.withdrawals.iter().enumerate() {
+            // the withdrawal amount is given in Gwei
+            let amount_wei = GWEI_TO_WEI
+                .checked_mul(withdrawal.amount.try_into().unwrap())
+                .unwrap();
+
+            #[cfg(not(target_os = "zkvm"))]
+            {
+                debug!("Withdrawal no. {}", withdrawal.index);
+                debug!("  Recipient: {:?}", withdrawal.address);
+                debug!("  Value: {}", amount_wei);
+            }
+
+            self.db
+                .as_mut()
+                .unwrap()
+                .increase_balance(to_revm_b160(withdrawal.address), amount_wei)
+                .unwrap();
+
+            // add to trie
+            withdrawals_trie.rlp_update(&i.to_rlp(), withdrawal);
+        }
+
+        // Update result header with computed values
+        header.transactions_root = tx_trie.hash();
+        header.receipts_root = receipt_trie.hash();
+        header.logs_bloom = logs_bloom;
+        header.gas_used = cumulative_gas_used;
+        header.withdrawals_root = if spec_id < SpecId::SHANGHAI {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(withdrawals_trie.hash())
+        };
+
+        // Leak memory, save cycles
+        guest_mem_forget([tx_trie, receipt_trie, withdrawals_trie]);
+
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    pub fn build(
+        mut self,
+        mut debug_storage_tries: Option<&mut HashMap<Address, MptNode>>,
+    ) -> Result<Header> {
+        let db = self.db.as_ref().unwrap();
+
+        // apply state updates
+        let state_trie = &mut self.input.parent_state_trie;
+        for (address, account) in db.accounts() {
+            // if the account has not been touched, it can be ignored
+            if account.state == AccountState::None {
+                if let Some(map) = &mut debug_storage_tries {
+                    let storage_root = self.input.parent_storage.get(address).unwrap().0.clone();
+                    map.insert(*address, storage_root);
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // compute the index of the current account in the state trie
+            let state_trie_index = keccak(address);
+
+            // remove deleted accounts from the state trie
+            if account.state == AccountState::Deleted {
+                state_trie.delete(&state_trie_index);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // otherwise, compute the updated storage root for that account
+            let state_storage = &account.storage;
+            let storage_root = {
+                // getting a mutable reference is more efficient than calling remove
+                // every account must have an entry, even newly created accounts
+                let (storage_trie, _) = self.input.parent_storage.get_mut(address).unwrap();
+                // for cleared accounts always start from the empty trie
+                if account.state == AccountState::StorageCleared {
+                    storage_trie.clear();
+                }
+
+                // apply all new storage entries for the current account (address)
+                for (key, value) in state_storage {
+                    let storage_trie_index = keccak(key.to_be_bytes::<32>());
+                    if value == &U256::ZERO {
+                        storage_trie.delete(&storage_trie_index);
+                    } else {
+                        storage_trie.rlp_update(&storage_trie_index, *value);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // insert the storage trie for host debugging
+                if let Some(map) = &mut debug_storage_tries {
+                    map.insert(*address, storage_trie.clone());
+                }
+
+                storage_trie.hash()
+            };
+
+            let state_account = StateAccount {
+                nonce: account.info.nonce,
+                balance: account.info.balance,
+                storage_root,
+                code_hash: from_revm_b256(account.info.code_hash),
+            };
+            state_trie.rlp_update(&state_trie_index, state_account);
+        }
+
+        // update result header with the new state root
+        let mut header = self.header.take().expect("Header was not initialized");
+        header.state_root = state_trie.hash();
+
+        // Leak memory, save cycles
+        guest_mem_forget(self);
+
+        Ok(header)
+    }
+}
+
+fn fill_tx_env(tx_env: &mut TxEnv, tx: &Transaction, caller: Address) {
+    match &tx.essence {
+        TxEssence::Legacy(tx) => {
+            tx_env.caller = caller;
+            tx_env.gas_limit = tx.gas_limit.try_into().unwrap();
+            tx_env.gas_price = tx.gas_price;
+            tx_env.gas_priority_fee = None;
+            tx_env.transact_to = if let TransactionKind::Call(to_addr) = tx.to {
+                TransactTo::Call(to_revm_b160(to_addr))
+            } else {
+                TransactTo::create()
+            };
+            tx_env.value = tx.value;
+            tx_env.data = tx.data.0.clone();
+            tx_env.chain_id = tx.chain_id;
+            tx_env.nonce = Some(tx.nonce);
+            tx_env.access_list.clear();
+        }
+        TxEssence::Eip2930(tx) => {
+            tx_env.caller = caller;
+            tx_env.gas_limit = tx.gas_limit.try_into().unwrap();
+            tx_env.gas_price = tx.gas_price;
+            tx_env.gas_priority_fee = None;
+            tx_env.transact_to = if let TransactionKind::Call(to_addr) = tx.to {
+                TransactTo::Call(to_revm_b160(to_addr))
+            } else {
+                TransactTo::create()
+            };
+            tx_env.value = tx.value;
+            tx_env.data = tx.data.0.clone();
+            tx_env.chain_id = Some(tx.chain_id);
+            tx_env.nonce = Some(tx.nonce);
+            tx_env.access_list = tx.access_list.clone().into();
+        }
+        TxEssence::Eip1559(tx) => {
+            tx_env.caller = caller;
+            tx_env.gas_limit = tx.gas_limit.try_into().unwrap();
+            tx_env.gas_price = tx.max_fee_per_gas;
+            tx_env.gas_priority_fee = Some(tx.max_priority_fee_per_gas);
+            tx_env.transact_to = if let TransactionKind::Call(to_addr) = tx.to {
+                TransactTo::Call(to_revm_b160(to_addr))
+            } else {
+                TransactTo::create()
+            };
+            tx_env.value = tx.value;
+            tx_env.data = tx.data.0.clone();
+            tx_env.chain_id = Some(tx.chain_id);
+            tx_env.nonce = Some(tx.nonce);
+            tx_env.access_list = tx.access_list.clone().into();
+        }
+    };
+}
diff --git a/lib/src/consts.rs b/lib/src/consts.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e7b6df25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/src/consts.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! Constants for the Ethereum protocol.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+use revm::primitives::SpecId;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use zeth_primitives::{uint, BlockNumber, ChainId, U256};
+
+/// U256 representation of 0.
+pub const ZERO: U256 = U256::ZERO;
+/// U256 representation of 1.
+pub const ONE: U256 = uint!(1_U256);
+
+/// The bound divisor of the gas limit,
+pub const GAS_LIMIT_BOUND_DIVISOR: U256 = uint!(1024_U256);
+/// Minimum the gas limit may ever be.
+pub const MIN_GAS_LIMIT: U256 = uint!(5000_U256);
+
+/// Maximum size of extra data.
+pub const MAX_EXTRA_DATA_BYTES: usize = 32;
+
+/// Maximum allowed block number difference for the `block_hash` call.
+pub const MAX_BLOCK_HASH_AGE: u64 = 256;
+
+/// Multiplier for converting gwei to wei.
+pub const GWEI_TO_WEI: U256 = uint!(1_000_000_000_U256);
+
+/// [EIP-1559](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1559) parameter.
+pub const BASE_FEE_MAX_CHANGE_DENOMINATOR: U256 = uint!(8_U256);
+/// [EIP-1559](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1559) parameter.
+pub const ELASTICITY_MULTIPLIER: U256 = uint!(2_U256);
+
+/// Minimum supported protocol version: Paris (Block no. 15537394).
+pub const MIN_SPEC_ID: SpecId = SpecId::MERGE;
+
+/// The Ethereum mainnet specification.
+pub static MAINNET: Lazy<ChainSpec> = Lazy::new(|| {
+    ChainSpec {
+        chain_id: 1,
+        hard_forks: BTreeMap::from([
+            (SpecId::FRONTIER, ForkCondition::Block(0)),
+            // previous versions not supported
+            (SpecId::MERGE, ForkCondition::Block(15537394)),
+            (SpecId::SHANGHAI, ForkCondition::Block(17034870)),
+            (SpecId::CANCUN, ForkCondition::TBD),
+        ]),
+    }
+});
+
+/// The condition at which a fork is activated.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum ForkCondition {
+    /// The fork is activated with a certain block.
+    Block(BlockNumber),
+    /// The fork is not yet active.
+    TBD,
+}
+
+impl ForkCondition {
+    /// Returns wether the condition has been met.
+    pub fn active(&self, block_number: BlockNumber) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            ForkCondition::Block(block) => *block <= block_number,
+            ForkCondition::TBD => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Specification of a specific chain.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ChainSpec {
+    chain_id: ChainId,
+    hard_forks: BTreeMap<SpecId, ForkCondition>,
+}
+
+impl ChainSpec {
+    /// Creates a new configuration consisting of only one specification ID.
+    pub fn new_single(chain_id: ChainId, spec_id: SpecId) -> Self {
+        ChainSpec {
+            chain_id,
+            hard_forks: BTreeMap::from([(spec_id, ForkCondition::Block(0))]),
+        }
+    }
+    /// Returns the network chain ID.
+    pub fn chain_id(&self) -> ChainId {
+        self.chain_id
+    }
+    /// Returns the revm specification ID for `block_number`.
+    pub fn spec_id(&self, block_number: BlockNumber) -> SpecId {
+        for (spec_id, fork) in self.hard_forks.iter().rev() {
+            if fork.active(block_number) {
+                return *spec_id;
+            }
+        }
+        unreachable!()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn revm_spec_id() {
+        assert!(MAINNET.spec_id(15537393) < SpecId::MERGE);
+        assert_eq!(MAINNET.spec_id(15537394), SpecId::MERGE);
+        assert_eq!(MAINNET.spec_id(17034869), SpecId::MERGE);
+        assert_eq!(MAINNET.spec_id(17034870), SpecId::SHANGHAI);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/lib/src/host/mod.rs b/lib/src/host/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed9f64865
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/src/host/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,480 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::{
+    collections::HashSet,
+    iter::{once, zip},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use ethers_core::types::{Bytes, EIP1186ProofResponse, H256};
+use hashbrown::HashMap;
+use log::info;
+use revm::{
+    primitives::{Address, B160, B256, U256},
+    Database,
+};
+use zeth_primitives::{
+    block::Header,
+    ethers::{from_ethers_h160, from_ethers_h256, from_ethers_u256},
+    keccak::keccak,
+    revm::to_revm_b256,
+    transaction::Transaction,
+    trie::{MptNode, MptNodeData, MptNodeReference, EMPTY_ROOT},
+    withdrawal::Withdrawal,
+};
+
+use crate::{
+    block_builder::BlockBuilder,
+    consts::{ChainSpec, MAINNET},
+    host::{
+        mpt::{load_pointers, orphaned_pointers, resolve_pointers, shorten_key},
+        provider::{new_provider, BlockQuery},
+    },
+    mem_db::MemDb,
+    validation::{Input, StorageEntry},
+};
+
+pub mod mpt;
+pub mod provider;
+pub mod provider_db;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Init {
+    pub db: MemDb,
+    pub init_block: Header,
+    pub init_proofs: HashMap<B160, EIP1186ProofResponse>,
+    pub fini_block: Header,
+    pub fini_transactions: Vec<Transaction>,
+    pub fini_withdrawals: Vec<Withdrawal>,
+    pub fini_proofs: HashMap<B160, EIP1186ProofResponse>,
+    pub ancestor_headers: Vec<Header>,
+    pub chain_spec: ChainSpec,
+}
+
+pub fn get_initial_data(
+    cache_path: Option<String>,
+    rpc_url: Option<String>,
+    block_no: u64,
+) -> Result<Init> {
+    let mut provider = new_provider(cache_path, rpc_url)?;
+
+    // Fetch the initial block
+    let init_block = provider.get_partial_block(&BlockQuery {
+        block_no: block_no - 1,
+    })?;
+
+    info!(
+        "Initial block: {:?} ({:?})",
+        init_block.number.unwrap(),
+        init_block.hash.unwrap()
+    );
+
+    // Fetch the finished block
+    let fini_block = provider.get_full_block(&BlockQuery { block_no })?;
+
+    info!(
+        "Final block number: {:?} ({:?})",
+        fini_block.number.unwrap(),
+        fini_block.hash.unwrap()
+    );
+    info!("Transaction count: {:?}", fini_block.transactions.len());
+
+    // Create the provider DB
+    let mut provider_db =
+        crate::host::provider_db::ProviderDb::new(provider, init_block.number.unwrap().as_u64());
+
+    // Create input
+    let input = Input {
+        beneficiary: fini_block.author.map(from_ethers_h160).unwrap_or_default(),
+        gas_limit: from_ethers_u256(fini_block.gas_limit),
+        timestamp: from_ethers_u256(fini_block.timestamp),
+        extra_data: fini_block.extra_data.0.clone().into(),
+        mix_hash: from_ethers_h256(fini_block.mix_hash.unwrap()),
+        transactions: fini_block
+            .transactions
+            .clone()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|tx| tx.try_into().unwrap())
+            .collect(),
+        withdrawals: fini_block
+            .withdrawals
+            .clone()
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|w| w.try_into().unwrap())
+            .collect(),
+        parent_header: init_block.clone().try_into()?,
+        chain_spec: MAINNET.clone(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+
+    // Create the block builder, run the transactions and extract the DB
+    provider_db = BlockBuilder::new(Some(provider_db), input)
+        .initialize_header()?
+        .execute_transactions()?
+        .to_db();
+
+    info!("Gathering inclusion proofs ...");
+
+    // Gather inclusion proofs for the initial and final state
+    let init_proofs = provider_db.get_initial_proofs()?;
+    let fini_proofs = provider_db.get_latest_proofs()?;
+
+    // Gather proofs for block history
+    let ancestor_headers = provider_db.get_ancestor_headers()?;
+
+    info!("Saving provider cache ...");
+
+    // Save the provider cache
+    provider_db.get_provider().save()?;
+
+    info!("Provider-backed execution is Done!");
+
+    let transactions = fini_block
+        .transactions
+        .clone()
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|tx| tx.try_into().unwrap())
+        .collect();
+    let withdrawals = fini_block
+        .withdrawals
+        .clone()
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|w| w.try_into().unwrap())
+        .collect();
+
+    Ok(Init {
+        db: provider_db.get_initial_db().clone(),
+        init_block: init_block.try_into()?,
+        init_proofs,
+        fini_block: fini_block.try_into()?,
+        fini_transactions: transactions,
+        fini_withdrawals: withdrawals,
+        fini_proofs,
+        ancestor_headers,
+        chain_spec: MAINNET.clone(),
+    })
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum VerifyError {
+    BalanceMismatch {
+        rpc_value: U256,
+        our_value: U256,
+        difference: U256,
+    },
+    NonceMismatch {
+        rpc_value: u64,
+        our_value: u64,
+    },
+    CodeHashMismatch {
+        rpc_value: B256,
+        our_value: B256,
+    },
+    StorageMismatch {
+        index: U256,
+        rpc_value: U256,
+        our_db_value: U256,
+        our_trie_value: U256,
+    },
+    StorageRootMismatch {
+        address: Address,
+        rpc_value: B256,
+        our_value: B256,
+        first_delta: Option<String>,
+        indices: usize,
+    },
+}
+
+pub fn verify_state(
+    mut fini_db: MemDb,
+    fini_proofs: HashMap<B160, EIP1186ProofResponse>,
+    mut storage_deltas: HashMap<Address, MptNode>,
+) -> Result<HashMap<B160, Vec<VerifyError>>> {
+    let mut errors = HashMap::new();
+    let fini_storage_keys = fini_db.storage_keys();
+
+    // Construct expected tries from fini proofs
+    let (mut nodes_by_pointer, mut storage) =
+        proofs_to_tries(fini_proofs.values().cloned().collect());
+    storage_deltas.values().for_each(|storage_trie| {
+        load_pointers(storage_trie, &mut nodes_by_pointer);
+    });
+    storage
+        .values_mut()
+        .for_each(|(n, _)| *n = resolve_pointers(n, &nodes_by_pointer));
+    storage_deltas
+        .values_mut()
+        .for_each(|n| *n = resolve_pointers(n, &nodes_by_pointer));
+
+    for (address, indices) in fini_storage_keys {
+        let mut address_errors = Vec::new();
+
+        let account_proof = fini_proofs
+            .get(&address)
+            .with_context(|| format!("Proof not found: {}", address))?;
+        // for deleted accounts, use the default to compare
+        let account_info = fini_db.basic(address)?.unwrap_or_default();
+
+        // Account balance
+        {
+            let rpc_value: U256 = account_proof.balance.into();
+            let our_value: U256 = account_info.balance;
+            if rpc_value != our_value {
+                let difference = rpc_value.abs_diff(our_value);
+                address_errors.push(VerifyError::BalanceMismatch {
+                    rpc_value,
+                    our_value,
+                    difference,
+                })
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Nonce
+        {
+            let rpc_value: u64 = account_proof.nonce.as_u64();
+            let our_value: u64 = account_info.nonce;
+            if rpc_value != our_value {
+                address_errors.push(VerifyError::NonceMismatch {
+                    rpc_value,
+                    our_value,
+                })
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Code hash
+        {
+            let rpc_value: B256 = account_proof.code_hash.into();
+            let our_value: B256 = account_info.code_hash;
+            if rpc_value != our_value {
+                address_errors.push(VerifyError::CodeHashMismatch {
+                    rpc_value,
+                    our_value,
+                })
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Storage root
+        {
+            let storage_root_node = storage_deltas.get(&address).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+            let our_value = to_revm_b256(storage_root_node.hash());
+            let rpc_value = account_proof.storage_hash.into();
+            if rpc_value != our_value {
+                let expected = storage
+                    .get(&address)
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .0
+                    .rlp_debug::<zeth_primitives::U256>();
+                let found_pp = storage_root_node.rlp_debug::<zeth_primitives::U256>();
+                let first_delta = zip(expected, found_pp)
+                    .find(|(e, f)| e != f)
+                    .map(|(e, f)| format!("Storage trie delta!\nEXPECTED:\t{}FOUND:\t{}", e, f));
+                address_errors.push(VerifyError::StorageRootMismatch {
+                    address,
+                    rpc_value,
+                    our_value,
+                    first_delta,
+                    indices: indices.len(),
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Storage
+        {
+            let storage_trie = storage_deltas.get(&address).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+            for index in indices {
+                let storage_index = H256::from(index.to_be_bytes());
+                let rpc_value = account_proof
+                    .storage_proof
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|&storage| storage_index == storage.key)
+                    .expect("Could not find storage proof")
+                    .value
+                    .into();
+                let our_db_value = fini_db.storage(address, index)?;
+                let trie_index = keccak(storage_index.as_bytes());
+                let our_trie_value = storage_trie
+                    .rlp_lookup(&trie_index)
+                    .unwrap_or_default()
+                    .unwrap_or_default();
+                if rpc_value != our_db_value || our_db_value != our_trie_value {
+                    address_errors.push(VerifyError::StorageMismatch {
+                        index,
+                        rpc_value,
+                        our_db_value,
+                        our_trie_value,
+                    })
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if !address_errors.is_empty() {
+            errors.insert(address, address_errors);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(errors)
+}
+
+fn proofs_to_tries(
+    proofs: Vec<EIP1186ProofResponse>,
+) -> (
+    HashMap<MptNodeReference, MptNode>,
+    HashMap<B160, StorageEntry>,
+) {
+    // construct the proof tries
+    let mut nodes_by_pointer = HashMap::new();
+    let mut storage = HashMap::new();
+    for proof in proofs {
+        // parse the nodes of the account proof
+        for bytes in &proof.account_proof {
+            let mpt_node = MptNode::decode(bytes).expect("Failed to decode state proof");
+            nodes_by_pointer.insert(mpt_node.pointer(), mpt_node);
+        }
+
+        // process the proof for each storage entry
+        let mut root_node = None;
+        for storage_proof in &proof.storage_proof {
+            // parse the nodes of the storage proof and return the root node
+            root_node = storage_proof
+                .proof
+                .iter()
+                .rev()
+                .map(|bytes| MptNode::decode(bytes).expect("Failed to decode storage proof"))
+                .inspect(|node| drop(nodes_by_pointer.insert(node.pointer(), node.clone())))
+                .last();
+            // the hash of the root node should match the proof's storage hash
+            assert_eq!(
+                root_node.as_ref().map_or(EMPTY_ROOT, |n| n.hash()),
+                from_ethers_h256(proof.storage_hash)
+            );
+        }
+
+        let root_node = if let Some(root_node) = root_node {
+            root_node
+        } else if proof.storage_hash.0 == EMPTY_ROOT.0 {
+            MptNode::default()
+        } else {
+            // if there are no storage proofs but the root is non-empty, create a dummy
+            // as this is just the digest any tries to update this trie will fail
+            MptNodeData::Digest(from_ethers_h256(proof.storage_hash)).into()
+        };
+        // collect all storage slots with a proof
+        let slots = proof
+            .storage_proof
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|p| zeth_primitives::U256::from_be_bytes(p.key.into()))
+            .collect();
+
+        storage.insert(proof.address.into(), (root_node, slots));
+    }
+    (nodes_by_pointer, storage)
+}
+
+fn resolve_orphans(
+    nodes: &Vec<Bytes>,
+    orphan_set: &mut HashSet<MptNodeReference>,
+    nodes_by_pointer: &mut HashMap<MptNodeReference, MptNode>,
+) {
+    for node in nodes {
+        let mpt_node = MptNode::decode(node).expect("Failed to decode state proof");
+        for potential_orphan in shorten_key(mpt_node) {
+            let potential_orphan_hash = potential_orphan.pointer();
+            if orphan_set.contains(&potential_orphan_hash) {
+                orphan_set.remove(&potential_orphan_hash);
+                nodes_by_pointer.insert(potential_orphan_hash, potential_orphan);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// We implement Into here rather than From for BlockBuilder to keep this code outside of
+// the guest
+#[allow(clippy::from_over_into)]
+impl Into<Input> for Init {
+    fn into(self) -> Input {
+        // construct the proof tries
+        let (mut nodes_by_pointer, mut storage) =
+            proofs_to_tries(self.init_proofs.values().cloned().collect());
+        // there should be a trie and a list of storage slots for every account
+        assert_eq!(storage.len(), self.db.accounts_len());
+
+        info!(
+            "Constructed proof tries with {} nodes",
+            nodes_by_pointer.len(),
+        );
+
+        // collect the code from each account
+        let mut contracts = HashMap::new();
+        for account in self.db.accounts.values() {
+            let code = account.info.code.clone().unwrap();
+            if !code.is_empty() {
+                contracts.insert(code.hash, code.bytecode);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // extract the state trie
+        let state_root = self.init_block.state_root;
+        let state_trie = nodes_by_pointer
+            .remove(&MptNodeReference::Digest(state_root))
+            .expect("State root node not found");
+        assert_eq!(state_root, state_trie.hash());
+
+        // Find orphaned pointers during deletion
+        let mut orphan_set = HashSet::new();
+        for root in storage.values().map(|v| &v.0).chain(once(&state_trie)) {
+            let root = resolve_pointers(root, &nodes_by_pointer);
+            orphan_set.extend(
+                orphaned_pointers(&root)
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|node: &MptNode| node.pointer()),
+            );
+        }
+        for fini_proof in self.fini_proofs.values() {
+            resolve_orphans(
+                &fini_proof.account_proof,
+                &mut orphan_set,
+                &mut nodes_by_pointer,
+            );
+            for storage_proof in &fini_proof.storage_proof {
+                resolve_orphans(&storage_proof.proof, &mut orphan_set, &mut nodes_by_pointer);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // resolve the pointers in the state root node and all storage root nodes
+        let state_trie = resolve_pointers(&state_trie, &nodes_by_pointer);
+        storage
+            .values_mut()
+            .for_each(|(n, _)| *n = resolve_pointers(n, &nodes_by_pointer));
+
+        // Create the block builder input
+        Input {
+            chain_spec: self.chain_spec,
+            parent_header: self.init_block,
+            beneficiary: self.fini_block.beneficiary,
+            gas_limit: self.fini_block.gas_limit,
+            timestamp: self.fini_block.timestamp,
+            extra_data: self.fini_block.extra_data.0.clone().into(),
+            mix_hash: self.fini_block.mix_hash,
+            transactions: self.fini_transactions,
+            withdrawals: self.fini_withdrawals,
+            parent_state_trie: state_trie,
+            parent_storage: storage,
+            contracts: contracts.into_values().map(|bytes| bytes.into()).collect(),
+            ancestor_headers: self.ancestor_headers,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/lib/src/host/mpt.rs b/lib/src/host/mpt.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..078ec486a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/src/host/mpt.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use hashbrown::HashMap;
+use zeth_primitives::{
+    trie::{to_prefix, MptNode, MptNodeData, MptNodeReference},
+    RlpBytes,
+};
+
+pub fn load_pointers(
+    root: &MptNode,
+    node_store: &mut HashMap<MptNodeReference, MptNode>,
+) -> MptNode {
+    let compact_node = match root.as_data() {
+        MptNodeData::Null | MptNodeData::Digest(_) | MptNodeData::Leaf(_, _) => root.clone(),
+        MptNodeData::Branch(children, value) => {
+            let compact_children: Vec<Box<MptNode>> = children
+                .iter()
+                .map(|child| Box::new(load_pointers(child, node_store)))
+                .collect();
+            MptNodeData::Branch(compact_children.try_into().unwrap(), value.clone()).into()
+        }
+        MptNodeData::Extension(prefix, target) => MptNodeData::Extension(
+            prefix.clone(),
+            Box::new(MptNodeData::Digest(target.hash()).into()),
+        )
+        .into(),
+    };
+    if let MptNodeData::Digest(_) = compact_node.as_data() {
+        // do nothing
+    } else {
+        node_store.insert(compact_node.pointer(), compact_node.clone());
+    }
+    compact_node
+}
+
+pub fn resolve_pointers(
+    root: &MptNode,
+    node_store: &HashMap<MptNodeReference, MptNode>,
+) -> MptNode {
+    let result: MptNode = match root.as_data() {
+        MptNodeData::Null | MptNodeData::Leaf(_, _) => root.clone(),
+        MptNodeData::Branch(nodes, value) => {
+            let node_list: Vec<_> = nodes
+                .iter()
+                .map(|n| Box::new(resolve_pointers(n, node_store)))
+                .collect();
+            MptNodeData::Branch(
+                node_list
+                    .try_into()
+                    .expect("Could not convert vector to 16-element array."),
+                value.clone(),
+            )
+            .into()
+        }
+        MptNodeData::Extension(prefix, node) => {
+            MptNodeData::Extension(prefix.clone(), Box::new(resolve_pointers(node, node_store)))
+                .into()
+        }
+        MptNodeData::Digest(digest) => {
+            if let Some(node) = node_store.get(&MptNodeReference::Digest(*digest)) {
+                resolve_pointers(node, node_store)
+            } else {
+                root.clone()
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        root.hash(),
+        result.hash(),
+        "Invalid node resolution! {:?} ({:?})",
+        root.to_rlp(),
+        result.to_rlp(),
+    );
+    result
+}
+
+pub fn orphaned_pointers(node: &MptNode) -> Vec<MptNode> {
+    let mut result = Vec::new();
+    _orphaned_pointers(node, &mut result);
+    result
+}
+
+fn _orphaned_pointers(node: &MptNode, res: &mut Vec<MptNode>) {
+    match node.as_data() {
+        MptNodeData::Null => {}
+        MptNodeData::Branch(children, _) => {
+            let unresolved_count = children.iter().filter(|n| !n.is_resolved()).count();
+            if unresolved_count == 1 {
+                let unresolved_index = children.iter().position(|n| !n.is_resolved()).unwrap();
+                res.push(*children[unresolved_index].clone());
+            }
+            // Continue descent
+            for child in children {
+                _orphaned_pointers(child, res);
+            }
+        }
+        MptNodeData::Leaf(_, _) => {}
+        MptNodeData::Extension(_, target) => {
+            _orphaned_pointers(target, res);
+        }
+        MptNodeData::Digest(_) => {}
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn shorten_key(node: MptNode) -> Vec<MptNode> {
+    let mut res = Vec::new();
+    let nibs = node.nibs();
+    match node.as_data() {
+        MptNodeData::Null | MptNodeData::Branch(_, _) | MptNodeData::Digest(_) => {
+            res.push(node.clone())
+        }
+        MptNodeData::Leaf(_, value) => {
+            for i in 0..nibs.len() {
+                res.push(MptNodeData::Leaf(to_prefix(&nibs[i..], true), value.clone()).into())
+            }
+        }
+        MptNodeData::Extension(_, target) => {
+            for i in 0..nibs.len() {
+                res.push(
+                    MptNodeData::Extension(to_prefix(&nibs[i..], false), target.clone()).into(),
+                )
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    res
+}
diff --git a/lib/src/host/provider/cached_rpc_provider.rs b/lib/src/host/provider/cached_rpc_provider.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..762d74bfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/src/host/provider/cached_rpc_provider.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use ethers_core::types::{Block, Bytes, EIP1186ProofResponse, Transaction, H256, U256};
+
+use super::{
+    file_provider::FileProvider, rpc_provider::RpcProvider, AccountQuery, BlockQuery, MutProvider,
+    ProofQuery, Provider, StorageQuery,
+};
+
+pub struct CachedRpcProvider {
+    cache: FileProvider,
+    rpc: RpcProvider,
+}
+
+impl CachedRpcProvider {
+    pub fn new(cache_path: String, rpc_url: String) -> Result<Self> {
+        let cache = match FileProvider::read_from_file(cache_path.clone()) {
+            Ok(provider) => provider,
+            Err(_) => FileProvider::empty(cache_path),
+        };
+        let rpc = RpcProvider::new(rpc_url)?;
+
+        Ok(CachedRpcProvider { cache, rpc })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Provider for CachedRpcProvider {
+    fn save(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.cache.save()
+    }
+
+    fn get_full_block(&mut self, query: &BlockQuery) -> Result<Block<Transaction>> {
+        let cache_out = self.cache.get_full_block(query);
+        if cache_out.is_ok() {
+            return cache_out;
+        }
+
+        let out = self.rpc.get_full_block(query)?;
+        self.cache.insert_full_block(query.clone(), out.clone());
+
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    fn get_partial_block(&mut self, query: &BlockQuery) -> Result<Block<H256>> {
+        let cache_out = self.cache.get_partial_block(query);
+        if cache_out.is_ok() {
+            return cache_out;
+        }
+
+        let out = self.rpc.get_partial_block(query)?;
+        self.cache.insert_partial_block(query.clone(), out.clone());
+
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    fn get_proof(&mut self, query: &ProofQuery) -> Result<EIP1186ProofResponse> {
+        let cache_out = self.cache.get_proof(query);
+        if cache_out.is_ok() {
+            return cache_out;
+        }
+
+        let out = self.rpc.get_proof(query)?;
+        self.cache.insert_proof(query.clone(), out.clone());
+
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    fn get_transaction_count(&mut self, query: &AccountQuery) -> Result<U256> {
+        let cache_out = self.cache.get_transaction_count(query);
+        if cache_out.is_ok() {
+            return cache_out;
+        }
+
+        let out = self.rpc.get_transaction_count(query)?;
+        self.cache.insert_transaction_count(query.clone(), out);
+
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    fn get_balance(&mut self, query: &AccountQuery) -> Result<U256> {
+        let cache_out = self.cache.get_balance(query);
+        if cache_out.is_ok() {
+            return cache_out;
+        }
+
+        let out = self.rpc.get_balance(query)?;
+        self.cache.insert_balance(query.clone(), out);
+
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    fn get_code(&mut self, query: &AccountQuery) -> Result<Bytes> {
+        let cache_out = self.cache.get_code(query);
+        if cache_out.is_ok() {
+            return cache_out;
+        }
+
+        let out = self.rpc.get_code(query)?;
+        self.cache.insert_code(query.clone(), out.clone());
+
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    fn get_storage(&mut self, query: &StorageQuery) -> Result<H256> {
+        let cache_out = self.cache.get_storage(query);
+        if cache_out.is_ok() {
+            return cache_out;
+        }
+
+        let out = self.rpc.get_storage(query)?;
+        self.cache.insert_storage(query.clone(), out);
+
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/lib/src/host/provider/file_provider.rs b/lib/src/host/provider/file_provider.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c927f2904
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/src/host/provider/file_provider.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::{
+    collections::HashMap,
+    fs::File,
+    io::{Read, Write},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+use ethers_core::types::{Block, Bytes, EIP1186ProofResponse, Transaction, H256, U256};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_with::serde_as;
+
+use super::{AccountQuery, BlockQuery, MutProvider, ProofQuery, Provider, StorageQuery};
+
+#[serde_as]
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub struct FileProvider {
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    file_path: String,
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    dirty: bool,
+    #[serde_as(as = "Vec<(_, _)>")]
+    full_blocks: HashMap<BlockQuery, Block<Transaction>>,
+    #[serde_as(as = "Vec<(_, _)>")]
+    partial_blocks: HashMap<BlockQuery, Block<H256>>,
+    #[serde_as(as = "Vec<(_, _)>")]
+    proofs: HashMap<ProofQuery, EIP1186ProofResponse>,
+    #[serde_as(as = "Vec<(_, _)>")]
+    transaction_count: HashMap<AccountQuery, U256>,
+    #[serde_as(as = "Vec<(_, _)>")]
+    balance: HashMap<AccountQuery, U256>,
+    #[serde_as(as = "Vec<(_, _)>")]
+    code: HashMap<AccountQuery, Bytes>,
+    #[serde_as(as = "Vec<(_, _)>")]
+    storage: HashMap<StorageQuery, H256>,
+}
+
+impl FileProvider {
+    pub fn empty(file_path: String) -> Self {
+        FileProvider {
+            file_path,
+            dirty: false,
+            full_blocks: HashMap::new(),
+            partial_blocks: HashMap::new(),
+            proofs: HashMap::new(),
+            transaction_count: HashMap::new(),
+            balance: HashMap::new(),
+            code: HashMap::new(),
+            storage: HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn read_from_file(file_path: String) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut buf = vec![];
+        let mut decoder = flate2::read::GzDecoder::new(File::open(&file_path)?);
+        decoder.read_to_end(&mut buf)?;
+
+        let mut out: Self = serde_json::from_slice(&buf[..])?;
+
+        out.file_path = file_path;
+        out.dirty = false;
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    pub fn save_to_file(&self, file_path: &String) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.dirty {
+            let mut encoder = flate2::write::GzEncoder::new(
+                File::create(file_path)?,
+                flate2::Compression::best(),
+            );
+            encoder.write_all(&serde_json::to_vec(self)?)?;
+            encoder.finish()?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Provider for FileProvider {
+    fn save(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.save_to_file(&self.file_path)
+    }
+
+    fn get_full_block(&mut self, query: &BlockQuery) -> Result<Block<Transaction>> {
+        match self.full_blocks.get(query) {
+            Some(val) => Ok(val.clone()),
+            None => Err(anyhow!("No data for {:?}", query)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_partial_block(&mut self, query: &BlockQuery) -> Result<Block<H256>> {
+        match self.partial_blocks.get(query) {
+            Some(val) => Ok(val.clone()),
+            None => Err(anyhow!("No data for {:?}", query)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_proof(&mut self, query: &ProofQuery) -> Result<EIP1186ProofResponse> {
+        match self.proofs.get(query) {
+            Some(val) => Ok(val.clone()),
+            None => Err(anyhow!("No data for {:?}", query)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_transaction_count(&mut self, query: &AccountQuery) -> Result<U256> {
+        match self.transaction_count.get(query) {
+            Some(val) => Ok(*val),
+            None => Err(anyhow!("No data for {:?}", query)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_balance(&mut self, query: &AccountQuery) -> Result<U256> {
+        match self.balance.get(query) {
+            Some(val) => Ok(*val),
+            None => Err(anyhow!("No data for {:?}", query)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_code(&mut self, query: &AccountQuery) -> Result<Bytes> {
+        match self.code.get(query) {
+            Some(val) => Ok(val.clone()),
+            None => Err(anyhow!("No data for {:?}", query)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_storage(&mut self, query: &StorageQuery) -> Result<H256> {
+        match self.storage.get(query) {
+            Some(val) => Ok(*val),
+            None => Err(anyhow!("No data for {:?}", query)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl MutProvider for FileProvider {
+    fn insert_full_block(&mut self, query: BlockQuery, val: Block<Transaction>) {
+        self.full_blocks.insert(query, val);
+        self.dirty = true;
+    }
+
+    fn insert_partial_block(&mut self, query: BlockQuery, val: Block<H256>) {
+        self.partial_blocks.insert(query, val);
+        self.dirty = true;
+    }
+
+    fn insert_proof(&mut self, query: ProofQuery, val: EIP1186ProofResponse) {
+        self.proofs.insert(query, val);
+        self.dirty = true;
+    }
+
+    fn insert_transaction_count(&mut self, query: AccountQuery, val: U256) {
+        self.transaction_count.insert(query, val);
+        self.dirty = true;
+    }
+
+    fn insert_balance(&mut self, query: AccountQuery, val: U256) {
+        self.balance.insert(query, val);
+        self.dirty = true;
+    }
+
+    fn insert_code(&mut self, query: AccountQuery, val: Bytes) {
+        self.code.insert(query, val);
+        self.dirty = true;
+    }
+
+    fn insert_storage(&mut self, query: StorageQuery, val: H256) {
+        self.storage.insert(query, val);
+        self.dirty = true;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/lib/src/host/provider/mod.rs b/lib/src/host/provider/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9165a61c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/src/host/provider/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+use ethers_core::types::{Block, Bytes, EIP1186ProofResponse, Transaction, H160, H256, U256};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+pub mod cached_rpc_provider;
+pub mod file_provider;
+pub mod rpc_provider;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Deserialize, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize)]
+pub struct AccountQuery {
+    pub block_no: u64,
+    pub address: H160,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Deserialize, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize)]
+pub struct BlockQuery {
+    pub block_no: u64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Deserialize, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize)]
+pub struct ProofQuery {
+    pub block_no: u64,
+    pub address: H160,
+    pub indices: Vec<H256>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Deserialize, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, Serialize)]
+pub struct StorageQuery {
+    pub block_no: u64,
+    pub address: H160,
+    pub index: H256,
+}
+
+pub trait Provider: Send {
+    fn save(&self) -> Result<()>;
+
+    fn get_full_block(&mut self, query: &BlockQuery) -> Result<Block<Transaction>>;
+    fn get_partial_block(&mut self, query: &BlockQuery) -> Result<Block<H256>>;
+    fn get_proof(&mut self, query: &ProofQuery) -> Result<EIP1186ProofResponse>;
+    fn get_transaction_count(&mut self, query: &AccountQuery) -> Result<U256>;
+    fn get_balance(&mut self, query: &AccountQuery) -> Result<U256>;
+    fn get_code(&mut self, query: &AccountQuery) -> Result<Bytes>;
+    fn get_storage(&mut self, query: &StorageQuery) -> Result<H256>;
+}
+
+pub trait MutProvider: Provider {
+    fn insert_full_block(&mut self, query: BlockQuery, val: Block<Transaction>);
+    fn insert_partial_block(&mut self, query: BlockQuery, val: Block<H256>);
+    fn insert_proof(&mut self, query: ProofQuery, val: EIP1186ProofResponse);
+    fn insert_transaction_count(&mut self, query: AccountQuery, val: U256);
+    fn insert_balance(&mut self, query: AccountQuery, val: U256);
+    fn insert_code(&mut self, query: AccountQuery, val: Bytes);
+    fn insert_storage(&mut self, query: StorageQuery, val: H256);
+}
+
+pub fn new_file_provider(file_path: String) -> Result<Box<dyn Provider>> {
+    let provider = file_provider::FileProvider::read_from_file(file_path)?;
+
+    Ok(Box::new(provider))
+}
+
+pub fn new_rpc_provider(rpc_url: String) -> Result<Box<dyn Provider>> {
+    let provider = rpc_provider::RpcProvider::new(rpc_url)?;
+
+    Ok(Box::new(provider))
+}
+
+pub fn new_cached_rpc_provider(cache_path: String, rpc_url: String) -> Result<Box<dyn Provider>> {
+    let provider = cached_rpc_provider::CachedRpcProvider::new(cache_path, rpc_url)?;
+
+    Ok(Box::new(provider))
+}
+
+pub fn new_provider(
+    cache_path: Option<String>,
+    rpc_url: Option<String>,
+) -> Result<Box<dyn Provider>> {
+    match (cache_path, rpc_url) {
+        (Some(cache_path), Some(rpc_url)) => new_cached_rpc_provider(cache_path, rpc_url),
+        (Some(cache_path), None) => new_file_provider(cache_path),
+        (None, Some(rpc_url)) => new_rpc_provider(rpc_url),
+        (None, None) => Err(anyhow!("No cache_path or rpc_url given")),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/lib/src/host/provider/rpc_provider.rs b/lib/src/host/provider/rpc_provider.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..233a73b26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/src/host/provider/rpc_provider.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+use ethers_core::types::{Block, Bytes, EIP1186ProofResponse, Transaction, H256, U256};
+use ethers_providers::{Http, Middleware};
+use log::info;
+
+use super::{AccountQuery, BlockQuery, ProofQuery, Provider, StorageQuery};
+
+pub struct RpcProvider {
+    http_client: ethers_providers::Provider<Http>,
+    tokio_handle: tokio::runtime::Handle,
+}
+
+impl RpcProvider {
+    pub fn new(rpc_url: String) -> Result<Self> {
+        let http_client = ethers_providers::Provider::<Http>::try_from(&rpc_url)?;
+        let tokio_handle = tokio::runtime::Handle::current();
+
+        Ok(RpcProvider {
+            http_client,
+            tokio_handle,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Provider for RpcProvider {
+    fn save(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn get_full_block(&mut self, query: &BlockQuery) -> Result<Block<Transaction>> {
+        info!("Querying RPC for full block: {:?}", query);
+
+        let response = self
+            .tokio_handle
+            .block_on(async { self.http_client.get_block_with_txs(query.block_no).await })?;
+
+        match response {
+            Some(out) => Ok(out),
+            None => Err(anyhow!("No data for {:?}", query)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_partial_block(&mut self, query: &BlockQuery) -> Result<Block<H256>> {
+        info!("Querying RPC for partial block: {:?}", query);
+
+        let response = self
+            .tokio_handle
+            .block_on(async { self.http_client.get_block(query.block_no).await })?;
+
+        match response {
+            Some(out) => Ok(out),
+            None => Err(anyhow!("No data for {:?}", query)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_proof(&mut self, query: &ProofQuery) -> Result<EIP1186ProofResponse> {
+        info!("Querying RPC for inclusion proof: {:?}", query);
+
+        let out = self.tokio_handle.block_on(async {
+            self.http_client
+                .get_proof(
+                    query.address,
+                    query.indices.clone(),
+                    Some(query.block_no.into()),
+                )
+                .await
+        })?;
+
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    fn get_transaction_count(&mut self, query: &AccountQuery) -> Result<U256> {
+        info!("Querying RPC for transaction count: {:?}", query);
+
+        let out = self.tokio_handle.block_on(async {
+            self.http_client
+                .get_transaction_count(query.address, Some(query.block_no.into()))
+                .await
+        })?;
+
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    fn get_balance(&mut self, query: &AccountQuery) -> Result<U256> {
+        info!("Querying RPC for balance: {:?}", query);
+
+        let out = self.tokio_handle.block_on(async {
+            self.http_client
+                .get_balance(query.address, Some(query.block_no.into()))
+                .await
+        })?;
+
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    fn get_code(&mut self, query: &AccountQuery) -> Result<Bytes> {
+        info!("Querying RPC for code: {:?}", query);
+
+        let out = self.tokio_handle.block_on(async {
+            self.http_client
+                .get_code(query.address, Some(query.block_no.into()))
+                .await
+        })?;
+
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    fn get_storage(&mut self, query: &StorageQuery) -> Result<H256> {
+        info!("Querying RPC for storage: {:?}", query);
+
+        let out = self.tokio_handle.block_on(async {
+            self.http_client
+                .get_storage_at(query.address, query.index, Some(query.block_no.into()))
+                .await
+        })?;
+
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/lib/src/host/provider_db.rs b/lib/src/host/provider_db.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d8dd42cef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/src/host/provider_db.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use ethers_core::types::{EIP1186ProofResponse, H160, H256};
+use hashbrown::{hash_map, HashMap};
+use revm::{
+    primitives::{Account, AccountInfo, Bytecode, B160, B256, U256},
+    Database,
+};
+use zeth_primitives::block::Header;
+
+use crate::{
+    block_builder::BlockBuilderDatabase,
+    host::provider::{AccountQuery, BlockQuery, ProofQuery, Provider, StorageQuery},
+    mem_db::{DbAccount, DbError, MemDb},
+};
+
+pub struct ProviderDb {
+    provider: Box<dyn Provider>,
+    block_no: u64,
+    initial_db: MemDb,
+    latest_db: MemDb,
+}
+
+impl ProviderDb {
+    pub fn new(provider: Box<dyn Provider>, block_no: u64) -> Self {
+        ProviderDb {
+            provider,
+            block_no,
+            initial_db: MemDb::default(),
+            latest_db: MemDb::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_provider(&self) -> &dyn Provider {
+        self.provider.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_initial_db(&self) -> &MemDb {
+        &self.initial_db
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_latest_db(&self) -> &MemDb {
+        &self.latest_db
+    }
+
+    fn get_proofs(
+        &mut self,
+        block_no: u64,
+        storage_keys: HashMap<B160, Vec<U256>>,
+    ) -> Result<HashMap<B160, EIP1186ProofResponse>, anyhow::Error> {
+        let mut out = HashMap::new();
+
+        for (address, indices) in storage_keys {
+            let proof = {
+                let address: H160 = address.0.into();
+                let indices: Vec<H256> = indices
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|x: U256| x.to_be_bytes().into())
+                    .collect();
+                self.provider.get_proof(&ProofQuery {
+                    block_no,
+                    address,
+                    indices,
+                })?
+            };
+            out.insert(address, proof);
+        }
+
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_initial_proofs(
+        &mut self,
+    ) -> Result<HashMap<B160, EIP1186ProofResponse>, anyhow::Error> {
+        self.get_proofs(self.block_no, self.initial_db.storage_keys())
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_latest_proofs(
+        &mut self,
+    ) -> Result<HashMap<B160, EIP1186ProofResponse>, anyhow::Error> {
+        let mut storage_keys = self.initial_db.storage_keys();
+
+        for (address, mut indices) in self.latest_db.storage_keys() {
+            match storage_keys.get_mut(&address) {
+                Some(initial_indices) => initial_indices.append(&mut indices),
+                None => {
+                    storage_keys.insert(address, indices);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.get_proofs(self.block_no + 1, storage_keys)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_ancestor_headers(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<Header>, anyhow::Error> {
+        let earliest_block = self
+            .initial_db
+            .block_hashes
+            .keys()
+            .min()
+            .unwrap_or(&self.block_no);
+        let headers = (*earliest_block..self.block_no)
+            .rev()
+            .map(|block_no| {
+                self.provider
+                    .get_partial_block(&BlockQuery { block_no })
+                    .expect("Failed to retrieve ancestor block")
+                    .try_into()
+                    .expect("Failed to convert ethers block to zeth block")
+            })
+            .collect();
+        Ok(headers)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Database for ProviderDb {
+    type Error = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn basic(&mut self, address: B160) -> Result<Option<AccountInfo>, Self::Error> {
+        match self.latest_db.basic(address) {
+            Ok(db_result) => return Ok(db_result),
+            Err(DbError::AccountNotFound(_)) => {}
+            Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),
+        }
+        match self.initial_db.basic(address) {
+            Ok(db_result) => return Ok(db_result),
+            Err(DbError::AccountNotFound(_)) => {}
+            Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),
+        }
+
+        let account_info = {
+            let address = H160::from(address.0);
+            let query = AccountQuery {
+                block_no: self.block_no,
+                address,
+            };
+            let nonce = self.provider.get_transaction_count(&query)?;
+            let balance = self.provider.get_balance(&query)?;
+            let code = self.provider.get_code(&query)?;
+
+            AccountInfo::new(balance.into(), nonce.as_u64(), Bytecode::new_raw(code.0))
+        };
+
+        self.initial_db
+            .insert_account_info(address, account_info.clone());
+        Ok(Some(account_info))
+    }
+
+    fn code_by_hash(&mut self, _code_hash: B256) -> Result<Bytecode, Self::Error> {
+        // not needed because we already load code with basic info
+        unreachable!()
+    }
+
+    fn storage(&mut self, address: B160, index: U256) -> Result<U256, Self::Error> {
+        match self.latest_db.storage(address, index) {
+            Ok(db_result) => return Ok(db_result),
+            Err(DbError::AccountNotFound(_)) | Err(DbError::SlotNotFound(_, _)) => {}
+            Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),
+        }
+        match self.initial_db.storage(address, index) {
+            Ok(db_result) => return Ok(db_result),
+            Err(DbError::AccountNotFound(_)) | Err(DbError::SlotNotFound(_, _)) => {}
+            Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),
+        }
+
+        // ensure that the corresponding account is loaded
+        self.initial_db.basic(address)?;
+
+        let storage = {
+            let address = H160::from(address.0);
+            let bytes = index.to_be_bytes();
+            let index = H256::from(bytes);
+
+            let storage = self.provider.get_storage(&StorageQuery {
+                block_no: self.block_no,
+                address,
+                index,
+            })?;
+            ethers_core::types::U256::from(storage.0)
+        };
+
+        self.initial_db
+            .insert_account_storage(&address, index, storage.into());
+        Ok(storage.into())
+    }
+
+    fn block_hash(&mut self, number: U256) -> Result<B256, Self::Error> {
+        match self.initial_db.block_hash(number) {
+            Ok(block_hash) => return Ok(block_hash),
+            Err(DbError::BlockNotFound(_)) => {}
+            Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),
+        }
+
+        let block_no = u64::try_from(number).unwrap();
+        let block_hash = self
+            .provider
+            .get_partial_block(&BlockQuery { block_no })?
+            .hash
+            .unwrap()
+            .0
+            .into();
+
+        self.initial_db.insert_block_hash(block_no, block_hash);
+        Ok(block_hash)
+    }
+}
+
+impl BlockBuilderDatabase for ProviderDb {
+    fn load(_accounts: HashMap<B160, DbAccount>, _block_hashes: HashMap<u64, B256>) -> Self {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn accounts(&self) -> hash_map::Iter<B160, DbAccount> {
+        self.latest_db.accounts()
+    }
+
+    fn increase_balance(&mut self, address: B160, amount: U256) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        // ensure that the address is loaded into the latest_db
+        if let Some(account_info) = self.basic(address)? {
+            self.latest_db.insert_account_info(address, account_info);
+        }
+        Ok(self.latest_db.increase_balance(address, amount)?)
+    }
+
+    fn update(&mut self, address: B160, account: Account) {
+        self.latest_db.update(address, account);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/lib/src/lib.rs b/lib/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..391d02b21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+extern crate core;
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "zkvm"))]
+pub mod host;
+
+pub mod block_builder;
+pub mod consts;
+pub mod mem_db;
+pub mod validation;
+
+/// call forget only if running inside the guest
+pub fn guest_mem_forget<T>(_t: T) {
+    #[cfg(target_os = "zkvm")]
+    core::mem::forget(_t)
+}
diff --git a/lib/src/mem_db.rs b/lib/src/mem_db.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d85cdbff5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/src/mem_db.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use anyhow::Context;
+use hashbrown::{
+    hash_map::{self, Entry},
+    HashMap,
+};
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "zkvm"))]
+use log::debug;
+use revm::{
+    primitives::{Account, AccountInfo, Bytecode, B160, B256, U256},
+    Database, DatabaseCommit,
+};
+use thiserror::Error as ThisError;
+
+use crate::block_builder::BlockBuilderDatabase;
+
+/// Error returned by the [MemDb].
+#[derive(Debug, ThisError)]
+pub enum DbError {
+    /// Returned when an account was accessed but not loaded into the DB.
+    #[error("account {0} not loaded")]
+    AccountNotFound(B160),
+    /// Returned when storage was accessed but not loaded into the DB.
+    #[error("storage {1}@{0} not loaded")]
+    SlotNotFound(B160, U256),
+    /// Returned when a block hash was accessed but not loaded into the DB.
+    #[error("block {0} not loaded")]
+    BlockNotFound(u64),
+    /// Unspecified error.
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Unspecified(#[from] anyhow::Error),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum AccountState {
+    // Account can be cleared/removed from state.
+    Deleted,
+    /// EVM touched this account.
+    Touched,
+    /// EVM cleared storage of this account, mostly by `selfdestruct`.
+    StorageCleared,
+    /// EVM didn't interacted with this account.
+    #[default]
+    None,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct DbAccount {
+    pub info: AccountInfo,
+    pub state: AccountState,
+    pub storage: HashMap<U256, U256>,
+}
+
+impl DbAccount {
+    pub fn new(info: AccountInfo) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            info,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return the account info or `None` if the account has been deleted.
+    pub fn info(&self) -> Option<AccountInfo> {
+        if self.state == AccountState::Deleted {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(self.info.clone())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// In-memory EVM database.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct MemDb {
+    /// Account info where None means it is not existing.
+    pub accounts: HashMap<B160, DbAccount>,
+    /// All cached block hashes.
+    pub block_hashes: HashMap<u64, B256>,
+}
+
+impl MemDb {
+    pub fn accounts_len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.accounts.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn storage_keys(&self) -> HashMap<B160, Vec<U256>> {
+        let mut out = HashMap::new();
+        for (address, account) in &self.accounts {
+            out.insert(*address, account.storage.keys().cloned().collect());
+        }
+
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// Insert account info without overriding its storage.
+    /// Panics if a different account info exists.
+    pub fn insert_account_info(&mut self, address: B160, info: AccountInfo) {
+        match self.accounts.entry(address) {
+            Entry::Occupied(entry) => assert_eq!(info, entry.get().info),
+            Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
+                entry.insert(DbAccount::new(info));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// insert account storage without overriding the account info.
+    /// Panics if the account does not exist.
+    pub fn insert_account_storage(&mut self, address: &B160, index: U256, data: U256) {
+        let account = self.accounts.get_mut(address).expect("account not found");
+        account.storage.insert(index, data);
+    }
+
+    /// Insert the specified block hash. Panics if a different block hash exists.
+    pub fn insert_block_hash(&mut self, block_no: u64, block_hash: B256) {
+        match self.block_hashes.entry(block_no) {
+            Entry::Occupied(entry) => assert_eq!(&block_hash, entry.get()),
+            Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
+                entry.insert(block_hash);
+            }
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+impl Database for MemDb {
+    type Error = DbError;
+
+    /// Get basic account information.
+    fn basic(&mut self, address: B160) -> Result<Option<AccountInfo>, Self::Error> {
+        match self.accounts.get(&address) {
+            Some(db_account) => Ok(db_account.info()),
+            None => Err(DbError::AccountNotFound(address)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get account code by its hash.
+    fn code_by_hash(&mut self, _code_hash: B256) -> Result<Bytecode, Self::Error> {
+        // not needed because we already load code with basic info
+        unreachable!()
+    }
+
+    /// Get storage value of address at index.
+    fn storage(&mut self, address: B160, index: U256) -> Result<U256, Self::Error> {
+        match self.accounts.get(&address) {
+            // if we have this account in the cache, we can query its storage
+            Some(account) => match account.storage.get(&index) {
+                Some(value) => Ok(*value),
+                None => match account.state {
+                    // it is impossible to access the storage from a non-existing account
+                    AccountState::Deleted => unreachable!(),
+                    // if the account has been deleted or cleared, we must return 0
+                    AccountState::StorageCleared => Ok(U256::ZERO),
+                    // otherwise this is an uncached load
+                    _ => Err(DbError::SlotNotFound(address, index)),
+                },
+            },
+            // otherwise this is an uncached load
+            None => Err(DbError::AccountNotFound(address)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn block_hash(&mut self, number: U256) -> Result<B256, Self::Error> {
+        let block_no: u64 = number.try_into().with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "invalid block number: expected <= {}, got {}",
+                u64::MAX,
+                &number
+            )
+        })?;
+        self.block_hashes
+            .get(&block_no)
+            .cloned()
+            .ok_or(DbError::BlockNotFound(block_no))
+    }
+}
+
+impl BlockBuilderDatabase for MemDb {
+    fn load(accounts: HashMap<B160, DbAccount>, block_hashes: HashMap<u64, B256>) -> Self {
+        MemDb {
+            accounts,
+            block_hashes,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn accounts(&self) -> hash_map::Iter<B160, DbAccount> {
+        self.accounts.iter()
+    }
+
+    fn increase_balance(&mut self, address: B160, amount: U256) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        let account = self
+            .accounts
+            .get_mut(&address)
+            .ok_or(DbError::AccountNotFound(address))?;
+
+        account.info.balance = account
+            .info
+            .balance
+            .checked_add(amount)
+            .with_context(|| format!("addition overflow for {:?}", &address))?;
+
+        match account.state {
+            // if the account was deleted, we still have to clear its storage
+            AccountState::Deleted => {
+                account.state = AccountState::StorageCleared;
+            }
+            // mark as touched
+            AccountState::None => {
+                account.state = AccountState::Touched;
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        };
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn update(&mut self, address: B160, new_account: Account) {
+        // if nothing was touched, there is nothing to do
+        if !new_account.is_touched {
+            return;
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(target_os = "zkvm"))]
+        debug!("State update {:?}: {:?}", &address, &new_account);
+
+        if new_account.is_destroyed {
+            // get the account we are destroying
+            let db_account = match self.accounts.entry(address) {
+                Entry::Occupied(entry) => entry.into_mut(),
+                Entry::Vacant(_) => {
+                    // destruction of a non-existing account, so there is nothing to do
+                    // a) the account was created and destroyed in the same transaction
+                    // b) or it was destroyed without reading and thus not cached
+                    return;
+                }
+            };
+
+            // it is not possible to delete a deleted account
+            debug_assert!(db_account.state != AccountState::Deleted);
+
+            // clear the account and mark it as deleted
+            db_account.storage.clear();
+            db_account.state = AccountState::Deleted;
+            db_account.info = AccountInfo::default();
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // empty accounts cannot have any non-zero storage
+        if new_account.is_empty() {
+            debug_assert!(new_account.storage.is_empty());
+        }
+
+        // update account info
+        let db_account = match self.accounts.entry(address) {
+            Entry::Occupied(entry) => {
+                let db_account = entry.into_mut();
+
+                // the account was touched, but it is empty, so it should be deleted
+                // this also deletes empty accounts previously contained in the state trie
+                if db_account.state != AccountState::Deleted && new_account.is_empty() {
+                    db_account.storage.clear();
+                    db_account.state = AccountState::Deleted;
+                    db_account.info = AccountInfo::default();
+
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                // create account only if it is not empty
+                if db_account.info.is_empty() && new_account.is_empty() {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                // update the account info
+                db_account.info = new_account.info;
+                db_account
+            }
+            Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
+                // create a new account only if it is not empty
+                if new_account.is_empty() {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                // create new non-empty account
+                entry.insert(DbAccount::new(new_account.info))
+            }
+        };
+
+        // set the correct state
+        db_account.state = if new_account.storage_cleared {
+            db_account.storage.clear();
+            AccountState::StorageCleared
+        } else if db_account.state == AccountState::StorageCleared {
+            // when creating the storage trie, it must be cleared it first
+            AccountState::StorageCleared
+        } else {
+            AccountState::Touched
+        };
+
+        // update all changed storage values
+        db_account.storage.extend(
+            new_account
+                .storage
+                .into_iter()
+                .filter(|(_, value)| value.is_changed())
+                .map(|(key, value)| (key, value.present_value())),
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+impl DatabaseCommit for MemDb {
+    fn commit(&mut self, changes: HashMap<B160, Account>) {
+        for (address, new_account) in changes {
+            self.update(address, new_account);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/lib/src/validation.rs b/lib/src/validation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..51dc61a7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/src/validation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use core::fmt::Debug;
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use hashbrown::HashMap;
+use revm::primitives::{SpecId, B160 as RevmB160, B256 as RevmB256};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use zeth_primitives::{
+    block::Header, revm::to_revm_b256, transaction::Transaction, trie::MptNode,
+    withdrawal::Withdrawal, BlockNumber, Bytes, B160, B256, U256,
+};
+
+use crate::consts::{
+    ChainSpec, BASE_FEE_MAX_CHANGE_DENOMINATOR, ELASTICITY_MULTIPLIER, GAS_LIMIT_BOUND_DIVISOR,
+    MAX_BLOCK_HASH_AGE, MAX_EXTRA_DATA_BYTES, MIN_GAS_LIMIT, MIN_SPEC_ID, ONE,
+};
+
+/// External block input.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub struct Input {
+    /// Chain spec
+    pub chain_spec: ChainSpec,
+    /// Previous block header
+    pub parent_header: Header,
+    /// Address to which all priority fees in this block are transferred.
+    pub beneficiary: B160,
+    /// Scalar equal to the current limit of gas expenditure per block.
+    pub gas_limit: U256,
+    /// Scalar corresponding to the seconds since Epoch at this block's inception.
+    pub timestamp: U256,
+    /// Arbitrary byte array containing data relevant for this block.
+    pub extra_data: Bytes,
+    /// Hash previously used for the PoW now containing the RANDAO value.
+    pub mix_hash: B256,
+    /// List of transactions for execution
+    pub transactions: Vec<Transaction>,
+    /// List of stake withdrawals for execution
+    pub withdrawals: Vec<Withdrawal>,
+    /// State trie of the parent block.
+    pub parent_state_trie: MptNode,
+    /// Maps each address with its storage trie and the used storage slots.
+    pub parent_storage: HashMap<RevmB160, StorageEntry>,
+    /// The code of all unique contracts.
+    pub contracts: Vec<Bytes>,
+    /// List of at most 256 previous block headers
+    pub ancestor_headers: Vec<Header>,
+}
+
+pub type StorageEntry = (MptNode, Vec<U256>);
+
+pub fn verify_gas_limit(input_gas_limit: U256, parent_gas_limit: U256) -> Result<()> {
+    let diff = parent_gas_limit.abs_diff(input_gas_limit);
+    let limit = parent_gas_limit / GAS_LIMIT_BOUND_DIVISOR;
+    if diff >= limit {
+        bail!(
+            "Invalid gas limit: expected {} +- {}, got {}",
+            parent_gas_limit,
+            limit,
+            input_gas_limit,
+        );
+    }
+    if input_gas_limit < MIN_GAS_LIMIT {
+        bail!(
+            "Invalid gas limit: expected >= {}, got {}",
+            MIN_GAS_LIMIT,
+            input_gas_limit,
+        );
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn verify_timestamp(input_timestamp: U256, parent_timestamp: U256) -> Result<()> {
+    if input_timestamp <= parent_timestamp {
+        bail!(
+            "Invalid timestamp: expected > {}, got {}",
+            parent_timestamp,
+            input_timestamp,
+        );
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn verify_extra_data(input_extra_data: &Bytes) -> Result<()> {
+    let extra_data_bytes = input_extra_data.len();
+    if extra_data_bytes >= MAX_EXTRA_DATA_BYTES {
+        bail!(
+            "Invalid extra data: expected <= {}, got {}",
+            MAX_EXTRA_DATA_BYTES,
+            extra_data_bytes,
+        )
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn verify_state_trie(state_trie: &MptNode, parent_state_root: &B256) -> Result<()> {
+    let state_root = state_trie.hash();
+    if &state_root != parent_state_root {
+        bail!(
+            "Invalid state trie: expected {}, got {}",
+            parent_state_root,
+            state_root
+        );
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn verify_storage_trie(
+    address: impl Debug,
+    storage_trie: &MptNode,
+    account_storage_root: &B256,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let storage_root = storage_trie.hash();
+    if &storage_root != account_storage_root {
+        bail!(
+            "Invalid storage trie for {:?}: expected {}, got {}",
+            address,
+            account_storage_root,
+            storage_root
+        );
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn verify_parent_chain(
+    parent: &Header,
+    ancestors: &[Header],
+) -> Result<HashMap<u64, RevmB256>> {
+    let mut block_hashes = HashMap::with_capacity(ancestors.len() + 1);
+    block_hashes.insert(parent.number, to_revm_b256(parent.hash()));
+    let mut prev = parent;
+    for current in ancestors {
+        let current_hash = current.hash();
+        if prev.parent_hash != current_hash {
+            bail!(
+                "Invalid chain: {} is not the parent of {}",
+                current.number,
+                prev.number
+            );
+        }
+        if parent.number < current.number || parent.number - current.number >= MAX_BLOCK_HASH_AGE {
+            bail!(
+                "Invalid chain: {} is not one of the {} most recent blocks",
+                current.number,
+                MAX_BLOCK_HASH_AGE,
+            );
+        }
+        block_hashes.insert(current.number, to_revm_b256(current_hash));
+        prev = current;
+    }
+
+    Ok(block_hashes)
+}
+
+pub fn compute_block_number(parent: &Header) -> Result<BlockNumber> {
+    parent
+        .number
+        .checked_add(1)
+        .context("Invalid block number: too large")
+}
+
+pub fn compute_spec_id(chain_spec: &ChainSpec, block_number: BlockNumber) -> Result<SpecId> {
+    let spec_id = chain_spec.spec_id(block_number);
+    if !SpecId::enabled(spec_id, MIN_SPEC_ID) {
+        bail!(
+            "Invalid protocol version: expected >= {:?}, got {:?}",
+            MIN_SPEC_ID,
+            spec_id,
+        )
+    }
+    Ok(spec_id)
+}
+
+/// Calculate base fee for next block. [EIP-1559](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-1559.md) spec
+pub fn compute_base_fee(parent: &Header) -> Result<U256> {
+    let parent_gas_target = parent.gas_limit / ELASTICITY_MULTIPLIER;
+
+    match parent.gas_used.cmp(&parent_gas_target) {
+        std::cmp::Ordering::Equal => Ok(parent.base_fee_per_gas),
+
+        std::cmp::Ordering::Greater => {
+            let gas_used_delta = parent.gas_used - parent_gas_target;
+            let base_fee_delta = ONE.max(
+                parent.base_fee_per_gas * gas_used_delta
+                    / parent_gas_target
+                    / BASE_FEE_MAX_CHANGE_DENOMINATOR,
+            );
+            Ok(parent.base_fee_per_gas + base_fee_delta)
+        }
+
+        std::cmp::Ordering::Less => {
+            let gas_used_delta = parent_gas_target - parent.gas_used;
+            let base_fee_delta = parent.base_fee_per_gas * gas_used_delta
+                / parent_gas_target
+                / BASE_FEE_MAX_CHANGE_DENOMINATOR;
+            Ok(parent.base_fee_per_gas - base_fee_delta)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn input_serde_roundtrip() {
+        let input = Input::default();
+        let _: Input = bincode::deserialize(&bincode::serialize(&input).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/lib/testdata b/lib/testdata
new file mode 160000
index 000000000..9b6382b12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/testdata
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 9b6382b122140b5479a4ff6152ccf1459440ddff
diff --git a/lib/tests/common/ethers.rs b/lib/tests/common/ethers.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b584ddfeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/tests/common/ethers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use ethers_core::types::{
+    Block, Bloom, Bytes, EIP1186ProofResponse, StorageProof, Transaction, H256, U256,
+};
+use zeth_primitives::U256 as LibU256;
+
+use super::*;
+
+/// Provider that always returns the default if not contained in the state.
+pub struct TestProvider {
+    pub state: TestState,
+    pub header: Header,
+}
+
+impl Provider for TestProvider {
+    fn save(&self) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn get_full_block(&mut self, _: &BlockQuery) -> Result<Block<Transaction>, anyhow::Error> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn get_partial_block(&mut self, query: &BlockQuery) -> Result<Block<H256>, anyhow::Error> {
+        if query.block_no != self.header.number {
+            bail!("block {} not found", query.block_no);
+        }
+
+        Ok(Block::<H256> {
+            parent_hash: self.header.parent_hash.0.into(),
+            uncles_hash: self.header.ommers_hash.0.into(),
+            author: Some(self.header.beneficiary.0.into()),
+            state_root: self.header.state_root.0.into(),
+            transactions_root: self.header.transactions_root.0.into(),
+            receipts_root: self.header.receipts_root.0.into(),
+            logs_bloom: Some(Bloom::from_slice(self.header.logs_bloom.as_slice())),
+            difficulty: self.header.difficulty.to_be_bytes().into(),
+            number: Some(self.header.number.into()),
+            gas_limit: self.header.gas_limit.to_be_bytes().into(),
+            gas_used: self.header.gas_used.to_be_bytes().into(),
+            timestamp: self.header.timestamp.to_be_bytes().into(),
+            extra_data: self.header.extra_data.0.clone().into(),
+            mix_hash: Some(self.header.mix_hash.0.into()),
+            nonce: Some(self.header.nonce.0.into()),
+            base_fee_per_gas: Some(self.header.base_fee_per_gas.to_be_bytes().into()),
+            withdrawals_root: self.header.withdrawals_root.map(|r| r.0.into()),
+            hash: Some(self.header.hash().0.into()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn get_proof(&mut self, query: &ProofQuery) -> Result<EIP1186ProofResponse, anyhow::Error> {
+        assert_eq!(query.block_no, self.header.number);
+
+        let address = from_ethers_h160(query.address);
+        let account = self.state.0.get(&address).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+
+        let (state_trie, mut storage_tries) = build_tries(&self.state);
+        let storage_trie = storage_tries.remove(&address).unwrap_or_default();
+
+        let account_proof = mpt_proof(&state_trie, keccak(query.address))?
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|p| p.into())
+            .collect();
+        let mut storage_proof = vec![];
+        for index in &query.indices {
+            let proof = StorageProof {
+                key: index.clone().into(),
+                proof: mpt_proof(&storage_trie, keccak(index))?
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|p| p.into())
+                    .collect(),
+                value: account
+                    .storage
+                    .get(&LibU256::from_be_bytes(index.0))
+                    .cloned()
+                    .unwrap_or_default()
+                    .to_be_bytes()
+                    .into(),
+            };
+            storage_proof.push(proof);
+        }
+
+        Ok(EIP1186ProofResponse {
+            address: query.address,
+            balance: account.balance.to_be_bytes().into(),
+            code_hash: keccak(account.code).into(),
+            nonce: account.nonce.to_be_bytes().into(),
+            storage_hash: storage_trie.hash().0.into(),
+            account_proof,
+            storage_proof,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn get_transaction_count(&mut self, query: &AccountQuery) -> Result<U256, anyhow::Error> {
+        assert_eq!(query.block_no, self.header.number);
+
+        let nonce: u64 = self
+            .state
+            .0
+            .get(&from_ethers_h160(query.address))
+            .map(|account| account.nonce.try_into().unwrap())
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        Ok(U256::from(nonce))
+    }
+
+    fn get_balance(&mut self, query: &AccountQuery) -> Result<U256, anyhow::Error> {
+        assert_eq!(query.block_no, self.header.number);
+
+        let balance = self
+            .state
+            .0
+            .get(&from_ethers_h160(query.address))
+            .map(|account| account.balance)
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        Ok(balance.to_be_bytes().into())
+    }
+
+    fn get_code(&mut self, query: &AccountQuery) -> Result<Bytes, anyhow::Error> {
+        assert_eq!(query.block_no, self.header.number);
+
+        let code = self
+            .state
+            .0
+            .get(&from_ethers_h160(query.address))
+            .map(|account| account.code.clone())
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        Ok(code.0.into())
+    }
+
+    fn get_storage(&mut self, query: &StorageQuery) -> Result<H256, anyhow::Error> {
+        assert_eq!(query.block_no, self.header.number);
+
+        match self.state.0.get(&from_ethers_h160(query.address)) {
+            Some(account) => {
+                let value = account
+                    .storage
+                    .get(&LibU256::from_be_bytes(query.index.0))
+                    .cloned()
+                    .unwrap_or_default();
+                Ok(value.to_be_bytes().into())
+            }
+            None => Ok(H256::zero()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn build_tries(state: &TestState) -> (MptNode, HashMap<B160, MptNode>) {
+    let mut state_trie = MptNode::default();
+    let mut storage_tries = HashMap::new();
+    for (address, account) in &state.0 {
+        let mut storage_trie = MptNode::default();
+        for (slot, value) in &account.storage {
+            if *value != LibU256::ZERO {
+                storage_trie.rlp_update(&keccak(&slot.to_be_bytes::<32>()), *value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        state_trie.rlp_update(
+            &keccak(address),
+            StateAccount {
+                nonce: account.nonce.try_into().unwrap(),
+                balance: account.balance,
+                storage_root: storage_trie.hash(),
+                code_hash: keccak(account.code.clone()).into(),
+            },
+        );
+        storage_tries.insert(address.clone(), storage_trie);
+    }
+
+    (state_trie, storage_tries)
+}
diff --git a/lib/tests/common/mod.rs b/lib/tests/common/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5fb03512f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/tests/common/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use anyhow::bail;
+use hashbrown::HashMap;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_with::{serde_as, NoneAsEmptyString};
+use zeth_lib::{
+    block_builder::BlockBuilderDatabase,
+    host::provider::{AccountQuery, BlockQuery, ProofQuery, Provider, StorageQuery},
+    mem_db::DbAccount,
+};
+use zeth_primitives::{
+    access_list::{AccessList, AccessListItem},
+    block::Header,
+    ethers::from_ethers_h160,
+    keccak::keccak,
+    revm::from_revm_b160,
+    signature::TxSignature,
+    transaction::{
+        Transaction, TransactionKind, TxEssence, TxEssenceEip1559, TxEssenceEip2930,
+        TxEssenceLegacy,
+    },
+    trie::{self, MptNode, MptNodeData, StateAccount},
+    withdrawal::Withdrawal,
+    Bloom, Bytes, RlpBytes, StorageKey, B160, B256, B64, U256, U64,
+};
+
+pub mod ethers;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct TestJson {
+    pub blocks: Vec<TestBlock>,
+    #[serde(rename = "genesisBlockHeader")]
+    pub genesis: TestHeader,
+    #[serde(rename = "genesisRLP")]
+    pub genesis_rlp: Bytes,
+    pub network: String,
+    pub pre: TestState,
+    #[serde(rename = "postState")]
+    pub post: Option<TestState>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct TestBlock {
+    pub block_header: Option<TestHeader>,
+    pub expect_exception: Option<String>,
+    pub rlp: Bytes,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub transactions: Vec<TestTransaction>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub uncle_headers: Vec<TestHeader>,
+    pub withdrawals: Option<Vec<Withdrawal>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct TestAccount {
+    pub balance: U256,
+    pub nonce: U64,
+    pub code: Bytes,
+    pub storage: HashMap<U256, U256>,
+}
+
+impl From<DbAccount> for TestAccount {
+    fn from(account: DbAccount) -> Self {
+        TestAccount {
+            balance: account.info.balance,
+            nonce: U64::from(account.info.nonce),
+            code: account.info.code.unwrap().bytecode.into(),
+            storage: account.storage.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k, v)).collect(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct TestState(pub HashMap<B160, TestAccount>);
+
+impl<D: BlockBuilderDatabase> From<D> for TestState {
+    fn from(db: D) -> Self {
+        TestState(
+            db.accounts()
+                .map(|(addr, account)| (from_revm_b160(*addr), account.clone().into()))
+                .collect(),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct TestHeader {
+    pub base_fee_per_gas: Option<U256>,
+    pub bloom: Bloom,
+    pub coinbase: B160,
+    pub extra_data: Bytes,
+    pub difficulty: U256,
+    pub gas_limit: U256,
+    pub gas_used: U256,
+    pub hash: B256,
+    pub mix_hash: B256,
+    pub nonce: B64,
+    pub number: U64,
+    pub parent_hash: B256,
+    pub receipt_trie: B256,
+    pub state_root: B256,
+    pub timestamp: U256,
+    pub transactions_trie: B256,
+    pub uncle_hash: B256,
+    pub withdrawals_root: Option<B256>,
+}
+
+impl From<TestHeader> for Header {
+    fn from(header: TestHeader) -> Self {
+        Header {
+            parent_hash: header.parent_hash,
+            ommers_hash: header.uncle_hash,
+            beneficiary: header.coinbase,
+            state_root: header.state_root,
+            transactions_root: header.transactions_trie,
+            receipts_root: header.receipt_trie,
+            logs_bloom: header.bloom,
+            difficulty: header.difficulty,
+            number: header.number.try_into().unwrap(),
+            gas_limit: header.gas_limit,
+            gas_used: header.gas_used,
+            timestamp: header.timestamp,
+            extra_data: header.extra_data,
+            mix_hash: header.mix_hash,
+            nonce: header.nonce,
+            base_fee_per_gas: header.base_fee_per_gas.unwrap(),
+            withdrawals_root: header.withdrawals_root,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[serde_as]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct TestTransaction {
+    pub data: Bytes,
+    pub access_list: Option<TestAccessList>,
+    pub gas_limit: U256,
+    pub gas_price: Option<U256>,
+    pub max_fee_per_gas: Option<U256>,
+    pub max_priority_fee_per_gas: Option<U256>,
+    pub value: U256,
+    #[serde_as(as = "NoneAsEmptyString")]
+    pub to: Option<B160>,
+    pub nonce: U64,
+    pub v: U64,
+    pub r: U256,
+    pub s: U256,
+}
+
+impl From<TestTransaction> for Transaction {
+    fn from(tx: TestTransaction) -> Self {
+        let signature = TxSignature {
+            v: tx.v.try_into().unwrap(),
+            r: tx.r,
+            s: tx.s,
+        };
+        let essence = if tx.access_list.is_none() {
+            TxEssence::Legacy(TxEssenceLegacy {
+                chain_id: None,
+                nonce: tx.nonce.try_into().unwrap(),
+                gas_price: tx.gas_price.unwrap(),
+                gas_limit: tx.gas_limit,
+                to: match tx.to {
+                    Some(addr) => TransactionKind::Call(addr),
+                    None => TransactionKind::Create,
+                },
+                value: tx.value,
+                data: tx.data,
+            })
+        } else if tx.max_fee_per_gas.is_none() {
+            TxEssence::Eip2930(TxEssenceEip2930 {
+                chain_id: 1,
+                nonce: tx.nonce.try_into().unwrap(),
+                gas_price: tx.gas_price.unwrap(),
+                gas_limit: tx.gas_limit,
+                to: match tx.to {
+                    Some(addr) => TransactionKind::Call(addr),
+                    None => TransactionKind::Create,
+                },
+                value: tx.value,
+                data: tx.data,
+                access_list: tx.access_list.unwrap().into(),
+            })
+        } else {
+            TxEssence::Eip1559(TxEssenceEip1559 {
+                chain_id: 1,
+                nonce: tx.nonce.try_into().unwrap(),
+                max_priority_fee_per_gas: tx.max_priority_fee_per_gas.unwrap(),
+                max_fee_per_gas: tx.max_fee_per_gas.unwrap(),
+                gas_limit: tx.gas_limit,
+                to: match tx.to {
+                    Some(addr) => TransactionKind::Call(addr),
+                    None => TransactionKind::Create,
+                },
+                value: tx.value,
+                data: tx.data,
+                access_list: tx.access_list.unwrap().into(),
+            })
+        };
+        Transaction { essence, signature }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct TestAccessList(pub Vec<TestAccessListItem>);
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct TestAccessListItem {
+    pub address: B160,
+    pub storage_keys: Vec<StorageKey>,
+}
+
+impl From<TestAccessList> for AccessList {
+    fn from(list: TestAccessList) -> Self {
+        AccessList(
+            list.0
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|item| AccessListItem {
+                    address: item.address,
+                    storage_keys: item.storage_keys,
+                })
+                .collect(),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// Computes the Merkle proof for the given key in the trie.
+pub fn mpt_proof(root: &MptNode, key: impl AsRef<[u8]>) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>, anyhow::Error> {
+    let mut path = proof_internal(root, &trie::to_nibs(key.as_ref()))?;
+    path.reverse();
+    Ok(path)
+}
+
+fn proof_internal(node: &MptNode, key_nibs: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>, anyhow::Error> {
+    if key_nibs.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(vec![node.to_rlp()]);
+    }
+
+    let mut path: Vec<Vec<u8>> = match node.as_data() {
+        MptNodeData::Null | MptNodeData::Leaf(_, _) => vec![],
+        MptNodeData::Branch(children, _) => {
+            let mut path = Vec::new();
+            for node in children {
+                path.extend(proof_internal(&node, &key_nibs[1..])?);
+            }
+            path
+        }
+        MptNodeData::Extension(_, child) => {
+            let ext_nibs = node.nibs();
+            let ext_len = ext_nibs.len();
+            if key_nibs[..ext_len] == ext_nibs {
+                proof_internal(&child, &key_nibs[ext_len..])?
+            } else {
+                vec![]
+            }
+        }
+        MptNodeData::Digest(_) => bail!("Cannot descend pointer!"),
+    };
+    path.push(node.to_rlp());
+
+    Ok(path)
+}
diff --git a/lib/tests/evm.rs b/lib/tests/evm.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b16db0db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/tests/evm.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::{fs::File, io::BufReader, path::PathBuf};
+
+use common::ethers::TestProvider;
+use hashbrown::HashMap;
+use revm::primitives::SpecId;
+use rstest::rstest;
+use serde_json::Value;
+use zeth_lib::{
+    block_builder::BlockBuilder,
+    consts::ChainSpec,
+    host::{provider_db::ProviderDb, Init},
+    mem_db::MemDb,
+    validation::Input,
+};
+use zeth_primitives::{block::Header, transaction::Transaction, withdrawal::Withdrawal};
+
+use crate::common::*;
+
+mod common;
+
+// TODO: investigate those stack overflows
+static IGNORE_SET: phf::Set<&'static str> = phf::phf_set! {
+    "baseFeeDiffPlaces_d34g0v0_Shanghai", "gasPriceDiffPlaces_d34g0v0_Shanghai", "LoopCallsDepthThenRevert2_d0g0v0_Shanghai",
+    "LoopCallsDepthThenRevert3_d0g0v0_Shanghai", "diffPlaces_d34g0v0_Shanghai", "static_Call1024BalanceTooLow2_d1g0v0_Shanghai",
+    "static_Call1024BalanceTooLow_d1g0v0_Shanghai", "static_Call1024PreCalls3_d1g0v0_Shanghai",
+    "static_Call1024PreCalls_d1g0v0_Shanghai", "static_Call1024PreCalls2_d0g0v0_Shanghai",
+    "static_Call1024PreCalls2_d1g0v0_Shanghai", "static_CallRecursiveBomb0_OOG_atMaxCallDepth_d0g0v0_Shanghai",
+    "static_CallRecursiveBombPreCall2_d0g0v0_Shanghai", "static_CallRecursiveBombPreCall_d0g0v0_Shanghai",
+    "static_LoopCallsDepthThenRevert3_d0g0v0_Shanghai", "static_LoopCallsDepthThenRevert2_d0g0v0_Shanghai",
+    "CallRecursiveBomb0_OOG_atMaxCallDepth_d0g0v0_Shanghai", "Call1024BalanceTooLow_d0g0v0_Shanghai",
+    "Call1024PreCalls_d0g1v0_Shanghai", "Call1024PreCalls_d0g2v0_Shanghai", "CallRecursiveBombPreCall_d0g0v0_Shanghai",
+    "Delegatecall1024_d0g0v0_Shanghai", "Create2OnDepth1024_d0g0v0_Shanghai", "Create2OnDepth1023_d0g0v0_Shanghai",
+    "Create2Recursive_d0g0v0_Shanghai", "Create2Recursive_d0g2v0_Shanghai", "Call1024PreCalls_d0g0v0_Shanghai",
+    "Callcode1024BalanceTooLow_d0g0v0_Shanghai", "invalidDiffPlaces_d34g0v0_Shanghai", "opc0EDiffPlaces_d34g0v0_Shanghai",
+};
+
+#[rstest]
+fn evm(
+    #[files("testdata/BlockchainTests/GeneralStateTests/**/*.json")]
+    #[exclude("stBadOpcode|refundResetFrontier")]
+    path: PathBuf,
+) {
+    let _ = env_logger::builder()
+        .filter_level(log::LevelFilter::Debug)
+        .is_test(true)
+        .try_init();
+
+    println!("Using file: {}", path.display());
+    let f = File::open(path).unwrap();
+    let mut root: Value = serde_json::from_reader(BufReader::new(f)).unwrap();
+
+    for (name, test) in root.as_object_mut().unwrap() {
+        println!("test '{}'", name);
+        if IGNORE_SET.contains(name) {
+            println!("ignoring");
+            continue;
+        }
+        let json: TestJson = serde_json::from_value(test.take()).unwrap();
+
+        // only run Shanghai tests
+        let spec: SpecId = json.network.as_str().into();
+        if spec != SpecId::SHANGHAI {
+            println!("skipping ({:?})", spec);
+            continue;
+        }
+        let config = ChainSpec::new_single(1, spec);
+
+        let genesis: Header = json.genesis.clone().into();
+        assert_eq!(genesis.hash(), json.genesis.hash);
+
+        // log the pre-state
+        dbg!(&json.pre);
+
+        let mut state = json.pre;
+        let mut parent_header = genesis;
+        let mut ancestor_headers = vec![];
+        for block in json.blocks {
+            // skip failing tests for now
+            if let Some(message) = block.expect_exception {
+                println!("skipping ({})", message);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            let block_header = block.block_header.unwrap();
+            let expected_header: Header = block_header.clone().into();
+            assert_eq!(&expected_header.hash(), &block_header.hash);
+
+            // construct the block
+            let builder = new_builder(
+                config.clone(),
+                state,
+                parent_header.clone(),
+                expected_header.clone(),
+                block.transactions,
+                block.withdrawals.unwrap_or_default(),
+            )
+            .initialize_evm_storage()
+            .unwrap()
+            .initialize_header()
+            .unwrap()
+            .execute_transactions()
+            .unwrap();
+            let result_header = builder.clone().build(None).unwrap();
+            // the headers should match
+            assert_eq!(result_header.state_root, expected_header.state_root);
+            assert_eq!(result_header, expected_header);
+
+            state = builder.to_db().into();
+            ancestor_headers.push(parent_header);
+            parent_header = block_header.into();
+        }
+        // log the post-state
+        dbg!(state, &json.post);
+    }
+}
+
+fn new_builder(
+    config: ChainSpec,
+    state: TestState,
+    parent_header: Header,
+    header: Header,
+    transactions: Vec<TestTransaction>,
+    withdrawals: Vec<Withdrawal>,
+) -> BlockBuilder<MemDb> {
+    // create the provider DB
+    let mut provider_db = ProviderDb::new(
+        Box::new(TestProvider {
+            state,
+            header: parent_header.clone(),
+        }),
+        parent_header.number,
+    );
+
+    let transactions: Vec<Transaction> = transactions.into_iter().map(Transaction::from).collect();
+    let input = Input {
+        beneficiary: header.beneficiary,
+        gas_limit: header.gas_limit,
+        timestamp: header.timestamp,
+        extra_data: header.extra_data.clone(),
+        mix_hash: header.mix_hash,
+        transactions: transactions.clone(),
+        withdrawals: withdrawals.clone(),
+        chain_spec: config.clone(),
+        parent_header: parent_header.clone(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+
+    // create and run the block builder once to create the initial DB
+    let block_builder = BlockBuilder::new(Some(provider_db), input)
+        .initialize_header()
+        .unwrap()
+        .execute_transactions()
+        .unwrap();
+    provider_db = block_builder.to_db();
+
+    let init_proofs = provider_db.get_initial_proofs().unwrap();
+    let fini_proofs = HashMap::new();
+    let ancestor_headers = provider_db.get_ancestor_headers().unwrap();
+
+    let input: Input = Init {
+        db: provider_db.get_initial_db().clone(),
+        init_block: parent_header,
+        init_proofs,
+        fini_block: header,
+        fini_transactions: transactions,
+        fini_withdrawals: withdrawals,
+        fini_proofs,
+        ancestor_headers,
+        chain_spec: config,
+    }
+    .into();
+
+    input.into()
+}
diff --git a/primitives/Cargo.toml b/primitives/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a1909e2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/primitives/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+[package]
+name = "zeth-primitives"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+alloy-primitives = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/core.git", rev = "58e2259", features = ["rlp", "serde"] }
+alloy-rlp = { version = "0.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-rlp-derive = { version = "0.3", default-features = false }
+anyhow = "1.0"
+bytes = { version = "1.1", default-features = false }
+ethers-core = { version = "2.0", optional = true }
+k256 = { version = "=0.13.1", features = ["std", "ecdsa"], default_features = false }
+revm-primitives = { version = "1.1", optional = true }
+rlp = "0.5.2"
+serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
+sha2 = "=0.10.6"
+sha3 = "0.10"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+bincode = "1.3"
+hex-literal = "0.4"
+rand = "0.8"
+serde_json = "1.0"
+
+[features]
+ethers = ["dep:ethers-core"]
+revm = ["dep:revm-primitives"]
+
+[target.'cfg(not(target_os = "zkvm"))'.dependencies]
+log = "0.4"
diff --git a/primitives/src/access_list.rs b/primitives/src/access_list.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da0017ff1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/primitives/src/access_list.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use alloy_primitives::{StorageKey, B160};
+use alloy_rlp_derive::{RlpEncodable, RlpEncodableWrapper};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+/// AccessList as defined in EIP-2930.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, RlpEncodableWrapper)]
+pub struct AccessList(pub Vec<AccessListItem>);
+
+/// A list of addresses and storage keys that the transaction plans to access.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default, RlpEncodable, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct AccessListItem {
+    /// Account address.
+    pub address: B160,
+    /// Storage keys for that address.
+    pub storage_keys: Vec<StorageKey>,
+}
diff --git a/primitives/src/block.rs b/primitives/src/block.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4758a37ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/primitives/src/block.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use alloy_primitives::{b256, BlockHash, BlockNumber, Bloom, Bytes, B160, B256, B64, U256};
+use alloy_rlp::Encodable;
+use alloy_rlp_derive::RlpEncodable;
+use bytes::BytesMut;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use crate::{keccak::keccak, trie::EMPTY_ROOT};
+
+/// Keccak-256 hash of the RLP of an empty list, keccak256("\xc0").
+pub const EMPTY_LIST_HASH: B256 =
+    b256!("1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347");
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, RlpEncodable)]
+#[rlp(trailing)]
+pub struct Header {
+    /// Hash of the parent block's header.
+    pub parent_hash: BlockHash,
+    /// Unused 256-bit hash, always [EMPTY_LIST_HASH].
+    pub ommers_hash: B256,
+    /// Address to which the priority fees of each transaction is transferred.
+    pub beneficiary: B160,
+    /// Hash of the root node of the state trie, after all transactions are executed.
+    pub state_root: B256,
+    /// Hash of the root node of the trie populated with each transaction in the block.
+    pub transactions_root: B256,
+    /// Hash of the root node of the trie populated with the receipts of each transaction.
+    pub receipts_root: B256,
+    /// Bloom filter composed from indexable information contained in each log entry.
+    pub logs_bloom: Bloom,
+    /// Unused value, always `0`.
+    pub difficulty: U256,
+    /// Number of ancestor blocks in the chain.
+    pub number: BlockNumber,
+    /// Value equal to the current limit of gas expenditure per block.
+    pub gas_limit: U256,
+    /// Value equal to the total gas used in transactions in this block.
+    pub gas_used: U256,
+    /// Value corresponding to the seconds since Epoch at this block's inception.
+    pub timestamp: U256,
+    /// Arbitrary byte array containing data relevant for this block.
+    pub extra_data: Bytes,
+    /// Hash previously used for the PoW now containing the RANDAO value.
+    pub mix_hash: B256,
+    /// Unused 64-bit hash, always zero.
+    pub nonce: B64,
+    /// Base fee payed by all transactions in the block.
+    pub base_fee_per_gas: U256,
+    /// Hash of the root node of the trie populated with each withdrawal in the block.
+    /// Only present after the Shanghai update.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub withdrawals_root: Option<B256>,
+}
+
+impl Default for Header {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Header {
+            parent_hash: B256::ZERO,
+            ommers_hash: EMPTY_LIST_HASH,
+            beneficiary: B160::ZERO,
+            state_root: EMPTY_ROOT,
+            transactions_root: EMPTY_ROOT,
+            receipts_root: EMPTY_ROOT,
+            logs_bloom: Bloom::default(),
+            difficulty: U256::ZERO,
+            number: 0,
+            gas_limit: U256::ZERO,
+            gas_used: U256::ZERO,
+            timestamp: U256::ZERO,
+            extra_data: Bytes::new(),
+            mix_hash: B256::ZERO,
+            nonce: B64::ZERO,
+            base_fee_per_gas: U256::ZERO,
+            withdrawals_root: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Header {
+    /// Calculates the block hash.
+    pub fn hash(&self) -> BlockHash {
+        let mut bytes = BytesMut::new();
+        self.encode(&mut bytes);
+        keccak(bytes).into()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn paris() {
+        // first block after the Paris network upgrade
+        let value = json!({
+            "parent_hash":"0x55b11b918355b1ef9c5db810302ebad0bf2544255b530cdce90674d5887bb286",
+            "ommers_hash": "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
+            "beneficiary": "0xeee27662c2b8eba3cd936a23f039f3189633e4c8",
+            "state_root": "0x40c07091e16263270f3579385090fea02dd5f061ba6750228fcc082ff762fda7",
+            "transactions_root": "0x1ea1746468686159ce730c1cc49a886721244e5d1fa9a06d6d4196b6f013c82c",
+            "receipts_root": "0x928073fb98ce316265ea35d95ab7e2e1206cecd85242eb841dbbcc4f568fca4b",
+            "logs_bloom": "0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+            "difficulty": "0x0",
+            "number": 15537394,
+            "gas_limit": "0x1c9c380",
+            "gas_used": "0x1c9811e",
+            "timestamp": "0x6322c973",
+            "extra_data": "0x",
+            "mix_hash": "0xa86c2e601b6c44eb4848f7d23d9df3113fbcac42041c49cbed5000cb4f118777",
+            "nonce": "0x0000000000000000",
+            "base_fee_per_gas": "0xb5d68e0a3"
+        });
+        let header: Header = serde_json::from_value(value).unwrap();
+
+        // verify that bincode serialization works
+        let _: Header = bincode::deserialize(&bincode::serialize(&header).unwrap()).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            "0x56a9bb0302da44b8c0b3df540781424684c3af04d0b7a38d72842b762076a664",
+            header.hash().to_string()
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn shanghai() {
+        // first block after the Shanghai network upgrade
+        let value = json!({
+            "parent_hash": "0xc2558f8143d5f5acb8382b8cb2b8e2f1a10c8bdfeededad850eaca048ed85d8f",
+            "ommers_hash": "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
+            "beneficiary": "0x388c818ca8b9251b393131c08a736a67ccb19297",
+            "state_root": "0x7fd42f5027bc18315b3781e65f19e4c8828fd5c5fce33410f0fb4fea0b65541f",
+            "transactions_root": "0x6f235d618461c08943aa5c23cc751310d6177ab8a9b9a7b66ffa637d988680e6",
+            "receipts_root": "0xe0ac34bafdd757bcca2dea27a3fc5870dd0836998877e29361c1fc55e19416ec",
+            "logs_bloom": "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",
+            "difficulty": "0x0",
+            "number": 17034870,
+            "gas_limit": "0x1c9c380",
+            "gas_used": "0x1c9bfe2",
+            "timestamp": "0x6437306f",
+            "extra_data": "0xd883010b05846765746888676f312e32302e32856c696e7578",
+            "mix_hash": "0x812ed704cc408c435c7baa6e86296c1ac654a139ae8c4a26d6460742b951d4f9",
+            "nonce": "0x0000000000000000",
+            "base_fee_per_gas": "0x42fbae6d5",
+            "withdrawals_root": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421"
+        });
+        let header: Header = serde_json::from_value(value).unwrap();
+
+        // verify that bincode serialization works
+        let _: Header = bincode::deserialize(&bincode::serialize(&header).unwrap()).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            "0xe22c56f211f03baadcc91e4eb9a24344e6848c5df4473988f893b58223f5216c",
+            header.hash().to_string()
+        )
+    }
+}
diff --git a/primitives/src/ethers.rs b/primitives/src/ethers.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4d3f8a8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/primitives/src/ethers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! Convert from Ethers types.
+
+use alloy_primitives::{Bloom, B160, B256, U256};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context};
+use ethers_core::types::{
+    transaction::eip2930::{
+        AccessList as EthersAccessList, AccessListItem as EthersAccessListItem,
+    },
+    Block as EthersBlock, Transaction as EthersTransaction, Withdrawal as EthersWithdrawal,
+    H160 as EthersH160, H256 as EthersH256, U256 as EthersU256,
+};
+
+use crate::{
+    access_list::{AccessList, AccessListItem},
+    block::Header,
+    signature::TxSignature,
+    transaction::{
+        Transaction, TransactionKind, TxEssence, TxEssenceEip1559, TxEssenceEip2930,
+        TxEssenceLegacy,
+    },
+    withdrawal::Withdrawal,
+};
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn from_ethers_u256(v: EthersU256) -> U256 {
+    U256::from_limbs(v.0)
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn from_ethers_h160(v: EthersH160) -> B160 {
+    v.0.into()
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn from_ethers_h256(v: EthersH256) -> B256 {
+    v.0.into()
+}
+
+impl From<EthersAccessListItem> for AccessListItem {
+    fn from(item: EthersAccessListItem) -> Self {
+        AccessListItem {
+            address: item.address.0.into(),
+            storage_keys: item
+                .storage_keys
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|key| key.0.into())
+                .collect(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<EthersAccessList> for AccessList {
+    fn from(list: EthersAccessList) -> Self {
+        AccessList(list.0.into_iter().map(|item| item.into()).collect())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Option<EthersH160>> for TransactionKind {
+    fn from(addr: Option<EthersH160>) -> Self {
+        match addr {
+            Some(address) => TransactionKind::Call(address.0.into()),
+            None => TransactionKind::Create,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> TryFrom<EthersBlock<T>> for Header {
+    type Error = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn try_from(block: EthersBlock<T>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Header {
+            parent_hash: from_ethers_h256(block.parent_hash),
+            ommers_hash: from_ethers_h256(block.uncles_hash),
+            beneficiary: from_ethers_h160(block.author.context("author missing")?),
+            state_root: from_ethers_h256(block.state_root),
+            transactions_root: from_ethers_h256(block.transactions_root),
+            receipts_root: from_ethers_h256(block.receipts_root),
+            logs_bloom: Bloom::from_slice(
+                block.logs_bloom.context("logs_bloom missing")?.as_bytes(),
+            ),
+            difficulty: from_ethers_u256(block.difficulty),
+            number: block.number.context("number missing")?.as_u64(),
+            gas_limit: from_ethers_u256(block.gas_limit),
+            gas_used: from_ethers_u256(block.gas_used),
+            timestamp: from_ethers_u256(block.timestamp),
+            extra_data: block.extra_data.0.into(),
+            mix_hash: block.mix_hash.context("mix_hash missing")?.0.into(),
+            nonce: block.nonce.context("nonce missing")?.0.into(),
+            base_fee_per_gas: from_ethers_u256(
+                block.base_fee_per_gas.context("base_fee_per_gas missing")?,
+            ),
+            withdrawals_root: block.withdrawals_root.map(from_ethers_h256),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<EthersTransaction> for Transaction {
+    type Error = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn try_from(tx: EthersTransaction) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        let essence = match tx.transaction_type.map(|t| t.as_u64()) {
+            None | Some(0) => TxEssence::Legacy(TxEssenceLegacy {
+                chain_id: match tx.chain_id {
+                    None => None,
+                    Some(chain_id) => Some(
+                        chain_id
+                            .try_into()
+                            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("invalid chain_id: {}", err))?,
+                    ),
+                },
+                nonce: tx
+                    .nonce
+                    .try_into()
+                    .map_err(|err| anyhow!("invalid nonce: {}", err))?,
+                gas_price: from_ethers_u256(tx.gas_price.context("gas_price missing")?),
+                gas_limit: from_ethers_u256(tx.gas),
+                to: tx.to.into(),
+                value: from_ethers_u256(tx.value),
+                data: tx.input.0.into(),
+            }),
+            Some(1) => TxEssence::Eip2930(TxEssenceEip2930 {
+                chain_id: tx
+                    .chain_id
+                    .context("chain_id missing")?
+                    .try_into()
+                    .map_err(|err| anyhow!("invalid chain_id: {}", err))?,
+                nonce: tx
+                    .nonce
+                    .try_into()
+                    .map_err(|err| anyhow!("invalid nonce: {}", err))?,
+                gas_price: from_ethers_u256(tx.gas_price.context("gas_price missing")?),
+                gas_limit: from_ethers_u256(tx.gas),
+                to: tx.to.into(),
+                value: from_ethers_u256(tx.value),
+                access_list: tx.access_list.context("access_list missing")?.into(),
+                data: tx.input.0.into(),
+            }),
+            Some(2) => TxEssence::Eip1559(TxEssenceEip1559 {
+                chain_id: tx
+                    .chain_id
+                    .context("chain_id missing")?
+                    .try_into()
+                    .map_err(|err| anyhow!("invalid chain_id: {}", err))?,
+                nonce: tx
+                    .nonce
+                    .try_into()
+                    .map_err(|err| anyhow!("invalid nonce: {}", err))?,
+                max_priority_fee_per_gas: from_ethers_u256(
+                    tx.max_priority_fee_per_gas
+                        .context("max_priority_fee_per_gas missing")?,
+                ),
+                max_fee_per_gas: from_ethers_u256(
+                    tx.max_fee_per_gas.context("max_fee_per_gas missing")?,
+                ),
+                gas_limit: from_ethers_u256(tx.gas),
+                to: tx.to.into(),
+                value: from_ethers_u256(tx.value),
+                access_list: tx.access_list.context("access_list missing")?.into(),
+                data: tx.input.0.into(),
+            }),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        };
+        let signature = TxSignature {
+            v: tx.v.as_u64(),
+            r: from_ethers_u256(tx.r),
+            s: from_ethers_u256(tx.s),
+        };
+
+        Ok(Transaction { essence, signature })
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<EthersWithdrawal> for Withdrawal {
+    type Error = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn try_from(withdrawal: EthersWithdrawal) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Withdrawal {
+            index: withdrawal.index.as_u64(),
+            validator_index: withdrawal.validator_index.as_u64(),
+            address: withdrawal.address.0.into(),
+            amount: withdrawal
+                .amount
+                .try_into()
+                .map_err(|err| anyhow!("invalid amount: {}", err))?,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/primitives/src/keccak.rs b/primitives/src/keccak.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0655963cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/primitives/src/keccak.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use alloy_primitives::{b256, B256};
+use sha3::{Digest, Keccak256};
+
+/// Keccak hash of an empty slice.
+pub const KECCAK_EMPTY: B256 =
+    b256!("c5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470");
+
+/// Computes the Keccak-256 hash.
+/// TODO: consider switching to B256 to have consistent return types
+#[inline]
+pub fn keccak(data: impl AsRef<[u8]>) -> [u8; 32] {
+    // TODO: remove accelerated hashing benchmark
+    // std::hint::black_box(sha2::Sha256::digest(&data));
+    Keccak256::digest(data).into()
+}
diff --git a/primitives/src/lib.rs b/primitives/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3fc1b30bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/primitives/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+extern crate core;
+
+pub mod access_list;
+pub mod block;
+pub mod keccak;
+pub mod receipt;
+pub mod signature;
+pub mod transaction;
+pub mod trie;
+pub mod withdrawal;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "ethers")]
+pub mod ethers;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "revm")]
+pub mod revm;
+
+pub use alloy_primitives::*;
+pub use alloy_rlp as rlp;
+
+pub trait RlpBytes {
+    /// Returns the RLP-encoding.
+    fn to_rlp(&self) -> Vec<u8>;
+}
+
+impl<T> RlpBytes for T
+where
+    T: rlp::Encodable,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn to_rlp(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        self.encode(&mut out);
+        out
+    }
+}
diff --git a/primitives/src/receipt.rs b/primitives/src/receipt.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f60bbb1a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/primitives/src/receipt.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use alloy_primitives::{Bloom, BloomInput, Bytes, B160, B256, U256};
+use alloy_rlp::Encodable;
+use alloy_rlp_derive::RlpEncodable;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+/// Ethereum Log
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, RlpEncodable)]
+pub struct Log {
+    /// Contract that emitted this log.
+    pub address: B160,
+    /// Topics of the log. The number of logs depend on what `LOG` opcode is used.
+    pub topics: Vec<B256>,
+    /// Arbitrary length data.
+    pub data: Bytes,
+}
+
+/// Payload of a [Receipt].
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, RlpEncodable)]
+pub struct ReceiptPayload {
+    /// If transaction is executed successfully.
+    pub success: bool,
+    /// Gas used
+    pub cumulative_gas_used: U256,
+    /// Bloom filter composed from information in logs.
+    pub logs_bloom: Bloom,
+    /// Log send from contracts.
+    pub logs: Vec<Log>,
+}
+
+/// Receipt containing result of transaction execution.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Receipt {
+    /// Receipt type.
+    pub tx_type: u8,
+    /// Receipt payload.
+    pub payload: ReceiptPayload,
+}
+
+impl Encodable for Receipt {
+    fn encode(&self, out: &mut dyn alloy_rlp::BufMut) {
+        match self.tx_type {
+            // legacy
+            0 => self.payload.encode(out),
+            // EIP-2718
+            tx_type => {
+                // prepend the EIP-2718 transaction type
+                out.put_u8(tx_type);
+                // append the RLP-encoded payload
+                self.payload.encode(out);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Receipt {
+    pub fn new(tx_type: u8, success: bool, cumulative_gas_used: U256, logs: Vec<Log>) -> Receipt {
+        let mut logs_bloom = Bloom::default();
+        for log in &logs {
+            logs_bloom.accrue(BloomInput::Raw(log.address.as_slice()));
+            for topic in &log.topics {
+                logs_bloom.accrue(BloomInput::Raw(topic.as_slice()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Receipt {
+            tx_type,
+            payload: ReceiptPayload {
+                success,
+                cumulative_gas_used,
+                logs_bloom,
+                logs,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// test vectors from https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/c40ab6af72ce282020d03c33e8273ea9b03d58f6/core/types/receipt_test.go
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use hex_literal::hex;
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn legacy() {
+        let expected = hex!("f901c58001b9010000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000500000000000000000000000000000000000014000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000080000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f8bef85d940000000000000000000000000000000000000011f842a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000deada0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000beef830100fff85d940000000000000000000000000000000000000111f842a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000deada0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000beef830100ff");
+        let receipt = Receipt::new(
+            0,
+            false,
+            U256::from(1),
+            serde_json::from_value(json!([
+                {
+                    "address": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000011",
+                    "topics": [
+                        "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000dead",
+                        "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000beef"
+                    ],
+                    "data": "0x0100ff"
+                },
+                {
+                    "address": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000111",
+                    "topics": [
+                        "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000dead",
+                        "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000beef"
+                    ],
+                    "data": "0x0100ff"
+                }
+            ]))
+            .unwrap(),
+        );
+        let mut data = vec![];
+        receipt.encode(&mut data);
+
+        assert_eq!(data, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn eip2930() {
+        let expected = hex!("01f901c58001b9010000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000500000000000000000000000000000000000014000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000080000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f8bef85d940000000000000000000000000000000000000011f842a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000deada0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000beef830100fff85d940000000000000000000000000000000000000111f842a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000deada0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000beef830100ff");
+        let receipt = Receipt::new(
+            1,
+            false,
+            U256::from(1),
+            serde_json::from_value(json!([
+                {
+                    "address": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000011",
+                    "topics": [
+                        "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000dead",
+                        "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000beef"
+                    ],
+                    "data": "0x0100ff"
+                },
+                {
+                    "address": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000111",
+                    "topics": [
+                        "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000dead",
+                        "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000beef"
+                    ],
+                    "data": "0x0100ff"
+                }
+            ]))
+            .unwrap(),
+        );
+        let mut data = vec![];
+        receipt.encode(&mut data);
+
+        assert_eq!(data, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn eip1559() {
+        let expected = hex!("02f901c58001b9010000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000500000000000000000000000000000000000014000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000080000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000f8bef85d940000000000000000000000000000000000000011f842a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000deada0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000beef830100fff85d940000000000000000000000000000000000000111f842a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000deada0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000beef830100ff");
+        let receipt = Receipt::new(
+            2,
+            false,
+            U256::from(1),
+            serde_json::from_value(json!([
+                {
+                    "address": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000011",
+                    "topics": [
+                        "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000dead",
+                        "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000beef"
+                    ],
+                    "data": "0x0100ff"
+                },
+                {
+                    "address": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000111",
+                    "topics": [
+                        "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000dead",
+                        "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000beef"
+                    ],
+                    "data": "0x0100ff"
+                }
+            ]))
+            .unwrap(),
+        );
+        let mut data = vec![];
+        receipt.encode(&mut data);
+
+        assert_eq!(data, expected);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/primitives/src/revm.rs b/primitives/src/revm.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b4261d30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/primitives/src/revm.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! Convert to revm types.
+
+use alloy_primitives::{B160, B256};
+use revm_primitives::{Log as RevmLog, B160 as RevmB160, B256 as RevmB256, U256 as RevmU256};
+
+use crate::{
+    access_list::{AccessList, AccessListItem},
+    receipt::Log,
+};
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn to_revm_b160(v: B160) -> RevmB160 {
+    v.0.into()
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn to_revm_b256(v: B256) -> RevmB256 {
+    v.0.into()
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn from_revm_b160(v: RevmB160) -> B160 {
+    v.0.into()
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn from_revm_b256(v: RevmB256) -> B256 {
+    v.0.into()
+}
+
+impl From<AccessListItem> for (RevmB160, Vec<RevmU256>) {
+    fn from(item: AccessListItem) -> (RevmB160, Vec<RevmU256>) {
+        (
+            to_revm_b160(item.address),
+            item.storage_keys
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|item| item.into())
+                .collect(),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<AccessList> for Vec<(RevmB160, Vec<RevmU256>)> {
+    fn from(list: AccessList) -> Vec<(RevmB160, Vec<RevmU256>)> {
+        list.0.into_iter().map(|item| item.into()).collect()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<RevmLog> for Log {
+    fn from(log: RevmLog) -> Self {
+        Log {
+            address: log.address.to_fixed_bytes().into(),
+            topics: log.topics.into_iter().map(from_revm_b256).collect(),
+            data: log.data.into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/primitives/src/signature.rs b/primitives/src/signature.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2dee35c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/primitives/src/signature.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use alloy_primitives::{B160, U256};
+use alloy_rlp_derive::RlpEncodable;
+use anyhow::Context;
+use k256::{
+    ecdsa::{RecoveryId, Signature as K256Signature, VerifyingKey as K256VerifyingKey},
+    elliptic_curve::sec1::ToEncodedPoint,
+    PublicKey as K256PublicKey,
+};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use crate::{
+    keccak::keccak,
+    transaction::{Transaction, TxEssence, TxEssenceLegacy},
+};
+
+/// A signature that can be used to recover the signing public key.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, RlpEncodable)]
+pub struct TxSignature {
+    pub v: u64,
+    pub r: U256,
+    pub s: U256,
+}
+
+impl Transaction {
+    /// Recover the sending party of the transaction.
+    pub fn recover_from(&self) -> anyhow::Result<B160> {
+        let is_y_odd = self.is_y_odd().context("v invalid")?;
+        let signature = K256Signature::from_scalars(
+            self.signature.r.to_be_bytes(),
+            self.signature.s.to_be_bytes(),
+        )
+        .context("r, s invalid")?;
+
+        let verify_key = K256VerifyingKey::recover_from_prehash(
+            self.essence.signing_hash().as_slice(),
+            &signature,
+            RecoveryId::new(is_y_odd, false),
+        )
+        .context("invalid signature")?;
+
+        let public_key = K256PublicKey::from(&verify_key);
+        let public_key = public_key.to_encoded_point(false);
+        let public_key = public_key.as_bytes();
+        debug_assert_eq!(public_key[0], 0x04);
+        let hash = keccak(&public_key[1..]);
+
+        Ok(B160::from_slice(&hash[12..]))
+    }
+
+    fn is_y_odd(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        match &self.essence {
+            TxEssence::Legacy(TxEssenceLegacy { chain_id: None, .. }) => {
+                checked_bool(self.signature.v - 27)
+            }
+            TxEssence::Legacy(TxEssenceLegacy {
+                chain_id: Some(chain_id),
+                ..
+            }) => checked_bool(self.signature.v - 35 - 2 * chain_id),
+            _ => checked_bool(self.signature.v),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline]
+fn checked_bool(v: u64) -> Option<bool> {
+    match v {
+        0 => Some(false),
+        1 => Some(true),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/primitives/src/transaction.rs b/primitives/src/transaction.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7029b494
--- /dev/null
+++ b/primitives/src/transaction.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,528 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use alloy_primitives::{Bytes, ChainId, TxHash, TxNumber, B160, B256, U256};
+use alloy_rlp::{Encodable, EMPTY_STRING_CODE};
+use alloy_rlp_derive::RlpEncodable;
+use bytes::{BufMut, BytesMut};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use crate::{access_list::AccessList, keccak::keccak, signature::TxSignature, RlpBytes};
+
+/// Legacy transaction as described in [EIP-155](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-155).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct TxEssenceLegacy {
+    /// Network chain ID, added in EIP-155.
+    pub chain_id: Option<ChainId>,
+    /// A scalar value equal to the number of transactions sent by the sender.
+    pub nonce: TxNumber,
+    /// A scalar value equal to the number of Wei to be paid per unit of gas for all
+    /// computation costs.
+    pub gas_price: U256,
+    /// A scalar value equal to the maximum amount of gas that should be used in executing
+    /// this transaction.
+    pub gas_limit: U256,
+    /// The 160-bit address of the message call's recipient or, for a contract creation
+    /// transaction, ∅.
+    pub to: TransactionKind,
+    /// A scalar value equal to the number of Wei to be transferred to the message call's
+    /// recipient.
+    pub value: U256,
+    /// An unlimited size byte array specifying the transaction data.
+    pub data: Bytes,
+}
+
+impl TxEssenceLegacy {
+    /// Length of the RLP payload in bytes.
+    fn payload_length(&self) -> usize {
+        self.nonce.length()
+            + self.gas_price.length()
+            + self.gas_limit.length()
+            + self.to.length()
+            + self.value.length()
+            + self.data.length()
+    }
+
+    /// Encode the transaction into the `out` buffer, only for signing.
+    fn encode_signing(&self, out: &mut dyn alloy_rlp::BufMut) {
+        let mut payload_length = self.payload_length();
+        // if a chain ID is present, append according to EIP-155
+        if let Some(chain_id) = self.chain_id {
+            payload_length += chain_id.length() + 1 + 1;
+        }
+        alloy_rlp::Header {
+            list: true,
+            payload_length,
+        }
+        .encode(out);
+        self.nonce.encode(out);
+        self.gas_price.encode(out);
+        self.gas_limit.encode(out);
+        self.to.encode(out);
+        self.value.encode(out);
+        self.data.encode(out);
+        if let Some(chain_id) = self.chain_id {
+            chain_id.encode(out);
+            out.put_u8(alloy_rlp::EMPTY_STRING_CODE);
+            out.put_u8(alloy_rlp::EMPTY_STRING_CODE);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// implement Encodable to always ignore the chain ID
+impl Encodable for TxEssenceLegacy {
+    fn encode(&self, out: &mut dyn alloy_rlp::BufMut) {
+        alloy_rlp::Header {
+            list: true,
+            payload_length: self.payload_length(),
+        }
+        .encode(out);
+        self.nonce.encode(out);
+        self.gas_price.encode(out);
+        self.gas_limit.encode(out);
+        self.to.encode(out);
+        self.value.encode(out);
+        self.data.encode(out);
+    }
+
+    fn length(&self) -> usize {
+        let payload_length = self.payload_length();
+        alloy_rlp::length_of_length(payload_length) + payload_length
+    }
+}
+
+/// Transaction with an access list as described in [EIP-2930](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2930).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, RlpEncodable)]
+pub struct TxEssenceEip2930 {
+    /// Network chain ID.
+    pub chain_id: ChainId,
+    /// A scalar value equal to the number of transactions sent by the sender.
+    pub nonce: TxNumber,
+    /// A scalar value equal to the number of Wei to be paid per unit of gas for all
+    /// computation costs.
+    pub gas_price: U256,
+    /// A scalar value equal to the maximum amount of gas that should be used in executing
+    /// this transaction.
+    pub gas_limit: U256,
+    /// The 160-bit address of the message call's recipient or, for a contract creation
+    /// transaction, ∅.
+    pub to: TransactionKind,
+    /// A scalar value equal to the number of Wei to be transferred to the message call's
+    /// recipient.
+    pub value: U256,
+    /// An unlimited size byte array specifying the transaction data.
+    pub data: Bytes,
+    /// List of access entries to warm up.
+    pub access_list: AccessList,
+}
+
+/// A transaction with a priority fee as described in [EIP-1559](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1559).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, RlpEncodable)]
+pub struct TxEssenceEip1559 {
+    /// Network chain ID, added in EIP-155.
+    pub chain_id: ChainId,
+    /// A scalar value equal to the number of transactions sent by the sender.
+    pub nonce: TxNumber,
+    /// Maximum priority fee that transaction is paying to the miner.
+    pub max_priority_fee_per_gas: U256,
+    /// Maximum base and priority fee paid per unit of gas for all computation costs.
+    pub max_fee_per_gas: U256,
+    /// A scalar value equal to the maximum amount of gas that should be used in executing
+    /// this transaction.
+    pub gas_limit: U256,
+    /// The 160-bit address of the message call's recipient or, for a contract creation
+    /// transaction, ∅.
+    pub to: TransactionKind,
+    /// A scalar value equal to the number of Wei to be transferred to the message call's
+    /// recipient.
+    pub value: U256,
+    /// An unlimited size byte array specifying the transaction data.
+    pub data: Bytes,
+    /// List of access entries to warm up.
+    pub access_list: AccessList,
+}
+
+/// Essence of a transaction, i.e. the signed part.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum TxEssence {
+    /// Legacy transaction.
+    Legacy(TxEssenceLegacy),
+    /// Transaction with an access list ([EIP-2930](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2930)).
+    Eip2930(TxEssenceEip2930),
+    /// A transaction with a priority fee ([EIP-1559](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1559)).
+    Eip1559(TxEssenceEip1559),
+}
+
+impl Encodable for TxEssence {
+    fn encode(&self, out: &mut dyn alloy_rlp::BufMut) {
+        match self {
+            TxEssence::Legacy(tx) => tx.encode(out),
+            TxEssence::Eip2930(tx) => tx.encode(out),
+            TxEssence::Eip1559(tx) => tx.encode(out),
+        }
+    }
+    fn length(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            TxEssence::Legacy(tx) => tx.length(),
+            TxEssence::Eip2930(tx) => tx.length(),
+            TxEssence::Eip1559(tx) => tx.length(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TxEssence {
+    /// Compute the signing hash.
+    pub(crate) fn signing_hash(&self) -> B256 {
+        keccak(self.signing_data()).into()
+    }
+
+    fn signing_data(&self) -> Bytes {
+        let mut buf = BytesMut::new();
+        match self {
+            TxEssence::Legacy(tx) => tx.encode_signing(&mut buf),
+            TxEssence::Eip2930(tx) => {
+                buf.put_u8(0x01);
+                tx.encode(&mut buf);
+            }
+            TxEssence::Eip1559(tx) => {
+                buf.put_u8(0x02);
+                tx.encode(&mut buf);
+            }
+        };
+
+        buf.freeze().into()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether or not the transaction is a contract creation.
+/// This cannot be an [Option] as options get RLP encoded into lists.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum TransactionKind {
+    /// A contract creation transaction.
+    #[default]
+    Create,
+    /// The 160-bit address of the transaction call's recipient.
+    Call(B160),
+}
+
+impl From<TransactionKind> for Option<B160> {
+    fn from(value: TransactionKind) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            TransactionKind::Create => None,
+            TransactionKind::Call(addr) => Some(addr),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Encodable for TransactionKind {
+    fn encode(&self, out: &mut dyn alloy_rlp::BufMut) {
+        match self {
+            TransactionKind::Call(addr) => addr.encode(out),
+            TransactionKind::Create => out.put_u8(EMPTY_STRING_CODE),
+        }
+    }
+    fn length(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            TransactionKind::Call(addr) => addr.length(),
+            TransactionKind::Create => 1,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A raw transaction including the signature.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Transaction {
+    /// Transaction essence to be signed.
+    pub essence: TxEssence,
+    /// Signature of the transaction essence.
+    pub signature: TxSignature,
+}
+
+impl Encodable for Transaction {
+    fn encode(&self, out: &mut dyn BufMut) {
+        // prepend the EIP-2718 transaction type
+        match self.tx_type() {
+            0 => {}
+            tx_type => out.put_u8(tx_type),
+        }
+
+        // join the essence lists and the signature list into one
+        // this allows to reuse as much of the generated RLP code as possible
+        rlp_join_lists(&self.essence, &self.signature, out);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Transaction {
+    /// Calculates the transaction hash.
+    pub fn hash(&self) -> TxHash {
+        keccak(self.to_rlp()).into()
+    }
+
+    pub fn tx_type(&self) -> u8 {
+        match &self.essence {
+            TxEssence::Legacy(_) => 0x00,
+            TxEssence::Eip2930(_) => 0x01,
+            TxEssence::Eip1559(_) => 0x02,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn gas_limit(&self) -> U256 {
+        match &self.essence {
+            TxEssence::Legacy(tx) => tx.gas_limit,
+            TxEssence::Eip2930(tx) => tx.gas_limit,
+            TxEssence::Eip1559(tx) => tx.gas_limit,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn to(&self) -> Option<B160> {
+        match &self.essence {
+            TxEssence::Legacy(tx) => tx.to.into(),
+            TxEssence::Eip2930(tx) => tx.to.into(),
+            TxEssence::Eip1559(tx) => tx.to.into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Joins two RLP-encoded lists into one lists and outputs the result into the `out`
+/// buffer.
+fn rlp_join_lists(a: impl Encodable, b: impl Encodable, out: &mut dyn alloy_rlp::BufMut) {
+    let mut a_buf = Vec::new();
+    a.encode(&mut a_buf);
+    let header = alloy_rlp::Header::decode(&mut &a_buf[..]).unwrap();
+    if !header.list {
+        panic!("`a` not a list");
+    }
+    let a_head_length = header.length();
+    let a_payload_length = a_buf.len() - a_head_length;
+
+    let mut b_buf = Vec::new();
+    b.encode(&mut b_buf);
+    let header = alloy_rlp::Header::decode(&mut &b_buf[..]).unwrap();
+    if !header.list {
+        panic!("`b` not a list");
+    }
+    let b_head_length = header.length();
+    let b_payload_length = b_buf.len() - b_head_length;
+
+    alloy_rlp::Header {
+        list: true,
+        payload_length: a_payload_length + b_payload_length,
+    }
+    .encode(out);
+    out.put_slice(&a_buf[a_head_length..]); // skip the header
+    out.put_slice(&b_buf[b_head_length..]); // skip the header
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn legacy() {
+        // Tx: 0x5c504ed432cb51138bcf09aa5e8a410dd4a1e204ef84bfed1be16dfba1b22060
+        let tx = json!({
+                "Legacy": {
+                    "nonce": 0,
+                    "gas_price": "0x2d79883d2000",
+                    "gas_limit": "0x5208",
+                    "to": { "Call": "0x5df9b87991262f6ba471f09758cde1c0fc1de734" },
+                    "value": "0x7a69",
+                    "data": "0x"
+                  }
+        });
+        let essence: TxEssence = serde_json::from_value(tx).unwrap();
+        println!("signing data: {}", essence.signing_data());
+
+        let signature: TxSignature = serde_json::from_value(json!({
+            "v": 28,
+            "r": "0x88ff6cf0fefd94db46111149ae4bfc179e9b94721fffd821d38d16464b3f71d0",
+            "s": "0x45e0aff800961cfce805daef7016b9b675c137a6a41a548f7b60a3484c06a33a"
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        let transaction = Transaction { essence, signature };
+
+        // verify that bincode serialization works
+        let _: Transaction =
+            bincode::deserialize(&bincode::serialize(&transaction).unwrap()).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            "0x5c504ed432cb51138bcf09aa5e8a410dd4a1e204ef84bfed1be16dfba1b22060",
+            transaction.hash().to_string()
+        );
+        let recovered = transaction.recover_from().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            "0xa1e4380a3b1f749673e270229993ee55f35663b4",
+            recovered.to_string()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn eip155() {
+        // Tx: 0x4540eb9c46b1654c26353ac3c65e56451f711926982ce1b02f15c50e7459caf7
+        let tx = json!({
+                "Legacy": {
+                    "nonce": 537760,
+                    "gas_price": "0x03c49bfa04",
+                    "gas_limit": "0x019a28",
+                    "to": { "Call": "0xf0ee707731d1be239f9f482e1b2ea5384c0c426f" },
+                    "value": "0x06df842eaa9fb800",
+                    "data": "0x",
+                    "chain_id": 1
+                  }
+        });
+        let essence: TxEssence = serde_json::from_value(tx).unwrap();
+        println!("signing data: {}", essence.signing_data());
+
+        let signature: TxSignature = serde_json::from_value(json!({
+            "v": 38,
+            "r": "0xcadd790a37b78e5613c8cf44dc3002e3d7f06a5325d045963c708efe3f9fdf7a",
+            "s": "0x1f63adb9a2d5e020c6aa0ff64695e25d7d9a780ed8471abe716d2dc0bf7d4259"
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        let transaction = Transaction { essence, signature };
+
+        // verify that bincode serialization works
+        let _: Transaction =
+            bincode::deserialize(&bincode::serialize(&transaction).unwrap()).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            "0x4540eb9c46b1654c26353ac3c65e56451f711926982ce1b02f15c50e7459caf7",
+            transaction.hash().to_string()
+        );
+        let recovered = transaction.recover_from().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            "0x974caa59e49682cda0ad2bbe82983419a2ecc400",
+            recovered.to_string()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn eip2930() {
+        // Tx: 0xbe4ef1a2244e99b1ef518aec10763b61360be22e3b649dcdf804103719b1faef
+        let tx = json!({
+          "Eip2930": {
+            "chain_id": 1,
+            "nonce": 93847,
+            "gas_price": "0xf46a5a9d8",
+            "gas_limit": "0x21670",
+            "to": { "Call": "0xc11ce44147c9f6149fbe54adb0588523c38718d7" },
+            "value": "0x10d1471",
+            "data": "0x050000000002b8809aef26206090eafd7d5688615d48197d1c5ce09be6c30a33be4c861dee44d13f6dd33c2e8c5cad7e2725f88a8f0000000002d67ca5eb0e5fb6",
+            "access_list": [
+              {
+                "address": "0xd6e64961ba13ba42858ad8a74ed9a9b051a4957d",
+                "storage_keys": [
+                  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008",
+                  "0x0b4b38935f88a7bddbe6be76893de2a04640a55799d6160729a82349aff1ffae",
+                  "0xc59ee2ee2ba599569b2b1f06989dadbec5ee157c8facfe64f36a3e33c2b9d1bf"
+                ]
+              },
+              {
+                "address": "0xc02aaa39b223fe8d0a0e5c4f27ead9083c756cc2",
+                "storage_keys": [
+                  "0x7635825e4f8dfeb20367f8742c8aac958a66caa001d982b3a864dcc84167be80",
+                  "0x42555691810bdf8f236c31de88d2cc9407a8ff86cd230ba3b7029254168df92a",
+                  "0x29ece5a5f4f3e7751868475502ab752b5f5fa09010960779bf7204deb72f5dde"
+                ]
+              },
+              {
+                "address": "0x4c861dee44d13f6dd33c2e8c5cad7e2725f88a8f",
+                "storage_keys": [
+                  "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c",
+                  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008",
+                  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006",
+                  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007"
+                ]
+              },
+              {
+                "address": "0x90eafd7d5688615d48197d1c5ce09be6c30a33be",
+                "storage_keys": [
+                  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+                  "0x9c04773acff4c5c42718bd0120c72761f458e43068a3961eb935577d1ed4effb",
+                  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008",
+                  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+                  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004"
+                ]
+              }
+            ]
+          }
+        });
+        let essence: TxEssence = serde_json::from_value(tx).unwrap();
+        println!("signing data: {}", essence.signing_data());
+
+        let signature: TxSignature = serde_json::from_value(json!({
+            "v": 1,
+            "r": "0xf86aa2dfde99b0d6a41741e96cfcdee0c6271febd63be4056911db19ae347e66",
+            "s": "0x601deefbc4835cb15aa1af84af6436fc692dea3428d53e7ff3d34a314cefe7fc"
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        let transaction = Transaction { essence, signature };
+
+        // verify that bincode serialization works
+        let _: Transaction =
+            bincode::deserialize(&bincode::serialize(&transaction).unwrap()).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            "0xbe4ef1a2244e99b1ef518aec10763b61360be22e3b649dcdf804103719b1faef",
+            transaction.hash().to_string()
+        );
+        let recovered = transaction.recover_from().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            "0x79b7a69d90c82e014bf0315e164208119b510fa0",
+            recovered.to_string()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn eip1559() {
+        // Tx: 0x2bcdc03343ca9c050f8dfd3c87f32db718c762ae889f56762d8d8bdb7c5d69ff
+        let tx = json!({
+                "Eip1559": {
+                  "chain_id": 1,
+                  "nonce": 32,
+                  "max_priority_fee_per_gas": "0x3b9aca00",
+                  "max_fee_per_gas": "0x89d5f3200",
+                  "gas_limit": "0x5b04",
+                  "to": { "Call": "0xa9d1e08c7793af67e9d92fe308d5697fb81d3e43" },
+                  "value": "0x1dd1f234f68cde2",
+                  "data": "0x",
+                  "access_list": []
+                }
+        });
+        let essence: TxEssence = serde_json::from_value(tx).unwrap();
+        println!("signing data: {}", essence.signing_data());
+
+        let signature: TxSignature = serde_json::from_value(json!({
+            "v": 0,
+            "r": "0x2bdf47562da5f2a09f09cce70aed35ec9ac62f5377512b6a04cc427e0fda1f4d",
+            "s": "0x28f9311b515a5f17aa3ad5ea8bafaecfb0958801f01ca11fd593097b5087121b"
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        let transaction = Transaction { essence, signature };
+
+        // verify that bincode serialization works
+        let _: Transaction =
+            bincode::deserialize(&bincode::serialize(&transaction).unwrap()).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            "0x2bcdc03343ca9c050f8dfd3c87f32db718c762ae889f56762d8d8bdb7c5d69ff",
+            transaction.hash().to_string()
+        );
+        let recovered = transaction.recover_from().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            "0x4b9f4114d50e7907bff87728a060ce8d53bf4cf7",
+            recovered.to_string()
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/primitives/src/trie/account.rs b/primitives/src/trie/account.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eca1d4868
--- /dev/null
+++ b/primitives/src/trie/account.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use alloy_primitives::{TxNumber, B256, U256};
+use alloy_rlp_derive::{RlpDecodable, RlpEncodable};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use crate::{keccak::KECCAK_EMPTY, trie::EMPTY_ROOT};
+
+/// An Ethereum account as represented in the trie.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, RlpEncodable, RlpDecodable)]
+pub struct StateAccount {
+    /// Account nonce.
+    pub nonce: TxNumber,
+    /// Account balance.
+    pub balance: U256,
+    /// Account's storage root.
+    pub storage_root: B256,
+    /// Hash of the account's bytecode.
+    pub code_hash: B256,
+}
+
+impl Default for StateAccount {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            nonce: 0,
+            balance: U256::ZERO,
+            storage_root: EMPTY_ROOT,
+            code_hash: KECCAK_EMPTY,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/primitives/src/trie/mod.rs b/primitives/src/trie/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..048bc3c1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/primitives/src/trie/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+pub mod account;
+pub mod mpt;
+
+use alloy_primitives::{b256, B256};
+
+pub use self::{account::StateAccount, mpt::*};
+
+/// Root hash of an empty trie.
+pub const EMPTY_ROOT: B256 =
+    b256!("56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421");
diff --git a/primitives/src/trie/mpt.rs b/primitives/src/trie/mpt.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cdaca27f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/primitives/src/trie/mpt.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,786 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+extern crate alloc;
+
+use alloc::boxed::Box;
+use core::{cell::RefCell, fmt::Debug, iter, mem};
+
+use alloy_primitives::B256;
+use alloy_rlp::Encodable;
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use rlp::{Decodable, DecoderError, Prototype, Rlp};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use crate::{keccak::keccak, trie::EMPTY_ROOT, RlpBytes};
+
+/// The type and data of a node in a Merkle Patricia trie.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Ord, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum MptNodeData {
+    /// Empty trie node.
+    Null,
+    /// Node with at most 16 children and a value.
+    Branch([Box<MptNode>; 16], Vec<u8>), // todo: take this away
+    /// Leaf node with a value.
+    Leaf(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>),
+    /// Node with exactly one child.
+    Extension(Vec<u8>, Box<MptNode>),
+    /// Reference to a node by its hash.
+    Digest(B256),
+}
+
+/// A node in a Merkle Patricia trie.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Ord, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct MptNode {
+    data: MptNodeData,
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    cached_reference: RefCell<Option<MptNodeReference>>,
+}
+
+/// Reference of one node inside another node.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Ord, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum MptNodeReference {
+    /// Short encodings (less than 32 bytes).
+    Bytes(Vec<u8>),
+    /// Keccak hash of long encodings (not less than 32 bytes).
+    Digest(B256),
+}
+
+impl From<B256> for MptNodeReference {
+    fn from(digest: B256) -> Self {
+        Self::Digest(digest)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for MptNode {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            data: MptNodeData::Null,
+            cached_reference: RefCell::new(None),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<MptNodeData> for MptNode {
+    fn from(value: MptNodeData) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            data: value,
+            cached_reference: RefCell::new(None),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Encodable for MptNode {
+    /// Encode the node into the `out` buffer.
+    fn encode(&self, out: &mut dyn alloy_rlp::BufMut) {
+        match &self.data {
+            MptNodeData::Null => {
+                out.put_u8(alloy_rlp::EMPTY_STRING_CODE);
+            }
+            MptNodeData::Branch(nodes, value) => {
+                let mut payload_length = 0;
+                for node in nodes {
+                    payload_length += node.pointer_length();
+                }
+                payload_length += value.as_slice().length();
+                alloy_rlp::Header {
+                    list: true,
+                    payload_length,
+                }
+                .encode(out);
+                for node in nodes {
+                    node.pointer_encode(out);
+                }
+                value.as_slice().encode(out);
+            }
+            MptNodeData::Leaf(prefix, value) => {
+                let payload_length = prefix.as_slice().length() + value.as_slice().length();
+                alloy_rlp::Header {
+                    list: true,
+                    payload_length,
+                }
+                .encode(out);
+                prefix.as_slice().encode(out);
+                value.as_slice().encode(out);
+            }
+            MptNodeData::Extension(prefix, node) => {
+                let payload_length = prefix.as_slice().length() + node.pointer_length();
+                alloy_rlp::Header {
+                    list: true,
+                    payload_length,
+                }
+                .encode(out);
+                prefix.as_slice().encode(out);
+                node.pointer_encode(out);
+            }
+            MptNodeData::Digest(digest) => {
+                digest.encode(out);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// TODO: migrate to alloy_rlp
+impl Decodable for MptNode {
+    fn decode(rlp: &Rlp) -> Result<Self, DecoderError> {
+        match rlp.prototype()? {
+            Prototype::Null | Prototype::Data(0) => Ok(MptNodeData::Null.into()),
+            Prototype::List(2) => {
+                let path: Vec<u8> = rlp.val_at(0)?;
+                let prefix = path[0];
+                if (prefix & (2 << 4)) == 0 {
+                    let node: MptNode = Decodable::decode(&rlp.at(1)?)?;
+                    Ok(MptNodeData::Extension(path, Box::new(node)).into())
+                } else {
+                    Ok(MptNodeData::Leaf(path, rlp.val_at(1)?).into())
+                }
+            }
+            Prototype::List(17) => {
+                let mut node_list = Vec::with_capacity(16);
+                for node_rlp in rlp.iter().take(16) {
+                    node_list.push(Box::new(Decodable::decode(&node_rlp)?));
+                }
+                let value = rlp.val_at(16)?;
+                Ok(MptNodeData::Branch(node_list.try_into().unwrap(), value).into())
+            }
+            Prototype::Data(32) => {
+                let bytes: Vec<u8> = rlp.as_val()?;
+                Ok(MptNodeData::Digest(B256::from_slice(&bytes)).into())
+            }
+            _ => Err(DecoderError::Custom("Unknown MPT Node format!")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl MptNode {
+    /// Clears the trie, replacing it with [MptNodeData::NULL].
+    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.data = MptNodeData::Null;
+        self.invalidate_ref_cache();
+    }
+
+    /// Decodes an RLP-encoded [MptNode].
+    pub fn decode(bytes: impl AsRef<[u8]>) -> Result<MptNode> {
+        rlp::decode(bytes.as_ref()).context("rlp decode failed")
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type and data of the node.
+    pub fn as_data(&self) -> &MptNodeData {
+        &self.data
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the 256-bit hash of the node.
+    pub fn hash(&self) -> B256 {
+        match self.data {
+            MptNodeData::Null => EMPTY_ROOT,
+            _ => match self.pointer() {
+                MptNodeReference::Digest(digest) => digest,
+                MptNodeReference::Bytes(bytes) => keccak(bytes).into(),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the pointer of this node when referenced inside another node.
+    pub fn pointer(&self) -> MptNodeReference {
+        self.cached_reference
+            .borrow_mut()
+            .get_or_insert_with(|| self.calc_pointer())
+            .clone()
+    }
+
+    /// Encodes the pointer for this node into the `out` buffer.
+    fn pointer_encode(&self, out: &mut dyn alloy_rlp::BufMut) {
+        match self
+            .cached_reference
+            .borrow_mut()
+            .get_or_insert_with(|| self.calc_pointer())
+        {
+            MptNodeReference::Bytes(bytes) => out.put_slice(bytes),
+            MptNodeReference::Digest(digest) => digest.encode(out),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the length of the encoded pointer for this node.
+    fn pointer_length(&self) -> usize {
+        match self
+            .cached_reference
+            .borrow_mut()
+            .get_or_insert_with(|| self.calc_pointer())
+        {
+            MptNodeReference::Bytes(bytes) => bytes.len(),
+            MptNodeReference::Digest(digest) => digest.length(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn calc_pointer(&self) -> MptNodeReference {
+        match &self.data {
+            MptNodeData::Null => MptNodeReference::Bytes(vec![alloy_rlp::EMPTY_STRING_CODE]),
+            MptNodeData::Digest(digest) => MptNodeReference::Digest(*digest),
+            _ => {
+                let encoded = self.to_rlp();
+                if encoded.len() < 32 {
+                    MptNodeReference::Bytes(encoded)
+                } else {
+                    MptNodeReference::Digest(keccak(encoded).into())
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether the trie is empty.
+    pub fn is_null(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(&self.data, MptNodeData::Null)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether the node is resolved or is the reference of another node.
+    pub fn is_resolved(&self) -> bool {
+        !matches!(&self.data, MptNodeData::Digest(_))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the nibbles corresponding to the node's prefix.
+    pub fn nibs(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        match &self.data {
+            MptNodeData::Null | MptNodeData::Branch(_, _) | MptNodeData::Digest(_) => Vec::new(),
+            MptNodeData::Leaf(prefix, _) | MptNodeData::Extension(prefix, _) => {
+                let extension = prefix[0];
+                // the first bit of the first nibble denotes the parity
+                let is_odd = extension & (1 << 4) != 0;
+
+                let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(2 * prefix.len());
+                // for odd lengths, the second nibble contains the first element
+                if is_odd {
+                    result.push(extension & 0xf);
+                }
+                for nib in &prefix[1..] {
+                    result.push(nib >> 4);
+                    result.push(nib & 0xf);
+                }
+                result
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the value of this node.
+    pub fn value(&self) -> Option<&[u8]> {
+        match &self.data {
+            MptNodeData::Null | MptNodeData::Extension(_, _) | MptNodeData::Digest(_) => None,
+            MptNodeData::Branch(_, value) | MptNodeData::Leaf(_, value) => Some(value),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn rlp_lookup<T: alloy_rlp::Decodable>(&self, trie_index: &[u8]) -> Result<Option<T>> {
+        match self.lookup(trie_index) {
+            Some(mut bytes) => Ok(Some(T::decode(&mut bytes).context("RLP decode failed")?)),
+            None => Ok(None),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn lookup_internal(&self, key_nibs: &[u8]) -> Result<Option<&[u8]>> {
+        match &self.data {
+            MptNodeData::Null => Ok(None),
+            MptNodeData::Branch(nodes, _) => {
+                if key_nibs.is_empty() {
+                    Ok(self.value())
+                } else {
+                    nodes
+                        .get(key_nibs[0] as usize)
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .lookup_internal(&key_nibs[1..])
+                }
+            }
+            MptNodeData::Leaf(_, _) => {
+                if self.nibs() == key_nibs {
+                    Ok(self.value())
+                } else {
+                    Ok(None)
+                }
+            }
+            MptNodeData::Extension(_, target) => {
+                let ext_nibs = self.nibs();
+                let ext_len = ext_nibs.len();
+                if key_nibs[..ext_len] != ext_nibs {
+                    Ok(None)
+                } else {
+                    target.lookup_internal(&key_nibs[ext_len..])
+                }
+            }
+            MptNodeData::Digest(_) => bail!("Cannot descend pointer!"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn lookup(&self, trie_index: &[u8]) -> Option<&[u8]> {
+        self.lookup_internal(&to_nibs(trie_index))
+            .expect("Could not lookup value")
+    }
+
+    fn invalidate_ref_cache(&mut self) {
+        self.cached_reference.borrow_mut().take();
+    }
+
+    fn delete_internal(&mut self, key_nibs: &[u8]) -> Result<bool> {
+        let self_nibs = self.nibs();
+        let value_deleted = match &mut self.data {
+            MptNodeData::Null => false,
+            MptNodeData::Branch(children, _) => {
+                // note: we don't handle storing values at branches (key_nibs cannot be empty)
+                let child = children.get_mut(key_nibs[0] as usize).unwrap();
+                if !child.delete_internal(&key_nibs[1..])? {
+                    return Ok(false);
+                }
+                let orphan_index = children
+                    .iter()
+                    .position(|n| !n.is_null())
+                    .expect("Deleted last element of a branch!");
+                let mut remaining_children: Vec<_> =
+                    children.iter_mut().filter(|n| !n.is_null()).collect();
+                if remaining_children.len() == 1 {
+                    // convert to extension
+                    let mut orphan = mem::take(remaining_children[0]);
+
+                    let self_nibs = vec![orphan_index as u8];
+                    let orphan_nibs = orphan.nibs();
+                    match &mut orphan.data {
+                        MptNodeData::Null => {
+                            // Dead-end, delete own data
+                            self.data = MptNodeData::Null;
+                        }
+                        MptNodeData::Branch(_, _) => {
+                            self.data =
+                                MptNodeData::Extension(to_prefix(&self_nibs, false), orphan);
+                        }
+                        MptNodeData::Leaf(_, orphan_data) => {
+                            // Replace own data with extended-prefix leaf
+                            let new_nibs = [self_nibs, orphan_nibs].concat();
+                            self.data = MptNodeData::Leaf(
+                                to_prefix(&new_nibs, true),
+                                mem::take(orphan_data),
+                            );
+                        }
+                        MptNodeData::Extension(_, orphan_target) => {
+                            // Extend own prefix with child's
+                            let new_nibs = [self_nibs, orphan_nibs].concat();
+                            self.data = MptNodeData::Extension(
+                                to_prefix(&new_nibs, false),
+                                mem::take(orphan_target),
+                            );
+                        }
+                        MptNodeData::Digest(_) => {
+                            self.data =
+                                MptNodeData::Extension(to_prefix(&self_nibs, false), orphan);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                true
+            }
+            MptNodeData::Leaf(_, _) => {
+                if self_nibs.len() != key_nibs.len() {
+                    bail!(
+                        "Unequal deletion key-lengths {}/{}",
+                        self_nibs.len(),
+                        key_nibs.len()
+                    );
+                }
+                // Our traversal has ended
+                if self_nibs == key_nibs {
+                    self.data = MptNodeData::Null;
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            }
+            MptNodeData::Extension(_, child) => {
+                let ext_len = self_nibs.len();
+                if key_nibs[..ext_len] != self_nibs {
+                    return Ok(false);
+                }
+                let value_deleted = child.delete_internal(&key_nibs[ext_len..])?;
+                if value_deleted {
+                    // Potentially collapse this branch
+                    let child_nibs = child.nibs();
+                    match &mut child.data {
+                        MptNodeData::Branch(_, _) | MptNodeData::Digest(_) => {}
+                        MptNodeData::Null => {
+                            // Dead-end, delete own data
+                            self.data = MptNodeData::Null;
+                        }
+                        MptNodeData::Leaf(_, child_value) => {
+                            // Replace own data with extended-prefix leaf
+                            let new_nibs = [self_nibs, child_nibs].concat();
+                            self.data = MptNodeData::Leaf(
+                                to_prefix(&new_nibs, true),
+                                mem::take(child_value),
+                            );
+                        }
+                        MptNodeData::Extension(_, child_target) => {
+                            // Extend own prefix with child's
+                            let new_nibs = [self_nibs, child_nibs].concat();
+                            self.data = MptNodeData::Extension(
+                                to_prefix(&new_nibs, false),
+                                mem::take(child_target),
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                value_deleted
+            }
+            MptNodeData::Digest(_) => bail!("Hit a pointer during deletion operation!"),
+        };
+
+        if value_deleted {
+            // invalidate the cache
+            self.invalidate_ref_cache();
+        }
+
+        Ok(value_deleted)
+    }
+
+    pub fn delete(&mut self, trie_index: &[u8]) {
+        self.delete_internal(&to_nibs(trie_index))
+            .expect("Could not delete value");
+    }
+
+    fn update_internal(&mut self, key_nibs: &[u8], value: Vec<u8>) -> Result<bool> {
+        let self_nibs = self.nibs();
+        let value_updated = match &mut self.data {
+            MptNodeData::Null => {
+                self.data = MptNodeData::Leaf(to_prefix(key_nibs, true), value);
+                true
+            }
+            MptNodeData::Branch(children, stored_value) => {
+                if key_nibs.is_empty() {
+                    // replace the branch data
+                    *stored_value = value;
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    children
+                        .get_mut(key_nibs[0] as usize)
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .update_internal(&key_nibs[1..], value)?
+                }
+            }
+            MptNodeData::Leaf(_, stored_value) => {
+                let cpl = lcp(&self_nibs, key_nibs);
+                if cpl == self_nibs.len() && cpl == key_nibs.len() {
+                    // replace leaf data
+                    let different_value = stored_value != &value;
+                    if different_value {
+                        *stored_value = value;
+                    }
+                    different_value
+                } else {
+                    let split_point = cpl + 1;
+                    // create a branch with two children
+                    let mut new_branch_children: [Box<MptNode>; 16] = Default::default();
+                    let mut new_branch_value: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+                    // Insert existing leaf data
+                    if cpl == self_nibs.len() {
+                        new_branch_value = mem::take(stored_value);
+                    } else {
+                        new_branch_children[self_nibs[cpl] as usize] = Box::new(
+                            MptNodeData::Leaf(
+                                to_prefix(&self_nibs[split_point..], true),
+                                mem::take(stored_value),
+                            )
+                            .into(),
+                        );
+                    }
+                    if cpl == key_nibs.len() {
+                        new_branch_value = value;
+                    } else {
+                        new_branch_children[key_nibs[cpl] as usize] = Box::new(
+                            MptNodeData::Leaf(to_prefix(&key_nibs[split_point..], true), value)
+                                .into(),
+                        );
+                    }
+                    let branch = MptNodeData::Branch(new_branch_children, new_branch_value);
+
+                    if cpl > 0 {
+                        // Create parent extension for new branch
+                        self.data = MptNodeData::Extension(
+                            to_prefix(&self_nibs[..cpl], false),
+                            Box::new(branch.into()),
+                        );
+                    } else {
+                        self.data = branch;
+                    }
+                    true
+                }
+            }
+            MptNodeData::Extension(_, existing_child) => {
+                let cpl = lcp(&self_nibs, key_nibs);
+                if cpl == self_nibs.len() {
+                    // traverse down for update
+                    existing_child.update_internal(&key_nibs[cpl..], value)?
+                } else {
+                    let split_point = cpl + 1;
+                    // create a branch with two children
+                    let mut new_branch_children: [Box<MptNode>; 16] = Default::default();
+                    let mut new_branch_value: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+                    // Insert existing extension
+                    new_branch_children[self_nibs[cpl] as usize] = if self_nibs.len() > split_point
+                    {
+                        Box::new(
+                            MptNodeData::Extension(
+                                to_prefix(&self_nibs[split_point..], false),
+                                mem::take(existing_child),
+                            )
+                            .into(),
+                        )
+                    } else {
+                        mem::take(existing_child)
+                    };
+                    if cpl == key_nibs.len() {
+                        new_branch_value = value;
+                    } else {
+                        new_branch_children[key_nibs[cpl] as usize] = Box::new(
+                            MptNodeData::Leaf(to_prefix(&key_nibs[split_point..], true), value)
+                                .into(),
+                        );
+                    }
+                    let branch = MptNodeData::Branch(new_branch_children, new_branch_value);
+
+                    if cpl > 0 {
+                        // Create parent extension for new branch
+                        self.data = MptNodeData::Extension(
+                            to_prefix(&self_nibs[..cpl], false),
+                            Box::new(branch.into()),
+                        );
+                    } else {
+                        self.data = branch;
+                    }
+                    true
+                }
+            }
+            MptNodeData::Digest(_) => bail!("Hit a pointer during update operation!"),
+        };
+
+        if value_updated {
+            // invalidate the cache
+            self.invalidate_ref_cache();
+        }
+
+        Ok(value_updated)
+    }
+
+    pub fn rlp_update(&mut self, key: &[u8], value: impl Encodable) {
+        self.update(key, value.to_rlp());
+    }
+
+    pub fn update(&mut self, trie_index: &[u8], value: Vec<u8>) {
+        self.update_internal(&to_nibs(trie_index), value)
+            .expect("Could not update value");
+    }
+
+    /// Formats the trie as string list, where each line corresponds to a trie leaf.
+    pub fn rlp_debug<T: alloy_rlp::Decodable + Debug>(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        let nibs: String = self.nibs().iter().map(|n| format!("{:x}", n)).collect();
+        match self.as_data() {
+            MptNodeData::Null => vec![format!("{:?}", MptNodeData::Null)],
+            MptNodeData::Branch(nodes, data) => {
+                let c = nodes.iter().enumerate().flat_map(|(i, n)| {
+                    n.rlp_debug::<T>()
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .map(move |s| format!("{:x} {}", i, s))
+                });
+                if data.is_empty() {
+                    c.collect()
+                } else {
+                    iter::once(format!("-> [{:?}]", T::decode(&mut &data[..]).unwrap()))
+                        .chain(c)
+                        .collect()
+                }
+            }
+            MptNodeData::Leaf(_, data) => {
+                vec![format!(
+                    "{} -> [{:?}]",
+                    nibs,
+                    T::decode(&mut &data[..]).unwrap()
+                )]
+            }
+            MptNodeData::Extension(_, node) => node
+                .rlp_debug::<T>()
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|s| format!("{} {}", nibs, s))
+                .collect(),
+            MptNodeData::Digest(digest) => vec![format!("#{:#}", digest)],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn lcp(a: &[u8], b: &[u8]) -> usize {
+    let mut res = 0;
+    while res < a.len() && res < b.len() {
+        if a[res] != b[res] {
+            break;
+        }
+        res += 1
+    }
+    res
+}
+
+pub fn to_nibs(slice: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(2 * slice.len());
+    for nib in slice {
+        result.push(nib >> 4);
+        result.push(nib & 0xf);
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+pub fn to_prefix(nibs: &[u8], is_leaf: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let is_odd_nib_len = nibs.len() & 1 == 1;
+    let prefix = ((is_odd_nib_len as u8) + ((is_leaf as u8) << 1)) << 4;
+    let mut result = vec![prefix];
+    for (i, nib) in nibs.iter().enumerate() {
+        let is_odd_nib_index = i & 1 == 1;
+        if is_odd_nib_len ^ is_odd_nib_index {
+            // append to last byte
+            *result.last_mut().unwrap() |= nib;
+        } else {
+            // append new byte
+            result.push(nib << 4);
+        }
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use hex_literal::hex;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    pub fn test_trie_pointer_no_keccak() {
+        let cases = [
+            ("do", "verb"),
+            ("dog", "puppy"),
+            ("doge", "coin"),
+            ("horse", "stallion"),
+        ];
+        for (k, v) in cases {
+            let node: MptNode =
+                MptNodeData::Leaf(k.as_bytes().to_vec(), v.as_bytes().to_vec()).into();
+            assert!(
+                matches!(node.pointer(),MptNodeReference::Bytes(bytes) if bytes == node.to_rlp().to_vec())
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    pub fn test_lcp() {
+        let cases = [
+            (vec![0xa, 0xb], vec![0xa, 0xc], 1),
+            (vec![0xa, 0xb], vec![0xa, 0xb], 2),
+            (vec![0xa, 0xb], vec![0xa, 0xb, 0xc], 2),
+            (vec![0xa, 0xb, 0xc], vec![0xa, 0xb, 0xc], 3),
+            (vec![0xa, 0xb, 0xc, 0xd], vec![0xa, 0xb, 0xc, 0xd], 4),
+        ];
+        for (a, b, cpl) in cases {
+            assert_eq!(lcp(&a, &b), cpl)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    pub fn test_empty() {
+        let trie = MptNode::default();
+        let expected = hex!("56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421");
+        assert_eq!(expected, trie.hash().0);
+
+        // try RLP roundtrip
+        let decoded = MptNode::decode(trie.to_rlp()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(trie.hash(), decoded.hash());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    pub fn test_tiny() {
+        let mut trie = MptNode::default();
+        trie.update(b"dog", b"puppy".to_vec());
+
+        let expected = hex!("ed6e08740e4a267eca9d4740f71f573e9aabbcc739b16a2fa6c1baed5ec21278");
+        assert_eq!(expected, trie.hash().0);
+
+        // try RLP roundtrip
+        let decoded = MptNode::decode(trie.to_rlp()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(trie.hash(), decoded.hash());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    pub fn test_update_branch_value() {
+        let mut trie = MptNode::default();
+        let vals = [("do", "verb"), ("dog", "puppy")];
+        for (key, value) in &vals {
+            trie.update(key.as_bytes(), value.as_bytes().to_vec());
+        }
+
+        let expected = hex!("779db3986dd4f38416bfde49750ef7b13c6ecb3e2221620bcad9267e94604d36");
+        assert_eq!(expected, trie.hash().0);
+
+        // try RLP roundtrip
+        let decoded = MptNode::decode(trie.to_rlp()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(trie.hash(), decoded.hash());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    pub fn test_update() {
+        let mut trie = MptNode::default();
+        let vals = vec![
+            ("doe", "reindeer"),
+            ("dog", "puppy"),
+            ("dogglesworth", "cat"),
+        ];
+        for (key, value) in &vals {
+            trie.update(key.as_bytes(), value.as_bytes().to_vec());
+        }
+        let expected = hex!("8aad789dff2f538bca5d8ea56e8abe10f4c7ba3a5dea95fea4cd6e7c3a1168d3");
+        assert_eq!(expected, trie.hash().0);
+
+        for (key, value) in &vals {
+            assert_eq!(trie.lookup(key.as_bytes()), Some(value.as_bytes()));
+        }
+
+        // try RLP roundtrip
+        let decoded = MptNode::decode(trie.to_rlp()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(trie.hash(), decoded.hash());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    pub fn test_delete() {
+        let mut trie = MptNode::default();
+        let vals = vec![
+            ("do", "verb"),
+            ("ether", "wookiedoo"),
+            ("horse", "stallion"),
+            ("shaman", "horse"),
+            ("doge", "coin"),
+            ("ether", ""),
+            ("dog", "puppy"),
+            ("shaman", ""),
+        ];
+        for (key, value) in vals {
+            if value.is_empty() {
+                trie.delete(key.as_bytes());
+            } else {
+                trie.update(key.as_bytes(), value.as_bytes().to_vec());
+            }
+        }
+
+        let expected = hex!("5991bb8c6514148a29db676a14ac506cd2cd5775ace63c30a4fe457715e9ac84");
+        assert_eq!(expected, trie.hash().0);
+
+        // try RLP roundtrip
+        let decoded = MptNode::decode(trie.to_rlp()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(trie.hash(), decoded.hash());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/primitives/src/withdrawal.rs b/primitives/src/withdrawal.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f71147ab7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/primitives/src/withdrawal.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// Copyright 2023 RISC Zero, Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use alloy_primitives::B160;
+use alloy_rlp_derive::RlpEncodable;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+/// A validator withdrawal from the consensus layer ([EIP-4895](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4895)).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, RlpEncodable)]
+pub struct Withdrawal {
+    /// Monotonically increasing identifier assigned by consensus layer.
+    pub index: u64,
+    /// Index of validator associated with withdrawal.
+    pub validator_index: u64,
+    /// Target address for withdrawn ether.
+    pub address: B160,
+    /// Value of the withdrawal in gwei.
+    pub amount: u64,
+}
diff --git a/rust-toolchain b/rust-toolchain
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bcfc7fa31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust-toolchain
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[toolchain]
+channel = "nightly-2023-03-06"
+components = [ "rustfmt", "rust-src" ]
+profile = "minimal"
diff --git a/rustfmt.toml b/rustfmt.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5dee7203
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rustfmt.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+comment_width = 90
+wrap_comments = true
+normalize_comments = true
+group_imports = "StdExternalCrate"
+imports_granularity = "Crate"