From d2e2207e2fbaabf97ba2bed316eec926cc2187e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: twoone3 <3197653242@qq.com> Date: Mon, 7 Feb 2022 21:40:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] =?UTF-8?q?1.7.8.=E6=9B=B4=E6=96=B0=20-=20=E4=BF=AE?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=A4=8DEntity.md=E9=87=8C=E9=9D=A2=E7=9A=84=E9=94=99=E8=AF=AF?= =?UTF-8?q?=20-=20=E6=96=B0=E5=A2=9E=E4=BA=86pybind11=E5=BA=93=E9=A2=84?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=A4=87=E4=BD=BF=E7=94=A8=20-=20=E4=BF=AE=E5=A4=8DbroadcastTe?= =?UTF-8?q?xt/broadcastTitle=E6=9C=AA=E8=A3=85=E8=BD=BD=E9=97=AE=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- BDSpyrunner.vcxproj | 3 +- BDSpyrunner.vcxproj.filters | 3 + docs/Class/Entity.md | 23 +- include/pybind11/attr.h | 613 +++++ include/pybind11/buffer_info.h | 144 ++ include/pybind11/cast.h | 1422 +++++++++++ include/pybind11/chrono.h | 211 ++ include/pybind11/common.h | 2 + include/pybind11/complex.h | 65 + include/pybind11/detail/class.h | 709 ++++++ include/pybind11/detail/common.h | 1063 ++++++++ include/pybind11/detail/descr.h | 133 + include/pybind11/detail/init.h | 346 +++ include/pybind11/detail/internals.h | 553 +++++ include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h | 985 ++++++++ include/pybind11/detail/typeid.h | 55 + include/pybind11/eigen.h | 608 +++++ include/pybind11/embed.h | 296 +++ include/pybind11/eval.h | 163 ++ include/pybind11/functional.h | 121 + include/pybind11/gil.h | 193 ++ include/pybind11/iostream.h | 275 +++ include/pybind11/numpy.h | 1741 +++++++++++++ include/pybind11/operators.h | 163 ++ include/pybind11/options.h | 65 + include/pybind11/pybind11.h | 2573 ++++++++++++++++++++ include/pybind11/pytypes.h | 1924 +++++++++++++++ include/pybind11/stl.h | 375 +++ include/pybind11/stl/filesystem.h | 103 + include/pybind11/stl_bind.h | 747 ++++++ mod/Main.cpp | 11 +- mod/Module.cpp | 2 + mod/PyContainer.cpp | 0 mod/PyEntity.cpp | 3 +- mod/PyUtils.cpp | 13 + mod/PyUtils.h | 7 +- mod/Version.h | 4 +- 37 files changed, 15697 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) create mode 100644 include/pybind11/attr.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/buffer_info.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/cast.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/chrono.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/common.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/complex.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/detail/class.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/detail/common.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/detail/descr.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/detail/init.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/detail/internals.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/detail/typeid.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/eigen.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/embed.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/eval.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/functional.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/gil.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/iostream.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/numpy.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/operators.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/options.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/pybind11.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/pytypes.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/stl.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/stl/filesystem.h create mode 100644 include/pybind11/stl_bind.h create mode 100644 mod/PyContainer.cpp diff --git a/BDSpyrunner.vcxproj b/BDSpyrunner.vcxproj index 837f84e7..d5935b15 100644 --- a/BDSpyrunner.vcxproj +++ b/BDSpyrunner.vcxproj @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ false - SDK\Header;$(IncludePath) + include;SDK\Header;$(IncludePath) true false false @@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ copy $(OutputPath)$(ProjectName).pdb ..\BDS\plugins\$(ProjectName).pdb + diff --git a/BDSpyrunner.vcxproj.filters b/BDSpyrunner.vcxproj.filters index 11d5484e..de8bed17 100644 --- a/BDSpyrunner.vcxproj.filters +++ b/BDSpyrunner.vcxproj.filters @@ -42,6 +42,9 @@ 源文件 + + 源文件 + diff --git a/docs/Class/Entity.md b/docs/Class/Entity.md index ffb84573..f7387d43 100644 --- a/docs/Class/Entity.md +++ b/docs/Class/Entity.md @@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ ## getPlatformOnlineId() -> str ## getPlatform() -> int ## getIP() -> str -## setHand(nbt:mcNBT) -> None +## setHand(nbt:mc.NBT) -> None 设置玩家手中物品 -## addItem(nbt:mcNBT) -> None +## addItem(nbt:mc.NBT) -> None 为玩家新添物品 ## removeItem(slot:int, count:int) -> None 移除玩家背包slot格子的count个物品 @@ -65,12 +65,21 @@ 例:`player.setSidebar('自定义侧边栏', '{"第一行":0, "第二行":2, "我在哪行?":3}')` ## removeSidebar() -> None 移除玩家计分板侧边栏 -## sendCustomForm(nbt:mcNBT, callback:function) -> None -向指定的玩家发送一个自定义表单，回调函数原型为callback(Entity:player,selected_nbt:mcNBT) -> None
-例:player.sendCustomForm('{"content":[{"type":"label","text":"这是一个文本标签"},{"placeholder":"水印文本","default":"","type":"input","text":""},{"default":true,"type":"toggle","text":"开关~或许是吧"},{"min":0.0,"max":10.0,"step":2.0,"default":3.0,"type":"slider","text":"游标滑块！？"},{"default":1,"steps":["Step1","Step2","Step 3"],"type":"step_slider","text":"矩阵滑块？!"},{"default":1,"options":["Option 1","Option2","Option3"],"type":"dropdown","text":"如你所见 下拉框"}], "type":"custom_form","title":"这是一个自定义窗体"}'，cb) +## sendCustomForm(data:str, callback:function) -> None +向指定的玩家发送一个自定义表单，回调函数原型为callback(Entity:player,selected_data:str) -> None
+例: +```py +player.sendCustomForm('{"content":[{"type":"label","text":"这是一个文本标签"},{"placeholder":"水印文本","default":"","type":"input","text":""},{"default":true,"type":"toggle","text":"开关~或许是吧"},{"min":0.0,"max":10.0,"step":2.0,"default":3.0,"type":"slider","text":"游标滑块！？"},{"default":1,"steps":["Step1","Step2","Step 3"],"type":"step_slider","text":"矩阵滑块？!"},{"default":1,"options":["Option 1","Option2","Option3"],"type":"dropdown","text":"如你所见 下拉框"}], "type":"custom_form","title":"这是一个自定义窗体"}'，cb) +``` ## sendSimpleForm(title:str, content:str, buttons:list, images:list, callback:function) -> None 向指定的玩家发送一个简单表单，回调函数原型为callback(Entity:player,selected_item:int) -> None
-例:player.sendSimpleForm('标题', '内容', ["生存","死亡","求助"], ['','',''], cb) +例: +```py +player.sendSimpleForm('标题', '内容', ["生存","死亡","求助"], ['','',''], cb) +``` ## sendModalForm(title:str, content:str, button1:str, button2:str, callback:function) -> None 向指定的玩家发送一个模式对话框，回调函数原型为callback(Entity:player,selected_item:bool) -> None
-例:player.sendModalForm('标题', '内容', '按钮1', '按钮2', cb) +例: +```py +player.sendModalForm('标题', '内容', '按钮1', '按钮2', cb) +``` diff --git a/include/pybind11/attr.h b/include/pybind11/attr.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f1b66fb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/attr.h @@ -0,0 +1,613 @@ +/* + pybind11/attr.h: Infrastructure for processing custom + type and function attributes + + Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "cast.h" + +#include + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) + +/// \addtogroup annotations +/// @{ + +/// Annotation for methods +struct is_method { handle class_; + explicit is_method(const handle &c) : class_(c) {} +}; + +/// Annotation for operators +struct is_operator { }; + +/// Annotation for classes that cannot be subclassed +struct is_final { }; + +/// Annotation for parent scope +struct scope { handle value; + explicit scope(const handle &s) : value(s) {} +}; + +/// Annotation for documentation +struct doc { const char *value; + explicit doc(const char *value) : value(value) {} +}; + +/// Annotation for function names +struct name { const char *value; + explicit name(const char *value) : value(value) {} +}; + +/// Annotation indicating that a function is an overload associated with a given "sibling" +struct sibling { handle value; + explicit sibling(const handle &value) : value(value.ptr()) {} +}; + +/// Annotation indicating that a class derives from another given type +template struct base { + + PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("base() was deprecated in favor of specifying 'T' as a template argument to class_") + base() { } // NOLINT(modernize-use-equals-default): breaks MSVC 2015 when adding an attribute +}; + +/// Keep patient alive while nurse lives +template struct keep_alive { }; + +/// Annotation indicating that a class is involved in a multiple inheritance relationship +struct multiple_inheritance { }; + +/// Annotation which enables dynamic attributes, i.e. adds `__dict__` to a class +struct dynamic_attr { }; + +/// Annotation which enables the buffer protocol for a type +struct buffer_protocol { }; + +/// Annotation which requests that a special metaclass is created for a type +struct metaclass { + handle value; + + PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("py::metaclass() is no longer required. It's turned on by default now.") + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(modernize-use-equals-default): breaks MSVC 2015 when adding an attribute + metaclass() {} + + /// Override pybind11's default metaclass + explicit metaclass(handle value) : value(value) { } +}; + +/// Specifies a custom callback with signature `void (PyHeapTypeObject*)` that +/// may be used to customize the Python type. +/// +/// The callback is invoked immediately before `PyType_Ready`. +/// +/// Note: This is an advanced interface, and uses of it may require changes to +/// work with later versions of pybind11. You may wish to consult the +/// implementation of `make_new_python_type` in `detail/classes.h` to understand +/// the context in which the callback will be run. +struct custom_type_setup { + using callback = std::function; + + explicit custom_type_setup(callback value) : value(std::move(value)) {} + + callback value; +}; + +/// Annotation that marks a class as local to the module: +struct module_local { const bool value; + constexpr explicit module_local(bool v = true) : value(v) {} +}; + +/// Annotation to mark enums as an arithmetic type +struct arithmetic { }; + +/// Mark a function for addition at the beginning of the existing overload chain instead of the end +struct prepend { }; + +/** \rst + A call policy which places one or more guard variables (``Ts...``) around the function call. + + For example, this definition: + + .. code-block:: cpp + + m.def("foo", foo, py::call_guard()); + + is equivalent to the following pseudocode: + + .. code-block:: cpp + + m.def("foo", [](args...) { + T scope_guard; + return foo(args...); // forwarded arguments + }); + \endrst */ +template struct call_guard; + +template <> struct call_guard<> { using type = detail::void_type; }; + +template +struct call_guard { + static_assert(std::is_default_constructible::value, + "The guard type must be default constructible"); + + using type = T; +}; + +template +struct call_guard { + struct type { + T guard{}; // Compose multiple guard types with left-to-right default-constructor order + typename call_guard::type next{}; + }; +}; + +/// @} annotations + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) +/* Forward declarations */ +enum op_id : int; +enum op_type : int; +struct undefined_t; +template struct op_; +void keep_alive_impl(size_t Nurse, size_t Patient, function_call &call, handle ret); + +/// Internal data structure which holds metadata about a keyword argument +struct argument_record { + const char *name; ///< Argument name + const char *descr; ///< Human-readable version of the argument value + handle value; ///< Associated Python object + bool convert : 1; ///< True if the argument is allowed to convert when loading + bool none : 1; ///< True if None is allowed when loading + + argument_record(const char *name, const char *descr, handle value, bool convert, bool none) + : name(name), descr(descr), value(value), convert(convert), none(none) { } +}; + +/// Internal data structure which holds metadata about a bound function (signature, overloads, etc.) +struct function_record { + function_record() + : is_constructor(false), is_new_style_constructor(false), is_stateless(false), + is_operator(false), is_method(false), has_args(false), + has_kwargs(false), prepend(false) { } + + /// Function name + char *name = nullptr; /* why no C++ strings? They generate heavier code.. */ + + // User-specified documentation string + char *doc = nullptr; + + /// Human-readable version of the function signature + char *signature = nullptr; + + /// List of registered keyword arguments + std::vector args; + + /// Pointer to lambda function which converts arguments and performs the actual call + handle (*impl) (function_call &) = nullptr; + + /// Storage for the wrapped function pointer and captured data, if any + void *data[3] = { }; + + /// Pointer to custom destructor for 'data' (if needed) + void (*free_data) (function_record *ptr) = nullptr; + + /// Return value policy associated with this function + return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy::automatic; + + /// True if name == '__init__' + bool is_constructor : 1; + + /// True if this is a new-style `__init__` defined in `detail/init.h` + bool is_new_style_constructor : 1; + + /// True if this is a stateless function pointer + bool is_stateless : 1; + + /// True if this is an operator (__add__), etc. + bool is_operator : 1; + + /// True if this is a method + bool is_method : 1; + + /// True if the function has a '*args' argument + bool has_args : 1; + + /// True if the function has a '**kwargs' argument + bool has_kwargs : 1; + + /// True if this function is to be inserted at the beginning of the overload resolution chain + bool prepend : 1; + + /// Number of arguments (including py::args and/or py::kwargs, if present) + std::uint16_t nargs; + + /// Number of leading positional arguments, which are terminated by a py::args or py::kwargs + /// argument or by a py::kw_only annotation. + std::uint16_t nargs_pos = 0; + + /// Number of leading arguments (counted in `nargs`) that are positional-only + std::uint16_t nargs_pos_only = 0; + + /// Python method object + PyMethodDef *def = nullptr; + + /// Python handle to the parent scope (a class or a module) + handle scope; + + /// Python handle to the sibling function representing an overload chain + handle sibling; + + /// Pointer to next overload + function_record *next = nullptr; +}; + +/// Special data structure which (temporarily) holds metadata about a bound class +struct type_record { + PYBIND11_NOINLINE type_record() + : multiple_inheritance(false), dynamic_attr(false), buffer_protocol(false), + default_holder(true), module_local(false), is_final(false) { } + + /// Handle to the parent scope + handle scope; + + /// Name of the class + const char *name = nullptr; + + // Pointer to RTTI type_info data structure + const std::type_info *type = nullptr; + + /// How large is the underlying C++ type? + size_t type_size = 0; + + /// What is the alignment of the underlying C++ type? + size_t type_align = 0; + + /// How large is the type's holder? + size_t holder_size = 0; + + /// The global operator new can be overridden with a class-specific variant + void *(*operator_new)(size_t) = nullptr; + + /// Function pointer to class_<..>::init_instance + void (*init_instance)(instance *, const void *) = nullptr; + + /// Function pointer to class_<..>::dealloc + void (*dealloc)(detail::value_and_holder &) = nullptr; + + /// List of base classes of the newly created type + list bases; + + /// Optional docstring + const char *doc = nullptr; + + /// Custom metaclass (optional) + handle metaclass; + + /// Custom type setup. + custom_type_setup::callback custom_type_setup_callback; + + /// Multiple inheritance marker + bool multiple_inheritance : 1; + + /// Does the class manage a __dict__? + bool dynamic_attr : 1; + + /// Does the class implement the buffer protocol? + bool buffer_protocol : 1; + + /// Is the default (unique_ptr) holder type used? + bool default_holder : 1; + + /// Is the class definition local to the module shared object? + bool module_local : 1; + + /// Is the class inheritable from python classes? + bool is_final : 1; + + PYBIND11_NOINLINE void add_base(const std::type_info &base, void *(*caster)(void *)) { + auto base_info = detail::get_type_info(base, false); + if (!base_info) { + std::string tname(base.name()); + detail::clean_type_id(tname); + pybind11_fail("generic_type: type \"" + std::string(name) + + "\" referenced unknown base type \"" + tname + "\""); + } + + if (default_holder != base_info->default_holder) { + std::string tname(base.name()); + detail::clean_type_id(tname); + pybind11_fail("generic_type: type \"" + std::string(name) + "\" " + + (default_holder ? "does not have" : "has") + + " a non-default holder type while its base \"" + tname + "\" " + + (base_info->default_holder ? "does not" : "does")); + } + + bases.append((PyObject *) base_info->type); + + if (base_info->type->tp_dictoffset != 0) + dynamic_attr = true; + + if (caster) + base_info->implicit_casts.emplace_back(type, caster); + } +}; + +inline function_call::function_call(const function_record &f, handle p) : + func(f), parent(p) { + args.reserve(f.nargs); + args_convert.reserve(f.nargs); +} + +/// Tag for a new-style `__init__` defined in `detail/init.h` +struct is_new_style_constructor { }; + +/** + * Partial template specializations to process custom attributes provided to + * cpp_function_ and class_. These are either used to initialize the respective + * fields in the type_record and function_record data structures or executed at + * runtime to deal with custom call policies (e.g. keep_alive). + */ +template struct process_attribute; + +template struct process_attribute_default { + /// Default implementation: do nothing + static void init(const T &, function_record *) { } + static void init(const T &, type_record *) { } + static void precall(function_call &) { } + static void postcall(function_call &, handle) { } +}; + +/// Process an attribute specifying the function's name +template <> struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const name &n, function_record *r) { r->name = const_cast(n.value); } +}; + +/// Process an attribute specifying the function's docstring +template <> struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const doc &n, function_record *r) { r->doc = const_cast(n.value); } +}; + +/// Process an attribute specifying the function's docstring (provided as a C-style string) +template <> struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const char *d, function_record *r) { r->doc = const_cast(d); } + static void init(const char *d, type_record *r) { r->doc = const_cast(d); } +}; +template <> struct process_attribute : process_attribute { }; + +/// Process an attribute indicating the function's return value policy +template <> struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const return_value_policy &p, function_record *r) { r->policy = p; } +}; + +/// Process an attribute which indicates that this is an overloaded function associated with a given sibling +template <> struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const sibling &s, function_record *r) { r->sibling = s.value; } +}; + +/// Process an attribute which indicates that this function is a method +template <> struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const is_method &s, function_record *r) { r->is_method = true; r->scope = s.class_; } +}; + +/// Process an attribute which indicates the parent scope of a method +template <> struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const scope &s, function_record *r) { r->scope = s.value; } +}; + +/// Process an attribute which indicates that this function is an operator +template <> struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const is_operator &, function_record *r) { r->is_operator = true; } +}; + +template <> struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const is_new_style_constructor &, function_record *r) { r->is_new_style_constructor = true; } +}; + +inline void check_kw_only_arg(const arg &a, function_record *r) { + if (r->args.size() > r->nargs_pos && (!a.name || a.name[0] == '\0')) + pybind11_fail("arg(): cannot specify an unnamed argument after a kw_only() annotation or args() argument"); +} + +inline void append_self_arg_if_needed(function_record *r) { + if (r->is_method && r->args.empty()) + r->args.emplace_back("self", nullptr, handle(), /*convert=*/ true, /*none=*/ false); +} + +/// Process a keyword argument attribute (*without* a default value) +template <> struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const arg &a, function_record *r) { + append_self_arg_if_needed(r); + r->args.emplace_back(a.name, nullptr, handle(), !a.flag_noconvert, a.flag_none); + + check_kw_only_arg(a, r); + } +}; + +/// Process a keyword argument attribute (*with* a default value) +template <> struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const arg_v &a, function_record *r) { + if (r->is_method && r->args.empty()) + r->args.emplace_back("self", /*descr=*/ nullptr, /*parent=*/ handle(), /*convert=*/ true, /*none=*/ false); + + if (!a.value) { +#if !defined(NDEBUG) + std::string descr("'"); + if (a.name) descr += std::string(a.name) + ": "; + descr += a.type + "'"; + if (r->is_method) { + if (r->name) + descr += " in method '" + (std::string) str(r->scope) + "." + (std::string) r->name + "'"; + else + descr += " in method of '" + (std::string) str(r->scope) + "'"; + } else if (r->name) { + descr += " in function '" + (std::string) r->name + "'"; + } + pybind11_fail("arg(): could not convert default argument " + + descr + " into a Python object (type not registered yet?)"); +#else + pybind11_fail("arg(): could not convert default argument " + "into a Python object (type not registered yet?). " + "Compile in debug mode for more information."); +#endif + } + r->args.emplace_back(a.name, a.descr, a.value.inc_ref(), !a.flag_noconvert, a.flag_none); + + check_kw_only_arg(a, r); + } +}; + +/// Process a keyword-only-arguments-follow pseudo argument +template <> struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const kw_only &, function_record *r) { + append_self_arg_if_needed(r); + if (r->has_args && r->nargs_pos != static_cast(r->args.size())) + pybind11_fail("Mismatched args() and kw_only(): they must occur at the same relative argument location (or omit kw_only() entirely)"); + r->nargs_pos = static_cast(r->args.size()); + } +}; + +/// Process a positional-only-argument maker +template <> struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const pos_only &, function_record *r) { + append_self_arg_if_needed(r); + r->nargs_pos_only = static_cast(r->args.size()); + if (r->nargs_pos_only > r->nargs_pos) + pybind11_fail("pos_only(): cannot follow a py::args() argument"); + // It also can't follow a kw_only, but a static_assert in pybind11.h checks that + } +}; + +/// Process a parent class attribute. Single inheritance only (class_ itself already guarantees that) +template +struct process_attribute::value>> : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const handle &h, type_record *r) { r->bases.append(h); } +}; + +/// Process a parent class attribute (deprecated, does not support multiple inheritance) +template +struct process_attribute> : process_attribute_default> { + static void init(const base &, type_record *r) { r->add_base(typeid(T), nullptr); } +}; + +/// Process a multiple inheritance attribute +template <> +struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const multiple_inheritance &, type_record *r) { r->multiple_inheritance = true; } +}; + +template <> +struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const dynamic_attr &, type_record *r) { r->dynamic_attr = true; } +}; + +template <> +struct process_attribute { + static void init(const custom_type_setup &value, type_record *r) { + r->custom_type_setup_callback = value.value; + } +}; + +template <> +struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const is_final &, type_record *r) { r->is_final = true; } +}; + +template <> +struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const buffer_protocol &, type_record *r) { r->buffer_protocol = true; } +}; + +template <> +struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const metaclass &m, type_record *r) { r->metaclass = m.value; } +}; + +template <> +struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const module_local &l, type_record *r) { r->module_local = l.value; } +}; + +/// Process a 'prepend' attribute, putting this at the beginning of the overload chain +template <> +struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default { + static void init(const prepend &, function_record *r) { r->prepend = true; } +}; + +/// Process an 'arithmetic' attribute for enums (does nothing here) +template <> +struct process_attribute : process_attribute_default {}; + +template +struct process_attribute> : process_attribute_default> { }; + +/** + * Process a keep_alive call policy -- invokes keep_alive_impl during the + * pre-call handler if both Nurse, Patient != 0 and use the post-call handler + * otherwise + */ +template struct process_attribute> : public process_attribute_default> { + template = 0> + static void precall(function_call &call) { keep_alive_impl(Nurse, Patient, call, handle()); } + template = 0> + static void postcall(function_call &, handle) { } + template = 0> + static void precall(function_call &) { } + template = 0> + static void postcall(function_call &call, handle ret) { keep_alive_impl(Nurse, Patient, call, ret); } +}; + +/// Recursively iterate over variadic template arguments +template struct process_attributes { + static void init(const Args&... args, function_record *r) { + PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(r); + PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_GCC_UNUSED_BUT_SET_PARAMETER(r); + using expander = int[]; + (void) expander{ + 0, ((void) process_attribute::type>::init(args, r), 0)...}; + } + static void init(const Args&... args, type_record *r) { + PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(r); + PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_GCC_UNUSED_BUT_SET_PARAMETER(r); + using expander = int[]; + (void) expander{0, + (process_attribute::type>::init(args, r), 0)...}; + } + static void precall(function_call &call) { + PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(call); + using expander = int[]; + (void) expander{0, + (process_attribute::type>::precall(call), 0)...}; + } + static void postcall(function_call &call, handle fn_ret) { + PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(call, fn_ret); + PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_GCC_UNUSED_BUT_SET_PARAMETER(fn_ret); + using expander = int[]; + (void) expander{ + 0, (process_attribute::type>::postcall(call, fn_ret), 0)...}; + } +}; + +template +using is_call_guard = is_instantiation; + +/// Extract the ``type`` from the first `call_guard` in `Extras...` (or `void_type` if none found) +template +using extract_guard_t = typename exactly_one_t, Extra...>::type; + +/// Check the number of named arguments at compile time +template ::value...), + size_t self = constexpr_sum(std::is_same::value...)> +constexpr bool expected_num_args(size_t nargs, bool has_args, bool has_kwargs) { + PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(nargs, has_args, has_kwargs); + return named == 0 || (self + named + size_t(has_args) + size_t(has_kwargs)) == nargs; +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/buffer_info.h b/include/pybind11/buffer_info.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..eba68d1a --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/buffer_info.h @@ -0,0 +1,144 @@ +/* + pybind11/buffer_info.h: Python buffer object interface + + Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "detail/common.h" + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +// Default, C-style strides +inline std::vector c_strides(const std::vector &shape, ssize_t itemsize) { + auto ndim = shape.size(); + std::vector strides(ndim, itemsize); + if (ndim > 0) + for (size_t i = ndim - 1; i > 0; --i) + strides[i - 1] = strides[i] * shape[i]; + return strides; +} + +// F-style strides; default when constructing an array_t with `ExtraFlags & f_style` +inline std::vector f_strides(const std::vector &shape, ssize_t itemsize) { + auto ndim = shape.size(); + std::vector strides(ndim, itemsize); + for (size_t i = 1; i < ndim; ++i) + strides[i] = strides[i - 1] * shape[i - 1]; + return strides; +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +/// Information record describing a Python buffer object +struct buffer_info { + void *ptr = nullptr; // Pointer to the underlying storage + ssize_t itemsize = 0; // Size of individual items in bytes + ssize_t size = 0; // Total number of entries + std::string format; // For homogeneous buffers, this should be set to format_descriptor::format() + ssize_t ndim = 0; // Number of dimensions + std::vector shape; // Shape of the tensor (1 entry per dimension) + std::vector strides; // Number of bytes between adjacent entries (for each per dimension) + bool readonly = false; // flag to indicate if the underlying storage may be written to + + buffer_info() = default; + + buffer_info(void *ptr, ssize_t itemsize, const std::string &format, ssize_t ndim, + detail::any_container shape_in, detail::any_container strides_in, bool readonly=false) + : ptr(ptr), itemsize(itemsize), size(1), format(format), ndim(ndim), + shape(std::move(shape_in)), strides(std::move(strides_in)), readonly(readonly) { + if (ndim != (ssize_t) shape.size() || ndim != (ssize_t) strides.size()) + pybind11_fail("buffer_info: ndim doesn't match shape and/or strides length"); + for (size_t i = 0; i < (size_t) ndim; ++i) + size *= shape[i]; + } + + template + buffer_info(T *ptr, detail::any_container shape_in, detail::any_container strides_in, bool readonly=false) + : buffer_info(private_ctr_tag(), ptr, sizeof(T), format_descriptor::format(), static_cast(shape_in->size()), std::move(shape_in), std::move(strides_in), readonly) { } + + buffer_info(void *ptr, ssize_t itemsize, const std::string &format, ssize_t size, bool readonly=false) + : buffer_info(ptr, itemsize, format, 1, {size}, {itemsize}, readonly) { } + + template + buffer_info(T *ptr, ssize_t size, bool readonly=false) + : buffer_info(ptr, sizeof(T), format_descriptor::format(), size, readonly) { } + + template + buffer_info(const T *ptr, ssize_t size, bool readonly=true) + : buffer_info(const_cast(ptr), sizeof(T), format_descriptor::format(), size, readonly) { } + + explicit buffer_info(Py_buffer *view, bool ownview = true) + : buffer_info(view->buf, view->itemsize, view->format, view->ndim, + {view->shape, view->shape + view->ndim}, + /* Though buffer::request() requests PyBUF_STRIDES, ctypes objects + * ignore this flag and return a view with NULL strides. + * When strides are NULL, build them manually. */ + view->strides + ? std::vector(view->strides, view->strides + view->ndim) + : detail::c_strides({view->shape, view->shape + view->ndim}, view->itemsize), + (view->readonly != 0)) { + this->m_view = view; + this->ownview = ownview; + } + + buffer_info(const buffer_info &) = delete; + buffer_info& operator=(const buffer_info &) = delete; + + buffer_info(buffer_info &&other) noexcept { (*this) = std::move(other); } + + buffer_info &operator=(buffer_info &&rhs) noexcept { + ptr = rhs.ptr; + itemsize = rhs.itemsize; + size = rhs.size; + format = std::move(rhs.format); + ndim = rhs.ndim; + shape = std::move(rhs.shape); + strides = std::move(rhs.strides); + std::swap(m_view, rhs.m_view); + std::swap(ownview, rhs.ownview); + readonly = rhs.readonly; + return *this; + } + + ~buffer_info() { + if (m_view && ownview) { PyBuffer_Release(m_view); delete m_view; } + } + + Py_buffer *view() const { return m_view; } + Py_buffer *&view() { return m_view; } +private: + struct private_ctr_tag { }; + + buffer_info(private_ctr_tag, void *ptr, ssize_t itemsize, const std::string &format, ssize_t ndim, + detail::any_container &&shape_in, detail::any_container &&strides_in, bool readonly) + : buffer_info(ptr, itemsize, format, ndim, std::move(shape_in), std::move(strides_in), readonly) { } + + Py_buffer *m_view = nullptr; + bool ownview = false; +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +template struct compare_buffer_info { + static bool compare(const buffer_info& b) { + return b.format == format_descriptor::format() && b.itemsize == (ssize_t) sizeof(T); + } +}; + +template struct compare_buffer_info::value>> { + static bool compare(const buffer_info& b) { + return (size_t) b.itemsize == sizeof(T) && (b.format == format_descriptor::value || + ((sizeof(T) == sizeof(long)) && b.format == (std::is_unsigned::value ? "L" : "l")) || + ((sizeof(T) == sizeof(size_t)) && b.format == (std::is_unsigned::value ? "N" : "n"))); + } +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/cast.h b/include/pybind11/cast.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..16510244 --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/cast.h @@ -0,0 +1,1422 @@ +/* + pybind11/cast.h: Partial template specializations to cast between + C++ and Python types + + Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "pytypes.h" +#include "detail/common.h" +#include "detail/descr.h" +#include "detail/type_caster_base.h" +#include "detail/typeid.h" +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +template class type_caster : public type_caster_base { }; +template using make_caster = type_caster>; + +// Shortcut for calling a caster's `cast_op_type` cast operator for casting a type_caster to a T +template typename make_caster::template cast_op_type cast_op(make_caster &caster) { + return caster.operator typename make_caster::template cast_op_type(); +} +template typename make_caster::template cast_op_type::type> +cast_op(make_caster &&caster) { + return std::move(caster).operator + typename make_caster::template cast_op_type::type>(); +} + +template class type_caster> { +private: + using caster_t = make_caster; + caster_t subcaster; + using reference_t = type&; + using subcaster_cast_op_type = + typename caster_t::template cast_op_type; + + static_assert(std::is_same::type &, subcaster_cast_op_type>::value || + std::is_same::value, + "std::reference_wrapper caster requires T to have a caster with an " + "`operator T &()` or `operator const T &()`"); +public: + bool load(handle src, bool convert) { return subcaster.load(src, convert); } + static constexpr auto name = caster_t::name; + static handle cast(const std::reference_wrapper &src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { + // It is definitely wrong to take ownership of this pointer, so mask that rvp + if (policy == return_value_policy::take_ownership || policy == return_value_policy::automatic) + policy = return_value_policy::automatic_reference; + return caster_t::cast(&src.get(), policy, parent); + } + template using cast_op_type = std::reference_wrapper; + explicit operator std::reference_wrapper() { return cast_op(subcaster); } +}; + +#define PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(type, py_name) \ +protected: \ + type value; \ + \ +public: \ + static constexpr auto name = py_name; \ + template >::value, int> = 0> \ + static handle cast(T_ *src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { \ + if (!src) \ + return none().release(); \ + if (policy == return_value_policy::take_ownership) { \ + auto h = cast(std::move(*src), policy, parent); \ + delete src; \ + return h; \ + } \ + return cast(*src, policy, parent); \ + } \ + operator type *() { return &value; } /* NOLINT(bugprone-macro-parentheses) */ \ + operator type &() { return value; } /* NOLINT(bugprone-macro-parentheses) */ \ + operator type &&() && { return std::move(value); } /* NOLINT(bugprone-macro-parentheses) */ \ + template \ + using cast_op_type = pybind11::detail::movable_cast_op_type + +template using is_std_char_type = any_of< + std::is_same, /* std::string */ +#if defined(PYBIND11_HAS_U8STRING) + std::is_same, /* std::u8string */ +#endif + std::is_same, /* std::u16string */ + std::is_same, /* std::u32string */ + std::is_same /* std::wstring */ +>; + + +template +struct type_caster::value && !is_std_char_type::value>> { + using _py_type_0 = conditional_t; + using _py_type_1 = conditional_t::value, _py_type_0, typename std::make_unsigned<_py_type_0>::type>; + using py_type = conditional_t::value, double, _py_type_1>; +public: + + bool load(handle src, bool convert) { + py_type py_value; + + if (!src) + return false; + +#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION) + auto index_check = [](PyObject *o) { return PyIndex_Check(o); }; +#else + // In PyPy 7.3.3, `PyIndex_Check` is implemented by calling `__index__`, + // while CPython only considers the existence of `nb_index`/`__index__`. + auto index_check = [](PyObject *o) { return hasattr(o, "__index__"); }; +#endif + + if (std::is_floating_point::value) { + if (convert || PyFloat_Check(src.ptr())) + py_value = (py_type) PyFloat_AsDouble(src.ptr()); + else + return false; + } else if (PyFloat_Check(src.ptr()) + || (!convert && !PYBIND11_LONG_CHECK(src.ptr()) && !index_check(src.ptr()))) { + return false; + } else { + handle src_or_index = src; + // PyPy: 7.3.7's 3.8 does not implement PyLong_*'s __index__ calls. +#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03080000 || defined(PYPY_VERSION) + object index; + if (!PYBIND11_LONG_CHECK(src.ptr())) { // So: index_check(src.ptr()) + index = reinterpret_steal(PyNumber_Index(src.ptr())); + if (!index) { + PyErr_Clear(); + if (!convert) + return false; + } + else { + src_or_index = index; + } + } +#endif + if (std::is_unsigned::value) { + py_value = as_unsigned(src_or_index.ptr()); + } else { // signed integer: + py_value = sizeof(T) <= sizeof(long) + ? (py_type) PyLong_AsLong(src_or_index.ptr()) + : (py_type) PYBIND11_LONG_AS_LONGLONG(src_or_index.ptr()); + } + } + + // Python API reported an error + bool py_err = py_value == (py_type) -1 && PyErr_Occurred(); + + // Check to see if the conversion is valid (integers should match exactly) + // Signed/unsigned checks happen elsewhere + if (py_err || (std::is_integral::value && sizeof(py_type) != sizeof(T) && py_value != (py_type) (T) py_value)) { + PyErr_Clear(); + if (py_err && convert && (PyNumber_Check(src.ptr()) != 0)) { + auto tmp = reinterpret_steal(std::is_floating_point::value + ? PyNumber_Float(src.ptr()) + : PyNumber_Long(src.ptr())); + PyErr_Clear(); + return load(tmp, false); + } + return false; + } + + value = (T) py_value; + return true; + } + + template + static typename std::enable_if::value, handle>::type + cast(U src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) { + return PyFloat_FromDouble((double) src); + } + + template + static typename std::enable_if::value && std::is_signed::value && (sizeof(U) <= sizeof(long)), handle>::type + cast(U src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) { + return PYBIND11_LONG_FROM_SIGNED((long) src); + } + + template + static typename std::enable_if::value && std::is_unsigned::value && (sizeof(U) <= sizeof(unsigned long)), handle>::type + cast(U src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) { + return PYBIND11_LONG_FROM_UNSIGNED((unsigned long) src); + } + + template + static typename std::enable_if::value && std::is_signed::value && (sizeof(U) > sizeof(long)), handle>::type + cast(U src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) { + return PyLong_FromLongLong((long long) src); + } + + template + static typename std::enable_if::value && std::is_unsigned::value && (sizeof(U) > sizeof(unsigned long)), handle>::type + cast(U src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) { + return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned long long) src); + } + + PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(T, const_name::value>("int", "float")); +}; + +template struct void_caster { +public: + bool load(handle src, bool) { + if (src && src.is_none()) + return true; + return false; + } + static handle cast(T, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) { + return none().inc_ref(); + } + PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(T, const_name("None")); +}; + +template <> class type_caster : public void_caster {}; + +template <> class type_caster : public type_caster { +public: + using type_caster::cast; + + bool load(handle h, bool) { + if (!h) { + return false; + } + if (h.is_none()) { + value = nullptr; + return true; + } + + /* Check if this is a capsule */ + if (isinstance(h)) { + value = reinterpret_borrow(h); + return true; + } + + /* Check if this is a C++ type */ + auto &bases = all_type_info((PyTypeObject *) type::handle_of(h).ptr()); + if (bases.size() == 1) { // Only allowing loading from a single-value type + value = values_and_holders(reinterpret_cast(h.ptr())).begin()->value_ptr(); + return true; + } + + /* Fail */ + return false; + } + + static handle cast(const void *ptr, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) { + if (ptr) + return capsule(ptr).release(); + return none().inc_ref(); + } + + template using cast_op_type = void*&; + explicit operator void *&() { return value; } + static constexpr auto name = const_name("capsule"); +private: + void *value = nullptr; +}; + +template <> class type_caster : public void_caster { }; + +template <> class type_caster { +public: + bool load(handle src, bool convert) { + if (!src) return false; + if (src.ptr() == Py_True) { + value = true; + return true; + } + if (src.ptr() == Py_False) { + value = false; + return true; + } + if (convert || (std::strcmp("numpy.bool_", Py_TYPE(src.ptr())->tp_name) == 0)) { + // (allow non-implicit conversion for numpy booleans) + + Py_ssize_t res = -1; + if (src.is_none()) { + res = 0; // None is implicitly converted to False + } + #if defined(PYPY_VERSION) + // On PyPy, check that "__bool__" (or "__nonzero__" on Python 2.7) attr exists + else if (hasattr(src, PYBIND11_BOOL_ATTR)) { + res = PyObject_IsTrue(src.ptr()); + } + #else + // Alternate approach for CPython: this does the same as the above, but optimized + // using the CPython API so as to avoid an unneeded attribute lookup. + else if (auto tp_as_number = src.ptr()->ob_type->tp_as_number) { + if (PYBIND11_NB_BOOL(tp_as_number)) { + res = (*PYBIND11_NB_BOOL(tp_as_number))(src.ptr()); + } + } + #endif + if (res == 0 || res == 1) { + value = (res != 0); + return true; + } + PyErr_Clear(); + } + return false; + } + static handle cast(bool src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) { + return handle(src ? Py_True : Py_False).inc_ref(); + } + PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(bool, const_name("bool")); +}; + +// Helper class for UTF-{8,16,32} C++ stl strings: +template struct string_caster { + using CharT = typename StringType::value_type; + + // Simplify life by being able to assume standard char sizes (the standard only guarantees + // minimums, but Python requires exact sizes) + static_assert(!std::is_same::value || sizeof(CharT) == 1, "Unsupported char size != 1"); +#if defined(PYBIND11_HAS_U8STRING) + static_assert(!std::is_same::value || sizeof(CharT) == 1, "Unsupported char8_t size != 1"); +#endif + static_assert(!std::is_same::value || sizeof(CharT) == 2, "Unsupported char16_t size != 2"); + static_assert(!std::is_same::value || sizeof(CharT) == 4, "Unsupported char32_t size != 4"); + // wchar_t can be either 16 bits (Windows) or 32 (everywhere else) + static_assert(!std::is_same::value || sizeof(CharT) == 2 || sizeof(CharT) == 4, + "Unsupported wchar_t size != 2/4"); + static constexpr size_t UTF_N = 8 * sizeof(CharT); + + bool load(handle src, bool) { +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 + object temp; +#endif + handle load_src = src; + if (!src) { + return false; + } + if (!PyUnicode_Check(load_src.ptr())) { +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 + return load_bytes(load_src); +#else + if (std::is_same::value) { + return load_bytes(load_src); + } + + // The below is a guaranteed failure in Python 3 when PyUnicode_Check returns false + if (!PYBIND11_BYTES_CHECK(load_src.ptr())) + return false; + + temp = reinterpret_steal(PyUnicode_FromObject(load_src.ptr())); + if (!temp) { PyErr_Clear(); return false; } + load_src = temp; +#endif + } + +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03030000 + // On Python >= 3.3, for UTF-8 we avoid the need for a temporary `bytes` + // object by using `PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize`. + if (PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(UTF_N == 8)) { + Py_ssize_t size = -1; + const auto *buffer + = reinterpret_cast(PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(load_src.ptr(), &size)); + if (!buffer) { + PyErr_Clear(); + return false; + } + value = StringType(buffer, static_cast(size)); + return true; + } +#endif + + auto utfNbytes = reinterpret_steal(PyUnicode_AsEncodedString( + load_src.ptr(), UTF_N == 8 ? "utf-8" : UTF_N == 16 ? "utf-16" : "utf-32", nullptr)); + if (!utfNbytes) { PyErr_Clear(); return false; } + + const auto *buffer = reinterpret_cast(PYBIND11_BYTES_AS_STRING(utfNbytes.ptr())); + size_t length = (size_t) PYBIND11_BYTES_SIZE(utfNbytes.ptr()) / sizeof(CharT); + // Skip BOM for UTF-16/32 + if (PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(UTF_N > 8)) { + buffer++; + length--; + } + value = StringType(buffer, length); + + // If we're loading a string_view we need to keep the encoded Python object alive: + if (IsView) + loader_life_support::add_patient(utfNbytes); + + return true; + } + + static handle cast(const StringType &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) { + const char *buffer = reinterpret_cast(src.data()); + auto nbytes = ssize_t(src.size() * sizeof(CharT)); + handle s = decode_utfN(buffer, nbytes); + if (!s) throw error_already_set(); + return s; + } + + PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(StringType, const_name(PYBIND11_STRING_NAME)); + +private: + static handle decode_utfN(const char *buffer, ssize_t nbytes) { +#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION) + return + UTF_N == 8 ? PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(buffer, nbytes, nullptr) : + UTF_N == 16 ? PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(buffer, nbytes, nullptr, nullptr) : + PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32(buffer, nbytes, nullptr, nullptr); +#else + // PyPy segfaults when on PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16 (and possibly on PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32 as well), + // so bypass the whole thing by just passing the encoding as a string value, which works properly: + return PyUnicode_Decode(buffer, nbytes, UTF_N == 8 ? "utf-8" : UTF_N == 16 ? "utf-16" : "utf-32", nullptr); +#endif + } + + // When loading into a std::string or char*, accept a bytes object as-is (i.e. + // without any encoding/decoding attempt). For other C++ char sizes this is a no-op. + // which supports loading a unicode from a str, doesn't take this path. + template + bool load_bytes(enable_if_t::value, handle> src) { + if (PYBIND11_BYTES_CHECK(src.ptr())) { + // We were passed a Python 3 raw bytes; accept it into a std::string or char* + // without any encoding attempt. + const char *bytes = PYBIND11_BYTES_AS_STRING(src.ptr()); + if (bytes) { + value = StringType(bytes, (size_t) PYBIND11_BYTES_SIZE(src.ptr())); + return true; + } + } + + return false; + } + + template + bool load_bytes(enable_if_t::value, handle>) { return false; } +}; + +template +struct type_caster, enable_if_t::value>> + : string_caster> {}; + +#ifdef PYBIND11_HAS_STRING_VIEW +template +struct type_caster, enable_if_t::value>> + : string_caster, true> {}; +#endif + +// Type caster for C-style strings. We basically use a std::string type caster, but also add the +// ability to use None as a nullptr char* (which the string caster doesn't allow). +template struct type_caster::value>> { + using StringType = std::basic_string; + using StringCaster = type_caster; + StringCaster str_caster; + bool none = false; + CharT one_char = 0; +public: + bool load(handle src, bool convert) { + if (!src) return false; + if (src.is_none()) { + // Defer accepting None to other overloads (if we aren't in convert mode): + if (!convert) return false; + none = true; + return true; + } + return str_caster.load(src, convert); + } + + static handle cast(const CharT *src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { + if (src == nullptr) return pybind11::none().inc_ref(); + return StringCaster::cast(StringType(src), policy, parent); + } + + static handle cast(CharT src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { + if (std::is_same::value) { + handle s = PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1((const char *) &src, 1, nullptr); + if (!s) throw error_already_set(); + return s; + } + return StringCaster::cast(StringType(1, src), policy, parent); + } + + explicit operator CharT *() { + return none ? nullptr : const_cast(static_cast(str_caster).c_str()); + } + explicit operator CharT &() { + if (none) + throw value_error("Cannot convert None to a character"); + + auto &value = static_cast(str_caster); + size_t str_len = value.size(); + if (str_len == 0) + throw value_error("Cannot convert empty string to a character"); + + // If we're in UTF-8 mode, we have two possible failures: one for a unicode character that + // is too high, and one for multiple unicode characters (caught later), so we need to figure + // out how long the first encoded character is in bytes to distinguish between these two + // errors. We also allow want to allow unicode characters U+0080 through U+00FF, as those + // can fit into a single char value. + if (PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(StringCaster::UTF_N == 8) && str_len > 1 && str_len <= 4) { + auto v0 = static_cast(value[0]); + // low bits only: 0-127 + // 0b110xxxxx - start of 2-byte sequence + // 0b1110xxxx - start of 3-byte sequence + // 0b11110xxx - start of 4-byte sequence + size_t char0_bytes = (v0 & 0x80) == 0 ? 1 + : (v0 & 0xE0) == 0xC0 ? 2 + : (v0 & 0xF0) == 0xE0 ? 3 + : 4; + + if (char0_bytes == str_len) { + // If we have a 128-255 value, we can decode it into a single char: + if (char0_bytes == 2 && (v0 & 0xFC) == 0xC0) { // 0x110000xx 0x10xxxxxx + one_char = static_cast(((v0 & 3) << 6) + (static_cast(value[1]) & 0x3F)); + return one_char; + } + // Otherwise we have a single character, but it's > U+00FF + throw value_error("Character code point not in range(0x100)"); + } + } + + // UTF-16 is much easier: we can only have a surrogate pair for values above U+FFFF, thus a + // surrogate pair with total length 2 instantly indicates a range error (but not a "your + // string was too long" error). + else if (PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(StringCaster::UTF_N == 16) && str_len == 2) { + one_char = static_cast(value[0]); + if (one_char >= 0xD800 && one_char < 0xE000) + throw value_error("Character code point not in range(0x10000)"); + } + + if (str_len != 1) + throw value_error("Expected a character, but multi-character string found"); + + one_char = value[0]; + return one_char; + } + + static constexpr auto name = const_name(PYBIND11_STRING_NAME); + template using cast_op_type = pybind11::detail::cast_op_type<_T>; +}; + +// Base implementation for std::tuple and std::pair +template class Tuple, typename... Ts> class tuple_caster { + using type = Tuple; + static constexpr auto size = sizeof...(Ts); + using indices = make_index_sequence; +public: + + bool load(handle src, bool convert) { + if (!isinstance(src)) + return false; + const auto seq = reinterpret_borrow(src); + if (seq.size() != size) + return false; + return load_impl(seq, convert, indices{}); + } + + template + static handle cast(T &&src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { + return cast_impl(std::forward(src), policy, parent, indices{}); + } + + // copied from the PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER macro + template + static handle cast(T *src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { + if (!src) return none().release(); + if (policy == return_value_policy::take_ownership) { + auto h = cast(std::move(*src), policy, parent); + delete src; + return h; + } + return cast(*src, policy, parent); + } + + static constexpr auto name = const_name("Tuple[") + concat(make_caster::name...) + const_name("]"); + + template using cast_op_type = type; + + explicit operator type() & { return implicit_cast(indices{}); } + explicit operator type() && { return std::move(*this).implicit_cast(indices{}); } + +protected: + template + type implicit_cast(index_sequence) & { return type(cast_op(std::get(subcasters))...); } + template + type implicit_cast(index_sequence) && { return type(cast_op(std::move(std::get(subcasters)))...); } + + static constexpr bool load_impl(const sequence &, bool, index_sequence<>) { return true; } + + template + bool load_impl(const sequence &seq, bool convert, index_sequence) { +#ifdef __cpp_fold_expressions + if ((... || !std::get(subcasters).load(seq[Is], convert))) + return false; +#else + for (bool r : {std::get(subcasters).load(seq[Is], convert)...}) + if (!r) + return false; +#endif + return true; + } + + /* Implementation: Convert a C++ tuple into a Python tuple */ + template + static handle cast_impl(T &&src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent, index_sequence) { + PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(src, policy, parent); + PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_GCC_UNUSED_BUT_SET_PARAMETER(policy, parent); + std::array entries{{ + reinterpret_steal(make_caster::cast(std::get(std::forward(src)), policy, parent))... + }}; + for (const auto &entry: entries) + if (!entry) + return handle(); + tuple result(size); + int counter = 0; + for (auto & entry: entries) + PyTuple_SET_ITEM(result.ptr(), counter++, entry.release().ptr()); + return result.release(); + } + + Tuple...> subcasters; +}; + +template class type_caster> + : public tuple_caster {}; + +template class type_caster> + : public tuple_caster {}; + +/// Helper class which abstracts away certain actions. Users can provide specializations for +/// custom holders, but it's only necessary if the type has a non-standard interface. +template +struct holder_helper { + static auto get(const T &p) -> decltype(p.get()) { return p.get(); } +}; + +/// Type caster for holder types like std::shared_ptr, etc. +/// The SFINAE hook is provided to help work around the current lack of support +/// for smart-pointer interoperability. Please consider it an implementation +/// detail that may change in the future, as formal support for smart-pointer +/// interoperability is added into pybind11. +template +struct copyable_holder_caster : public type_caster_base { +public: + using base = type_caster_base; + static_assert(std::is_base_of>::value, + "Holder classes are only supported for custom types"); + using base::base; + using base::cast; + using base::typeinfo; + using base::value; + + bool load(handle src, bool convert) { + return base::template load_impl>(src, convert); + } + + explicit operator type*() { return this->value; } + // static_cast works around compiler error with MSVC 17 and CUDA 10.2 + // see issue #2180 + explicit operator type&() { return *(static_cast(this->value)); } + explicit operator holder_type*() { return std::addressof(holder); } + explicit operator holder_type&() { return holder; } + + static handle cast(const holder_type &src, return_value_policy, handle) { + const auto *ptr = holder_helper::get(src); + return type_caster_base::cast_holder(ptr, &src); + } + +protected: + friend class type_caster_generic; + void check_holder_compat() { + if (typeinfo->default_holder) + throw cast_error("Unable to load a custom holder type from a default-holder instance"); + } + + bool load_value(value_and_holder &&v_h) { + if (v_h.holder_constructed()) { + value = v_h.value_ptr(); + holder = v_h.template holder(); + return true; + } + throw cast_error("Unable to cast from non-held to held instance (T& to Holder) " +#if defined(NDEBUG) + "(compile in debug mode for type information)"); +#else + "of type '" + + type_id() + "''"); +#endif + } + + template ::value, int> = 0> + bool try_implicit_casts(handle, bool) { return false; } + + template ::value, int> = 0> + bool try_implicit_casts(handle src, bool convert) { + for (auto &cast : typeinfo->implicit_casts) { + copyable_holder_caster sub_caster(*cast.first); + if (sub_caster.load(src, convert)) { + value = cast.second(sub_caster.value); + holder = holder_type(sub_caster.holder, (type *) value); + return true; + } + } + return false; + } + + static bool try_direct_conversions(handle) { return false; } + + + holder_type holder; +}; + +/// Specialize for the common std::shared_ptr, so users don't need to +template +class type_caster> : public copyable_holder_caster> { }; + +/// Type caster for holder types like std::unique_ptr. +/// Please consider the SFINAE hook an implementation detail, as explained +/// in the comment for the copyable_holder_caster. +template +struct move_only_holder_caster { + static_assert(std::is_base_of, type_caster>::value, + "Holder classes are only supported for custom types"); + + static handle cast(holder_type &&src, return_value_policy, handle) { + auto *ptr = holder_helper::get(src); + return type_caster_base::cast_holder(ptr, std::addressof(src)); + } + static constexpr auto name = type_caster_base::name; +}; + +template +class type_caster> + : public move_only_holder_caster> { }; + +template +using type_caster_holder = conditional_t::value, + copyable_holder_caster, + move_only_holder_caster>; + +template struct always_construct_holder { static constexpr bool value = Value; }; + +/// Create a specialization for custom holder types (silently ignores std::shared_ptr) +#define PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(type, holder_type, ...) \ + namespace pybind11 { namespace detail { \ + template \ + struct always_construct_holder : always_construct_holder { }; \ + template \ + class type_caster::value>> \ + : public type_caster_holder { }; \ + }} + +// PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE holder types: +template struct is_holder_type : + std::is_base_of, detail::type_caster> {}; +// Specialization for always-supported unique_ptr holders: +template struct is_holder_type> : + std::true_type {}; + +template struct handle_type_name { static constexpr auto name = const_name(); }; +template <> struct handle_type_name { static constexpr auto name = const_name("bool"); }; +template <> struct handle_type_name { static constexpr auto name = const_name(PYBIND11_BYTES_NAME); }; +template <> struct handle_type_name { static constexpr auto name = const_name("int"); }; +template <> struct handle_type_name { static constexpr auto name = const_name("Iterable"); }; +template <> struct handle_type_name { static constexpr auto name = const_name("Iterator"); }; +template <> struct handle_type_name { static constexpr auto name = const_name("float"); }; +template <> struct handle_type_name { static constexpr auto name = const_name("None"); }; +template <> struct handle_type_name { static constexpr auto name = const_name("*args"); }; +template <> struct handle_type_name { static constexpr auto name = const_name("**kwargs"); }; + +template +struct pyobject_caster { + template ::value, int> = 0> + bool load(handle src, bool /* convert */) { value = src; return static_cast(value); } + + template ::value, int> = 0> + bool load(handle src, bool /* convert */) { +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 && !defined(PYBIND11_STR_LEGACY_PERMISSIVE) + // For Python 2, without this implicit conversion, Python code would + // need to be cluttered with six.ensure_text() or similar, only to be + // un-cluttered later after Python 2 support is dropped. + if (PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(std::is_same::value) && isinstance(src)) { + PyObject *str_from_bytes = PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(src.ptr(), "utf-8", nullptr); + if (!str_from_bytes) throw error_already_set(); + value = reinterpret_steal(str_from_bytes); + return true; + } +#endif + if (!isinstance(src)) + return false; + value = reinterpret_borrow(src); + return true; + } + + static handle cast(const handle &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) { + return src.inc_ref(); + } + PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(type, handle_type_name::name); +}; + +template +class type_caster::value>> : public pyobject_caster { }; + +// Our conditions for enabling moving are quite restrictive: +// At compile time: +// - T needs to be a non-const, non-pointer, non-reference type +// - type_caster::operator T&() must exist +// - the type must be move constructible (obviously) +// At run-time: +// - if the type is non-copy-constructible, the object must be the sole owner of the type (i.e. it +// must have ref_count() == 1)h +// If any of the above are not satisfied, we fall back to copying. +template using move_is_plain_type = satisfies_none_of; +template struct move_always : std::false_type {}; +template struct move_always, + negation>, + std::is_move_constructible, + std::is_same>().operator T&()), T&> +>::value>> : std::true_type {}; +template struct move_if_unreferenced : std::false_type {}; +template struct move_if_unreferenced, + negation>, + std::is_move_constructible, + std::is_same>().operator T&()), T&> +>::value>> : std::true_type {}; +template using move_never = none_of, move_if_unreferenced>; + +// Detect whether returning a `type` from a cast on type's type_caster is going to result in a +// reference or pointer to a local variable of the type_caster. Basically, only +// non-reference/pointer `type`s and reference/pointers from a type_caster_generic are safe; +// everything else returns a reference/pointer to a local variable. +template using cast_is_temporary_value_reference = bool_constant< + (std::is_reference::value || std::is_pointer::value) && + !std::is_base_of>::value && + !std::is_same, void>::value +>; + +// When a value returned from a C++ function is being cast back to Python, we almost always want to +// force `policy = move`, regardless of the return value policy the function/method was declared +// with. +template struct return_value_policy_override { + static return_value_policy policy(return_value_policy p) { return p; } +}; + +template struct return_value_policy_override>::value, void>> { + static return_value_policy policy(return_value_policy p) { + return !std::is_lvalue_reference::value && + !std::is_pointer::value + ? return_value_policy::move : p; + } +}; + +// Basic python -> C++ casting; throws if casting fails +template type_caster &load_type(type_caster &conv, const handle &handle) { + if (!conv.load(handle, true)) { +#if defined(NDEBUG) + throw cast_error("Unable to cast Python instance to C++ type (compile in debug mode for details)"); +#else + throw cast_error("Unable to cast Python instance of type " + + (std::string) str(type::handle_of(handle)) + " to C++ type '" + type_id() + "'"); +#endif + } + return conv; +} +// Wrapper around the above that also constructs and returns a type_caster +template make_caster load_type(const handle &handle) { + make_caster conv; + load_type(conv, handle); + return conv; +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +// pytype -> C++ type +template ::value, int> = 0> +T cast(const handle &handle) { + using namespace detail; + static_assert(!cast_is_temporary_value_reference::value, + "Unable to cast type to reference: value is local to type caster"); + return cast_op(load_type(handle)); +} + +// pytype -> pytype (calls converting constructor) +template ::value, int> = 0> +T cast(const handle &handle) { return T(reinterpret_borrow(handle)); } + +// C++ type -> py::object +template ::value, int> = 0> +object cast(T &&value, return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy::automatic_reference, + handle parent = handle()) { + using no_ref_T = typename std::remove_reference::type; + if (policy == return_value_policy::automatic) + policy = std::is_pointer::value ? return_value_policy::take_ownership : + std::is_lvalue_reference::value ? return_value_policy::copy : return_value_policy::move; + else if (policy == return_value_policy::automatic_reference) + policy = std::is_pointer::value ? return_value_policy::reference : + std::is_lvalue_reference::value ? return_value_policy::copy : return_value_policy::move; + return reinterpret_steal(detail::make_caster::cast(std::forward(value), policy, parent)); +} + +template T handle::cast() const { return pybind11::cast(*this); } +template <> inline void handle::cast() const { return; } + +template +detail::enable_if_t::value, T> move(object &&obj) { + if (obj.ref_count() > 1) +#if defined(NDEBUG) + throw cast_error("Unable to cast Python instance to C++ rvalue: instance has multiple references" + " (compile in debug mode for details)"); +#else + throw cast_error("Unable to move from Python " + (std::string) str(type::handle_of(obj)) + + " instance to C++ " + type_id() + " instance: instance has multiple references"); +#endif + + // Move into a temporary and return that, because the reference may be a local value of `conv` + T ret = std::move(detail::load_type(obj).operator T&()); + return ret; +} + +// Calling cast() on an rvalue calls pybind11::cast with the object rvalue, which does: +// - If we have to move (because T has no copy constructor), do it. This will fail if the moved +// object has multiple references, but trying to copy will fail to compile. +// - If both movable and copyable, check ref count: if 1, move; otherwise copy +// - Otherwise (not movable), copy. +template detail::enable_if_t::value, T> cast(object &&object) { + return move(std::move(object)); +} +template detail::enable_if_t::value, T> cast(object &&object) { + if (object.ref_count() > 1) + return cast(object); + return move(std::move(object)); +} +template detail::enable_if_t::value, T> cast(object &&object) { + return cast(object); +} + +template T object::cast() const & { return pybind11::cast(*this); } +template T object::cast() && { return pybind11::cast(std::move(*this)); } +template <> inline void object::cast() const & { return; } +template <> inline void object::cast() && { return; } + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +// Declared in pytypes.h: +template ::value, int>> +object object_or_cast(T &&o) { return pybind11::cast(std::forward(o)); } + +struct override_unused {}; // Placeholder type for the unneeded (and dead code) static variable in the PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_OVERRIDE macro +template using override_caster_t = conditional_t< + cast_is_temporary_value_reference::value, make_caster, override_unused>; + +// Trampoline use: for reference/pointer types to value-converted values, we do a value cast, then +// store the result in the given variable. For other types, this is a no-op. +template enable_if_t::value, T> cast_ref(object &&o, make_caster &caster) { + return cast_op(load_type(caster, o)); +} +template enable_if_t::value, T> cast_ref(object &&, override_unused &) { + pybind11_fail("Internal error: cast_ref fallback invoked"); } + +// Trampoline use: Having a pybind11::cast with an invalid reference type is going to static_assert, even +// though if it's in dead code, so we provide a "trampoline" to pybind11::cast that only does anything in +// cases where pybind11::cast is valid. +template enable_if_t::value, T> cast_safe(object &&o) { + return pybind11::cast(std::move(o)); } +template enable_if_t::value, T> cast_safe(object &&) { + pybind11_fail("Internal error: cast_safe fallback invoked"); } +template <> inline void cast_safe(object &&) {} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +// The overloads could coexist, i.e. the #if is not strictly speaking needed, +// but it is an easy minor optimization. +#if defined(NDEBUG) +inline cast_error cast_error_unable_to_convert_call_arg() { + return cast_error( + "Unable to convert call argument to Python object (compile in debug mode for details)"); +} +#else +inline cast_error cast_error_unable_to_convert_call_arg(const std::string &name, + const std::string &type) { + return cast_error("Unable to convert call argument '" + name + "' of type '" + type + + "' to Python object"); +} +#endif + +template +tuple make_tuple() { return tuple(0); } + +template tuple make_tuple(Args&&... args_) { + constexpr size_t size = sizeof...(Args); + std::array args { + { reinterpret_steal(detail::make_caster::cast( + std::forward(args_), policy, nullptr))... } + }; + for (size_t i = 0; i < args.size(); i++) { + if (!args[i]) { +#if defined(NDEBUG) + throw cast_error_unable_to_convert_call_arg(); +#else + std::array argtypes { {type_id()...} }; + throw cast_error_unable_to_convert_call_arg(std::to_string(i), argtypes[i]); +#endif + } + } + tuple result(size); + int counter = 0; + for (auto &arg_value : args) + PyTuple_SET_ITEM(result.ptr(), counter++, arg_value.release().ptr()); + return result; +} + +/// \ingroup annotations +/// Annotation for arguments +struct arg { + /// Constructs an argument with the name of the argument; if null or omitted, this is a positional argument. + constexpr explicit arg(const char *name = nullptr) : name(name), flag_noconvert(false), flag_none(true) { } + /// Assign a value to this argument + template arg_v operator=(T &&value) const; + /// Indicate that the type should not be converted in the type caster + arg &noconvert(bool flag = true) { flag_noconvert = flag; return *this; } + /// Indicates that the argument should/shouldn't allow None (e.g. for nullable pointer args) + arg &none(bool flag = true) { flag_none = flag; return *this; } + + const char *name; ///< If non-null, this is a named kwargs argument + bool flag_noconvert : 1; ///< If set, do not allow conversion (requires a supporting type caster!) + bool flag_none : 1; ///< If set (the default), allow None to be passed to this argument +}; + +/// \ingroup annotations +/// Annotation for arguments with values +struct arg_v : arg { +private: + template + arg_v(arg &&base, T &&x, const char *descr = nullptr) + : arg(base), + value(reinterpret_steal( + detail::make_caster::cast(x, return_value_policy::automatic, {}) + )), + descr(descr) +#if !defined(NDEBUG) + , type(type_id()) +#endif + { + // Workaround! See: + // https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/issues/2336 + // https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/2685#issuecomment-731286700 + if (PyErr_Occurred()) { + PyErr_Clear(); + } + } + +public: + /// Direct construction with name, default, and description + template + arg_v(const char *name, T &&x, const char *descr = nullptr) + : arg_v(arg(name), std::forward(x), descr) { } + + /// Called internally when invoking `py::arg("a") = value` + template + arg_v(const arg &base, T &&x, const char *descr = nullptr) + : arg_v(arg(base), std::forward(x), descr) { } + + /// Same as `arg::noconvert()`, but returns *this as arg_v&, not arg& + arg_v &noconvert(bool flag = true) { arg::noconvert(flag); return *this; } + + /// Same as `arg::nonone()`, but returns *this as arg_v&, not arg& + arg_v &none(bool flag = true) { arg::none(flag); return *this; } + + /// The default value + object value; + /// The (optional) description of the default value + const char *descr; +#if !defined(NDEBUG) + /// The C++ type name of the default value (only available when compiled in debug mode) + std::string type; +#endif +}; + +/// \ingroup annotations +/// Annotation indicating that all following arguments are keyword-only; the is the equivalent of an +/// unnamed '*' argument (in Python 3) +struct kw_only {}; + +/// \ingroup annotations +/// Annotation indicating that all previous arguments are positional-only; the is the equivalent of an +/// unnamed '/' argument (in Python 3.8) +struct pos_only {}; + +template +arg_v arg::operator=(T &&value) const { + return {*this, std::forward(value)}; +} + +/// Alias for backward compatibility -- to be removed in version 2.0 +template using arg_t = arg_v; + +inline namespace literals { +/** \rst + String literal version of `arg` + \endrst */ +constexpr arg operator"" _a(const char *name, size_t) { return arg(name); } +} // namespace literals + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +template using is_kw_only = std::is_same, kw_only>; +template using is_pos_only = std::is_same, pos_only>; + +// forward declaration (definition in attr.h) +struct function_record; + +/// Internal data associated with a single function call +struct function_call { + function_call(const function_record &f, handle p); // Implementation in attr.h + + /// The function data: + const function_record &func; + + /// Arguments passed to the function: + std::vector args; + + /// The `convert` value the arguments should be loaded with + std::vector args_convert; + + /// Extra references for the optional `py::args` and/or `py::kwargs` arguments (which, if + /// present, are also in `args` but without a reference). + object args_ref, kwargs_ref; + + /// The parent, if any + handle parent; + + /// If this is a call to an initializer, this argument contains `self` + handle init_self; +}; + + +/// Helper class which loads arguments for C++ functions called from Python +template +class argument_loader { + using indices = make_index_sequence; + + template using argument_is_args = std::is_same, args>; + template using argument_is_kwargs = std::is_same, kwargs>; + // Get kwargs argument position, or -1 if not present: + static constexpr auto kwargs_pos = constexpr_last(); + + static_assert(kwargs_pos == -1 || kwargs_pos == (int) sizeof...(Args) - 1, "py::kwargs is only permitted as the last argument of a function"); + +public: + static constexpr bool has_kwargs = kwargs_pos != -1; + + // py::args argument position; -1 if not present. + static constexpr int args_pos = constexpr_last(); + + static_assert(args_pos == -1 || args_pos == constexpr_first(), "py::args cannot be specified more than once"); + + static constexpr auto arg_names = concat(type_descr(make_caster::name)...); + + bool load_args(function_call &call) { + return load_impl_sequence(call, indices{}); + } + + template + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-const-return-type) + enable_if_t::value, Return> call(Func &&f) && { + return std::move(*this).template call_impl>(std::forward(f), indices{}, Guard{}); + } + + template + enable_if_t::value, void_type> call(Func &&f) && { + std::move(*this).template call_impl>(std::forward(f), indices{}, Guard{}); + return void_type(); + } + +private: + + static bool load_impl_sequence(function_call &, index_sequence<>) { return true; } + + template + bool load_impl_sequence(function_call &call, index_sequence) { +#ifdef __cpp_fold_expressions + if ((... || !std::get(argcasters).load(call.args[Is], call.args_convert[Is]))) + return false; +#else + for (bool r : {std::get(argcasters).load(call.args[Is], call.args_convert[Is])...}) + if (!r) + return false; +#endif + return true; + } + + template + Return call_impl(Func &&f, index_sequence, Guard &&) && { + return std::forward(f)(cast_op(std::move(std::get(argcasters)))...); + } + + std::tuple...> argcasters; +}; + +/// Helper class which collects only positional arguments for a Python function call. +/// A fancier version below can collect any argument, but this one is optimal for simple calls. +template +class simple_collector { +public: + template + explicit simple_collector(Ts &&...values) + : m_args(pybind11::make_tuple(std::forward(values)...)) { } + + const tuple &args() const & { return m_args; } + dict kwargs() const { return {}; } + + tuple args() && { return std::move(m_args); } + + /// Call a Python function and pass the collected arguments + object call(PyObject *ptr) const { + PyObject *result = PyObject_CallObject(ptr, m_args.ptr()); + if (!result) + throw error_already_set(); + return reinterpret_steal(result); + } + +private: + tuple m_args; +}; + +/// Helper class which collects positional, keyword, * and ** arguments for a Python function call +template +class unpacking_collector { +public: + template + explicit unpacking_collector(Ts &&...values) { + // Tuples aren't (easily) resizable so a list is needed for collection, + // but the actual function call strictly requires a tuple. + auto args_list = list(); + using expander = int[]; + (void) expander{0, (process(args_list, std::forward(values)), 0)...}; + + m_args = std::move(args_list); + } + + const tuple &args() const & { return m_args; } + const dict &kwargs() const & { return m_kwargs; } + + tuple args() && { return std::move(m_args); } + dict kwargs() && { return std::move(m_kwargs); } + + /// Call a Python function and pass the collected arguments + object call(PyObject *ptr) const { + PyObject *result = PyObject_Call(ptr, m_args.ptr(), m_kwargs.ptr()); + if (!result) + throw error_already_set(); + return reinterpret_steal(result); + } + +private: + template + void process(list &args_list, T &&x) { + auto o = reinterpret_steal(detail::make_caster::cast(std::forward(x), policy, {})); + if (!o) { +#if defined(NDEBUG) + throw cast_error_unable_to_convert_call_arg(); +#else + throw cast_error_unable_to_convert_call_arg( + std::to_string(args_list.size()), type_id()); +#endif + } + args_list.append(o); + } + + void process(list &args_list, detail::args_proxy ap) { + for (auto a : ap) + args_list.append(a); + } + + void process(list &/*args_list*/, arg_v a) { + if (!a.name) +#if defined(NDEBUG) + nameless_argument_error(); +#else + nameless_argument_error(a.type); +#endif + + if (m_kwargs.contains(a.name)) { +#if defined(NDEBUG) + multiple_values_error(); +#else + multiple_values_error(a.name); +#endif + } + if (!a.value) { +#if defined(NDEBUG) + throw cast_error_unable_to_convert_call_arg(); +#else + throw cast_error_unable_to_convert_call_arg(a.name, a.type); +#endif + } + m_kwargs[a.name] = a.value; + } + + void process(list &/*args_list*/, detail::kwargs_proxy kp) { + if (!kp) + return; + for (auto k : reinterpret_borrow(kp)) { + if (m_kwargs.contains(k.first)) { +#if defined(NDEBUG) + multiple_values_error(); +#else + multiple_values_error(str(k.first)); +#endif + } + m_kwargs[k.first] = k.second; + } + } + + [[noreturn]] static void nameless_argument_error() { + throw type_error("Got kwargs without a name; only named arguments " + "may be passed via py::arg() to a python function call. " + "(compile in debug mode for details)"); + } + [[noreturn]] static void nameless_argument_error(const std::string &type) { + throw type_error("Got kwargs without a name of type '" + type + "'; only named " + "arguments may be passed via py::arg() to a python function call. "); + } + [[noreturn]] static void multiple_values_error() { + throw type_error("Got multiple values for keyword argument " + "(compile in debug mode for details)"); + } + + [[noreturn]] static void multiple_values_error(const std::string &name) { + throw type_error("Got multiple values for keyword argument '" + name + "'"); + } + +private: + tuple m_args; + dict m_kwargs; +}; + +// [workaround(intel)] Separate function required here +// We need to put this into a separate function because the Intel compiler +// fails to compile enable_if_t...>::value> +// (tested with ICC 2021.1 Beta 20200827). +template +constexpr bool args_are_all_positional() +{ + return all_of...>::value; +} + +/// Collect only positional arguments for a Python function call +template ()>> +simple_collector collect_arguments(Args &&...args) { + return simple_collector(std::forward(args)...); +} + +/// Collect all arguments, including keywords and unpacking (only instantiated when needed) +template ()>> +unpacking_collector collect_arguments(Args &&...args) { + // Following argument order rules for generalized unpacking according to PEP 448 + static_assert( + constexpr_last() < constexpr_first() + && constexpr_last() < constexpr_first(), + "Invalid function call: positional args must precede keywords and ** unpacking; " + "* unpacking must precede ** unpacking" + ); + return unpacking_collector(std::forward(args)...); +} + +template +template +object object_api::operator()(Args &&...args) const { +#if !defined(NDEBUG) && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03060000 + if (!PyGILState_Check()) { + pybind11_fail("pybind11::object_api<>::operator() PyGILState_Check() failure."); + } +#endif + return detail::collect_arguments(std::forward(args)...).call(derived().ptr()); +} + +template +template +object object_api::call(Args &&...args) const { + return operator()(std::forward(args)...); +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + + +template +handle type::handle_of() { + static_assert( + std::is_base_of>::value, + "py::type::of only supports the case where T is a registered C++ types." + ); + + return detail::get_type_handle(typeid(T), true); +} + + +#define PYBIND11_MAKE_OPAQUE(...) \ + namespace pybind11 { namespace detail { \ + template<> class type_caster<__VA_ARGS__> : public type_caster_base<__VA_ARGS__> { }; \ + }} + +/// Lets you pass a type containing a `,` through a macro parameter without needing a separate +/// typedef, e.g.: `PYBIND11_OVERRIDE(PYBIND11_TYPE(ReturnType), PYBIND11_TYPE(Parent), f, arg)` +#define PYBIND11_TYPE(...) __VA_ARGS__ + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/chrono.h b/include/pybind11/chrono.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..460a28fa --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/chrono.h @@ -0,0 +1,211 @@ +/* + pybind11/chrono.h: Transparent conversion between std::chrono and python's datetime + + Copyright (c) 2016 Trent Houliston and + Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "pybind11.h" + +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#include + +// Backport the PyDateTime_DELTA functions from Python3.3 if required +#ifndef PyDateTime_DELTA_GET_DAYS +#define PyDateTime_DELTA_GET_DAYS(o) (((PyDateTime_Delta*)o)->days) +#endif +#ifndef PyDateTime_DELTA_GET_SECONDS +#define PyDateTime_DELTA_GET_SECONDS(o) (((PyDateTime_Delta*)o)->seconds) +#endif +#ifndef PyDateTime_DELTA_GET_MICROSECONDS +#define PyDateTime_DELTA_GET_MICROSECONDS(o) (((PyDateTime_Delta*)o)->microseconds) +#endif + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +template class duration_caster { +public: + using rep = typename type::rep; + using period = typename type::period; + + using days = std::chrono::duration>; // signed 25 bits required by the standard. + + bool load(handle src, bool) { + using namespace std::chrono; + + // Lazy initialise the PyDateTime import + if (!PyDateTimeAPI) { PyDateTime_IMPORT; } + + if (!src) return false; + // If invoked with datetime.delta object + if (PyDelta_Check(src.ptr())) { + value = type(duration_cast>( + days(PyDateTime_DELTA_GET_DAYS(src.ptr())) + + seconds(PyDateTime_DELTA_GET_SECONDS(src.ptr())) + + microseconds(PyDateTime_DELTA_GET_MICROSECONDS(src.ptr())))); + return true; + } + // If invoked with a float we assume it is seconds and convert + if (PyFloat_Check(src.ptr())) { + value = type(duration_cast>(duration(PyFloat_AsDouble(src.ptr())))); + return true; + } + return false; + } + + // If this is a duration just return it back + static const std::chrono::duration& get_duration(const std::chrono::duration &src) { + return src; + } + + // If this is a time_point get the time_since_epoch + template static std::chrono::duration get_duration(const std::chrono::time_point> &src) { + return src.time_since_epoch(); + } + + static handle cast(const type &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) { + using namespace std::chrono; + + // Use overloaded function to get our duration from our source + // Works out if it is a duration or time_point and get the duration + auto d = get_duration(src); + + // Lazy initialise the PyDateTime import + if (!PyDateTimeAPI) { PyDateTime_IMPORT; } + + // Declare these special duration types so the conversions happen with the correct primitive types (int) + using dd_t = duration>; + using ss_t = duration>; + using us_t = duration; + + auto dd = duration_cast(d); + auto subd = d - dd; + auto ss = duration_cast(subd); + auto us = duration_cast(subd - ss); + return PyDelta_FromDSU(dd.count(), ss.count(), us.count()); + } + + PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(type, const_name("datetime.timedelta")); +}; + +inline std::tm *localtime_thread_safe(const std::time_t *time, std::tm *buf) { +#if (defined(__STDC_LIB_EXT1__) && defined(__STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__)) || defined(_MSC_VER) + if (localtime_s(buf, time)) + return nullptr; + return buf; +#else + static std::mutex mtx; + std::lock_guard lock(mtx); + std::tm *tm_ptr = std::localtime(time); + if (tm_ptr != nullptr) { + *buf = *tm_ptr; + } + return tm_ptr; +#endif +} + +// This is for casting times on the system clock into datetime.datetime instances +template class type_caster> { +public: + using type = std::chrono::time_point; + bool load(handle src, bool) { + using namespace std::chrono; + + // Lazy initialise the PyDateTime import + if (!PyDateTimeAPI) { PyDateTime_IMPORT; } + + if (!src) return false; + + std::tm cal; + microseconds msecs; + + if (PyDateTime_Check(src.ptr())) { + cal.tm_sec = PyDateTime_DATE_GET_SECOND(src.ptr()); + cal.tm_min = PyDateTime_DATE_GET_MINUTE(src.ptr()); + cal.tm_hour = PyDateTime_DATE_GET_HOUR(src.ptr()); + cal.tm_mday = PyDateTime_GET_DAY(src.ptr()); + cal.tm_mon = PyDateTime_GET_MONTH(src.ptr()) - 1; + cal.tm_year = PyDateTime_GET_YEAR(src.ptr()) - 1900; + cal.tm_isdst = -1; + msecs = microseconds(PyDateTime_DATE_GET_MICROSECOND(src.ptr())); + } else if (PyDate_Check(src.ptr())) { + cal.tm_sec = 0; + cal.tm_min = 0; + cal.tm_hour = 0; + cal.tm_mday = PyDateTime_GET_DAY(src.ptr()); + cal.tm_mon = PyDateTime_GET_MONTH(src.ptr()) - 1; + cal.tm_year = PyDateTime_GET_YEAR(src.ptr()) - 1900; + cal.tm_isdst = -1; + msecs = microseconds(0); + } else if (PyTime_Check(src.ptr())) { + cal.tm_sec = PyDateTime_TIME_GET_SECOND(src.ptr()); + cal.tm_min = PyDateTime_TIME_GET_MINUTE(src.ptr()); + cal.tm_hour = PyDateTime_TIME_GET_HOUR(src.ptr()); + cal.tm_mday = 1; // This date (day, month, year) = (1, 0, 70) + cal.tm_mon = 0; // represents 1-Jan-1970, which is the first + cal.tm_year = 70; // earliest available date for Python's datetime + cal.tm_isdst = -1; + msecs = microseconds(PyDateTime_TIME_GET_MICROSECOND(src.ptr())); + } + else return false; + + value = time_point_cast(system_clock::from_time_t(std::mktime(&cal)) + msecs); + return true; + } + + static handle cast(const std::chrono::time_point &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) { + using namespace std::chrono; + + // Lazy initialise the PyDateTime import + if (!PyDateTimeAPI) { PyDateTime_IMPORT; } + + // Get out microseconds, and make sure they are positive, to avoid bug in eastern hemisphere time zones + // (cfr. https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/issues/2417) + using us_t = duration; + auto us = duration_cast(src.time_since_epoch() % seconds(1)); + if (us.count() < 0) + us += seconds(1); + + // Subtract microseconds BEFORE `system_clock::to_time_t`, because: + // > If std::time_t has lower precision, it is implementation-defined whether the value is rounded or truncated. + // (https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/system_clock/to_time_t) + std::time_t tt = system_clock::to_time_t(time_point_cast(src - us)); + + std::tm localtime; + std::tm *localtime_ptr = localtime_thread_safe(&tt, &localtime); + if (!localtime_ptr) + throw cast_error("Unable to represent system_clock in local time"); + return PyDateTime_FromDateAndTime(localtime.tm_year + 1900, + localtime.tm_mon + 1, + localtime.tm_mday, + localtime.tm_hour, + localtime.tm_min, + localtime.tm_sec, + us.count()); + } + PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(type, const_name("datetime.datetime")); +}; + +// Other clocks that are not the system clock are not measured as datetime.datetime objects +// since they are not measured on calendar time. So instead we just make them timedeltas +// Or if they have passed us a time as a float we convert that +template class type_caster> +: public duration_caster> { +}; + +template class type_caster> +: public duration_caster> { +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/common.h b/include/pybind11/common.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6c8a4f1e --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/common.h @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +#include "detail/common.h" +#warning "Including 'common.h' is deprecated. It will be removed in v3.0. Use 'pybind11.h'." diff --git a/include/pybind11/complex.h b/include/pybind11/complex.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e1ecf435 --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/complex.h @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +/* + pybind11/complex.h: Complex number support + + Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "pybind11.h" +#include + +/// glibc defines I as a macro which breaks things, e.g., boost template names +#ifdef I +# undef I +#endif + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) + +template struct format_descriptor, detail::enable_if_t::value>> { + static constexpr const char c = format_descriptor::c; + static constexpr const char value[3] = { 'Z', c, '\0' }; + static std::string format() { return std::string(value); } +}; + +#ifndef PYBIND11_CPP17 + +template constexpr const char format_descriptor< + std::complex, detail::enable_if_t::value>>::value[3]; + +#endif + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +template struct is_fmt_numeric, detail::enable_if_t::value>> { + static constexpr bool value = true; + static constexpr int index = is_fmt_numeric::index + 3; +}; + +template class type_caster> { +public: + bool load(handle src, bool convert) { + if (!src) + return false; + if (!convert && !PyComplex_Check(src.ptr())) + return false; + Py_complex result = PyComplex_AsCComplex(src.ptr()); + if (result.real == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred()) { + PyErr_Clear(); + return false; + } + value = std::complex((T) result.real, (T) result.imag); + return true; + } + + static handle cast(const std::complex &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) { + return PyComplex_FromDoubles((double) src.real(), (double) src.imag()); + } + + PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(std::complex, const_name("complex")); +}; +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/detail/class.h b/include/pybind11/detail/class.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cc1e40ce --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/detail/class.h @@ -0,0 +1,709 @@ +/* + pybind11/detail/class.h: Python C API implementation details for py::class_ + + Copyright (c) 2017 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "../attr.h" +#include "../options.h" + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03030000 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION) +# define PYBIND11_BUILTIN_QUALNAME +# define PYBIND11_SET_OLDPY_QUALNAME(obj, nameobj) +#else +// In pre-3.3 Python, we still set __qualname__ so that we can produce reliable function type +// signatures; in 3.3+ this macro expands to nothing: +# define PYBIND11_SET_OLDPY_QUALNAME(obj, nameobj) setattr((PyObject *) obj, "__qualname__", nameobj) +#endif + +inline std::string get_fully_qualified_tp_name(PyTypeObject *type) { +#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION) + return type->tp_name; +#else + auto module_name = handle((PyObject *) type).attr("__module__").cast(); + if (module_name == PYBIND11_BUILTINS_MODULE) + return type->tp_name; + else + return std::move(module_name) + "." + type->tp_name; +#endif +} + +inline PyTypeObject *type_incref(PyTypeObject *type) { + Py_INCREF(type); + return type; +} + +#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION) + +/// `pybind11_static_property.__get__()`: Always pass the class instead of the instance. +extern "C" inline PyObject *pybind11_static_get(PyObject *self, PyObject * /*ob*/, PyObject *cls) { + return PyProperty_Type.tp_descr_get(self, cls, cls); +} + +/// `pybind11_static_property.__set__()`: Just like the above `__get__()`. +extern "C" inline int pybind11_static_set(PyObject *self, PyObject *obj, PyObject *value) { + PyObject *cls = PyType_Check(obj) ? obj : (PyObject *) Py_TYPE(obj); + return PyProperty_Type.tp_descr_set(self, cls, value); +} + +/** A `static_property` is the same as a `property` but the `__get__()` and `__set__()` + methods are modified to always use the object type instead of a concrete instance. + Return value: New reference. */ +inline PyTypeObject *make_static_property_type() { + constexpr auto *name = "pybind11_static_property"; + auto name_obj = reinterpret_steal(PYBIND11_FROM_STRING(name)); + + /* Danger zone: from now (and until PyType_Ready), make sure to + issue no Python C API calls which could potentially invoke the + garbage collector (the GC will call type_traverse(), which will in + turn find the newly constructed type in an invalid state) */ + auto heap_type = (PyHeapTypeObject *) PyType_Type.tp_alloc(&PyType_Type, 0); + if (!heap_type) + pybind11_fail("make_static_property_type(): error allocating type!"); + + heap_type->ht_name = name_obj.inc_ref().ptr(); +#ifdef PYBIND11_BUILTIN_QUALNAME + heap_type->ht_qualname = name_obj.inc_ref().ptr(); +#endif + + auto type = &heap_type->ht_type; + type->tp_name = name; + type->tp_base = type_incref(&PyProperty_Type); + type->tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE; + type->tp_descr_get = pybind11_static_get; + type->tp_descr_set = pybind11_static_set; + + if (PyType_Ready(type) < 0) + pybind11_fail("make_static_property_type(): failure in PyType_Ready()!"); + + setattr((PyObject *) type, "__module__", str("pybind11_builtins")); + PYBIND11_SET_OLDPY_QUALNAME(type, name_obj); + + return type; +} + +#else // PYPY + +/** PyPy has some issues with the above C API, so we evaluate Python code instead. + This function will only be called once so performance isn't really a concern. + Return value: New reference. */ +inline PyTypeObject *make_static_property_type() { + auto d = dict(); + PyObject *result = PyRun_String(R"(\ + class pybind11_static_property(property): + def __get__(self, obj, cls): + return property.__get__(self, cls, cls) + + def __set__(self, obj, value): + cls = obj if isinstance(obj, type) else type(obj) + property.__set__(self, cls, value) + )", Py_file_input, d.ptr(), d.ptr() + ); + if (result == nullptr) + throw error_already_set(); + Py_DECREF(result); + return (PyTypeObject *) d["pybind11_static_property"].cast().release().ptr(); +} + +#endif // PYPY + +/** Types with static properties need to handle `Type.static_prop = x` in a specific way. + By default, Python replaces the `static_property` itself, but for wrapped C++ types + we need to call `static_property.__set__()` in order to propagate the new value to + the underlying C++ data structure. */ +extern "C" inline int pybind11_meta_setattro(PyObject* obj, PyObject* name, PyObject* value) { + // Use `_PyType_Lookup()` instead of `PyObject_GetAttr()` in order to get the raw + // descriptor (`property`) instead of calling `tp_descr_get` (`property.__get__()`). + PyObject *descr = _PyType_Lookup((PyTypeObject *) obj, name); + + // The following assignment combinations are possible: + // 1. `Type.static_prop = value` --> descr_set: `Type.static_prop.__set__(value)` + // 2. `Type.static_prop = other_static_prop` --> setattro: replace existing `static_prop` + // 3. `Type.regular_attribute = value` --> setattro: regular attribute assignment + const auto static_prop = (PyObject *) get_internals().static_property_type; + const auto call_descr_set = (descr != nullptr) && (value != nullptr) + && (PyObject_IsInstance(descr, static_prop) != 0) + && (PyObject_IsInstance(value, static_prop) == 0); + if (call_descr_set) { + // Call `static_property.__set__()` instead of replacing the `static_property`. +#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION) + return Py_TYPE(descr)->tp_descr_set(descr, obj, value); +#else + if (PyObject *result = PyObject_CallMethod(descr, "__set__", "OO", obj, value)) { + Py_DECREF(result); + return 0; + } else { + return -1; + } +#endif + } else { + // Replace existing attribute. + return PyType_Type.tp_setattro(obj, name, value); + } +} + +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 +/** + * Python 3's PyInstanceMethod_Type hides itself via its tp_descr_get, which prevents aliasing + * methods via cls.attr("m2") = cls.attr("m1"): instead the tp_descr_get returns a plain function, + * when called on a class, or a PyMethod, when called on an instance. Override that behaviour here + * to do a special case bypass for PyInstanceMethod_Types. + */ +extern "C" inline PyObject *pybind11_meta_getattro(PyObject *obj, PyObject *name) { + PyObject *descr = _PyType_Lookup((PyTypeObject *) obj, name); + if (descr && PyInstanceMethod_Check(descr)) { + Py_INCREF(descr); + return descr; + } + return PyType_Type.tp_getattro(obj, name); +} +#endif + +/// metaclass `__call__` function that is used to create all pybind11 objects. +extern "C" inline PyObject *pybind11_meta_call(PyObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs) { + + // use the default metaclass call to create/initialize the object + PyObject *self = PyType_Type.tp_call(type, args, kwargs); + if (self == nullptr) { + return nullptr; + } + + // This must be a pybind11 instance + auto instance = reinterpret_cast(self); + + // Ensure that the base __init__ function(s) were called + for (const auto &vh : values_and_holders(instance)) { + if (!vh.holder_constructed()) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "%.200s.__init__() must be called when overriding __init__", + get_fully_qualified_tp_name(vh.type->type).c_str()); + Py_DECREF(self); + return nullptr; + } + } + + return self; +} + +/// Cleanup the type-info for a pybind11-registered type. +extern "C" inline void pybind11_meta_dealloc(PyObject *obj) { + auto *type = (PyTypeObject *) obj; + auto &internals = get_internals(); + + // A pybind11-registered type will: + // 1) be found in internals.registered_types_py + // 2) have exactly one associated `detail::type_info` + auto found_type = internals.registered_types_py.find(type); + if (found_type != internals.registered_types_py.end() && + found_type->second.size() == 1 && + found_type->second[0]->type == type) { + + auto *tinfo = found_type->second[0]; + auto tindex = std::type_index(*tinfo->cpptype); + internals.direct_conversions.erase(tindex); + + if (tinfo->module_local) + get_local_internals().registered_types_cpp.erase(tindex); + else + internals.registered_types_cpp.erase(tindex); + internals.registered_types_py.erase(tinfo->type); + + // Actually just `std::erase_if`, but that's only available in C++20 + auto &cache = internals.inactive_override_cache; + for (auto it = cache.begin(), last = cache.end(); it != last; ) { + if (it->first == (PyObject *) tinfo->type) + it = cache.erase(it); + else + ++it; + } + + delete tinfo; + } + + PyType_Type.tp_dealloc(obj); +} + +/** This metaclass is assigned by default to all pybind11 types and is required in order + for static properties to function correctly. Users may override this using `py::metaclass`. + Return value: New reference. */ +inline PyTypeObject* make_default_metaclass() { + constexpr auto *name = "pybind11_type"; + auto name_obj = reinterpret_steal(PYBIND11_FROM_STRING(name)); + + /* Danger zone: from now (and until PyType_Ready), make sure to + issue no Python C API calls which could potentially invoke the + garbage collector (the GC will call type_traverse(), which will in + turn find the newly constructed type in an invalid state) */ + auto heap_type = (PyHeapTypeObject *) PyType_Type.tp_alloc(&PyType_Type, 0); + if (!heap_type) + pybind11_fail("make_default_metaclass(): error allocating metaclass!"); + + heap_type->ht_name = name_obj.inc_ref().ptr(); +#ifdef PYBIND11_BUILTIN_QUALNAME + heap_type->ht_qualname = name_obj.inc_ref().ptr(); +#endif + + auto type = &heap_type->ht_type; + type->tp_name = name; + type->tp_base = type_incref(&PyType_Type); + type->tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE; + + type->tp_call = pybind11_meta_call; + + type->tp_setattro = pybind11_meta_setattro; +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 + type->tp_getattro = pybind11_meta_getattro; +#endif + + type->tp_dealloc = pybind11_meta_dealloc; + + if (PyType_Ready(type) < 0) + pybind11_fail("make_default_metaclass(): failure in PyType_Ready()!"); + + setattr((PyObject *) type, "__module__", str("pybind11_builtins")); + PYBIND11_SET_OLDPY_QUALNAME(type, name_obj); + + return type; +} + +/// For multiple inheritance types we need to recursively register/deregister base pointers for any +/// base classes with pointers that are difference from the instance value pointer so that we can +/// correctly recognize an offset base class pointer. This calls a function with any offset base ptrs. +inline void traverse_offset_bases(void *valueptr, const detail::type_info *tinfo, instance *self, + bool (*f)(void * /*parentptr*/, instance * /*self*/)) { + for (handle h : reinterpret_borrow(tinfo->type->tp_bases)) { + if (auto parent_tinfo = get_type_info((PyTypeObject *) h.ptr())) { + for (auto &c : parent_tinfo->implicit_casts) { + if (c.first == tinfo->cpptype) { + auto *parentptr = c.second(valueptr); + if (parentptr != valueptr) + f(parentptr, self); + traverse_offset_bases(parentptr, parent_tinfo, self, f); + break; + } + } + } + } +} + +inline bool register_instance_impl(void *ptr, instance *self) { + get_internals().registered_instances.emplace(ptr, self); + return true; // unused, but gives the same signature as the deregister func +} +inline bool deregister_instance_impl(void *ptr, instance *self) { + auto ®istered_instances = get_internals().registered_instances; + auto range = registered_instances.equal_range(ptr); + for (auto it = range.first; it != range.second; ++it) { + if (self == it->second) { + registered_instances.erase(it); + return true; + } + } + return false; +} + +inline void register_instance(instance *self, void *valptr, const type_info *tinfo) { + register_instance_impl(valptr, self); + if (!tinfo->simple_ancestors) + traverse_offset_bases(valptr, tinfo, self, register_instance_impl); +} + +inline bool deregister_instance(instance *self, void *valptr, const type_info *tinfo) { + bool ret = deregister_instance_impl(valptr, self); + if (!tinfo->simple_ancestors) + traverse_offset_bases(valptr, tinfo, self, deregister_instance_impl); + return ret; +} + +/// Instance creation function for all pybind11 types. It allocates the internal instance layout for +/// holding C++ objects and holders. Allocation is done lazily (the first time the instance is cast +/// to a reference or pointer), and initialization is done by an `__init__` function. +inline PyObject *make_new_instance(PyTypeObject *type) { +#if defined(PYPY_VERSION) + // PyPy gets tp_basicsize wrong (issue 2482) under multiple inheritance when the first inherited + // object is a plain Python type (i.e. not derived from an extension type). Fix it. + ssize_t instance_size = static_cast(sizeof(instance)); + if (type->tp_basicsize < instance_size) { + type->tp_basicsize = instance_size; + } +#endif + PyObject *self = type->tp_alloc(type, 0); + auto inst = reinterpret_cast(self); + // Allocate the value/holder internals: + inst->allocate_layout(); + + return self; +} + +/// Instance creation function for all pybind11 types. It only allocates space for the +/// C++ object, but doesn't call the constructor -- an `__init__` function must do that. +extern "C" inline PyObject *pybind11_object_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *, PyObject *) { + return make_new_instance(type); +} + +/// An `__init__` function constructs the C++ object. Users should provide at least one +/// of these using `py::init` or directly with `.def(__init__, ...)`. Otherwise, the +/// following default function will be used which simply throws an exception. +extern "C" inline int pybind11_object_init(PyObject *self, PyObject *, PyObject *) { + PyTypeObject *type = Py_TYPE(self); + std::string msg = get_fully_qualified_tp_name(type) + ": No constructor defined!"; + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str()); + return -1; +} + +inline void add_patient(PyObject *nurse, PyObject *patient) { + auto &internals = get_internals(); + auto instance = reinterpret_cast(nurse); + instance->has_patients = true; + Py_INCREF(patient); + internals.patients[nurse].push_back(patient); +} + +inline void clear_patients(PyObject *self) { + auto instance = reinterpret_cast(self); + auto &internals = get_internals(); + auto pos = internals.patients.find(self); + assert(pos != internals.patients.end()); + // Clearing the patients can cause more Python code to run, which + // can invalidate the iterator. Extract the vector of patients + // from the unordered_map first. + auto patients = std::move(pos->second); + internals.patients.erase(pos); + instance->has_patients = false; + for (PyObject *&patient : patients) + Py_CLEAR(patient); +} + +/// Clears all internal data from the instance and removes it from registered instances in +/// preparation for deallocation. +inline void clear_instance(PyObject *self) { + auto instance = reinterpret_cast(self); + + // Deallocate any values/holders, if present: + for (auto &v_h : values_and_holders(instance)) { + if (v_h) { + + // We have to deregister before we call dealloc because, for virtual MI types, we still + // need to be able to get the parent pointers. + if (v_h.instance_registered() && !deregister_instance(instance, v_h.value_ptr(), v_h.type)) + pybind11_fail("pybind11_object_dealloc(): Tried to deallocate unregistered instance!"); + + if (instance->owned || v_h.holder_constructed()) + v_h.type->dealloc(v_h); + } + } + // Deallocate the value/holder layout internals: + instance->deallocate_layout(); + + if (instance->weakrefs) + PyObject_ClearWeakRefs(self); + + PyObject **dict_ptr = _PyObject_GetDictPtr(self); + if (dict_ptr) + Py_CLEAR(*dict_ptr); + + if (instance->has_patients) + clear_patients(self); +} + +/// Instance destructor function for all pybind11 types. It calls `type_info.dealloc` +/// to destroy the C++ object itself, while the rest is Python bookkeeping. +extern "C" inline void pybind11_object_dealloc(PyObject *self) { + clear_instance(self); + + auto type = Py_TYPE(self); + type->tp_free(self); + +#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03080000 + // `type->tp_dealloc != pybind11_object_dealloc` means that we're being called + // as part of a derived type's dealloc, in which case we're not allowed to decref + // the type here. For cross-module compatibility, we shouldn't compare directly + // with `pybind11_object_dealloc`, but with the common one stashed in internals. + auto pybind11_object_type = (PyTypeObject *) get_internals().instance_base; + if (type->tp_dealloc == pybind11_object_type->tp_dealloc) + Py_DECREF(type); +#else + // This was not needed before Python 3.8 (Python issue 35810) + // https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/issues/1946 + Py_DECREF(type); +#endif +} + +/** Create the type which can be used as a common base for all classes. This is + needed in order to satisfy Python's requirements for multiple inheritance. + Return value: New reference. */ +inline PyObject *make_object_base_type(PyTypeObject *metaclass) { + constexpr auto *name = "pybind11_object"; + auto name_obj = reinterpret_steal(PYBIND11_FROM_STRING(name)); + + /* Danger zone: from now (and until PyType_Ready), make sure to + issue no Python C API calls which could potentially invoke the + garbage collector (the GC will call type_traverse(), which will in + turn find the newly constructed type in an invalid state) */ + auto heap_type = (PyHeapTypeObject *) metaclass->tp_alloc(metaclass, 0); + if (!heap_type) + pybind11_fail("make_object_base_type(): error allocating type!"); + + heap_type->ht_name = name_obj.inc_ref().ptr(); +#ifdef PYBIND11_BUILTIN_QUALNAME + heap_type->ht_qualname = name_obj.inc_ref().ptr(); +#endif + + auto type = &heap_type->ht_type; + type->tp_name = name; + type->tp_base = type_incref(&PyBaseObject_Type); + type->tp_basicsize = static_cast(sizeof(instance)); + type->tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE; + + type->tp_new = pybind11_object_new; + type->tp_init = pybind11_object_init; + type->tp_dealloc = pybind11_object_dealloc; + + /* Support weak references (needed for the keep_alive feature) */ + type->tp_weaklistoffset = offsetof(instance, weakrefs); + + if (PyType_Ready(type) < 0) + pybind11_fail("PyType_Ready failed in make_object_base_type():" + error_string()); + + setattr((PyObject *) type, "__module__", str("pybind11_builtins")); + PYBIND11_SET_OLDPY_QUALNAME(type, name_obj); + + assert(!PyType_HasFeature(type, Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC)); + return (PyObject *) heap_type; +} + +/// dynamic_attr: Support for `d = instance.__dict__`. +extern "C" inline PyObject *pybind11_get_dict(PyObject *self, void *) { + PyObject *&dict = *_PyObject_GetDictPtr(self); + if (!dict) + dict = PyDict_New(); + Py_XINCREF(dict); + return dict; +} + +/// dynamic_attr: Support for `instance.__dict__ = dict()`. +extern "C" inline int pybind11_set_dict(PyObject *self, PyObject *new_dict, void *) { + if (!PyDict_Check(new_dict)) { + PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "__dict__ must be set to a dictionary, not a '%.200s'", + get_fully_qualified_tp_name(Py_TYPE(new_dict)).c_str()); + return -1; + } + PyObject *&dict = *_PyObject_GetDictPtr(self); + Py_INCREF(new_dict); + Py_CLEAR(dict); + dict = new_dict; + return 0; +} + +/// dynamic_attr: Allow the garbage collector to traverse the internal instance `__dict__`. +extern "C" inline int pybind11_traverse(PyObject *self, visitproc visit, void *arg) { + PyObject *&dict = *_PyObject_GetDictPtr(self); + Py_VISIT(dict); + return 0; +} + +/// dynamic_attr: Allow the GC to clear the dictionary. +extern "C" inline int pybind11_clear(PyObject *self) { + PyObject *&dict = *_PyObject_GetDictPtr(self); + Py_CLEAR(dict); + return 0; +} + +/// Give instances of this type a `__dict__` and opt into garbage collection. +inline void enable_dynamic_attributes(PyHeapTypeObject *heap_type) { + auto type = &heap_type->ht_type; + type->tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC; + type->tp_dictoffset = type->tp_basicsize; // place dict at the end + type->tp_basicsize += (ssize_t)sizeof(PyObject *); // and allocate enough space for it + type->tp_traverse = pybind11_traverse; + type->tp_clear = pybind11_clear; + + static PyGetSetDef getset[] = { + {const_cast("__dict__"), pybind11_get_dict, pybind11_set_dict, nullptr, nullptr}, + {nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr} + }; + type->tp_getset = getset; +} + +/// buffer_protocol: Fill in the view as specified by flags. +extern "C" inline int pybind11_getbuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view, int flags) { + // Look for a `get_buffer` implementation in this type's info or any bases (following MRO). + type_info *tinfo = nullptr; + for (auto type : reinterpret_borrow(Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_mro)) { + tinfo = get_type_info((PyTypeObject *) type.ptr()); + if (tinfo && tinfo->get_buffer) + break; + } + if (view == nullptr || !tinfo || !tinfo->get_buffer) { + if (view) + view->obj = nullptr; + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_BufferError, "pybind11_getbuffer(): Internal error"); + return -1; + } + std::memset(view, 0, sizeof(Py_buffer)); + buffer_info *info = tinfo->get_buffer(obj, tinfo->get_buffer_data); + if ((flags & PyBUF_WRITABLE) == PyBUF_WRITABLE && info->readonly) { + delete info; + // view->obj = nullptr; // Was just memset to 0, so not necessary + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_BufferError, "Writable buffer requested for readonly storage"); + return -1; + } + view->obj = obj; + view->ndim = 1; + view->internal = info; + view->buf = info->ptr; + view->itemsize = info->itemsize; + view->len = view->itemsize; + for (auto s : info->shape) + view->len *= s; + view->readonly = static_cast(info->readonly); + if ((flags & PyBUF_FORMAT) == PyBUF_FORMAT) + view->format = const_cast(info->format.c_str()); + if ((flags & PyBUF_STRIDES) == PyBUF_STRIDES) { + view->ndim = (int) info->ndim; + view->strides = &info->strides[0]; + view->shape = &info->shape[0]; + } + Py_INCREF(view->obj); + return 0; +} + +/// buffer_protocol: Release the resources of the buffer. +extern "C" inline void pybind11_releasebuffer(PyObject *, Py_buffer *view) { + delete (buffer_info *) view->internal; +} + +/// Give this type a buffer interface. +inline void enable_buffer_protocol(PyHeapTypeObject *heap_type) { + heap_type->ht_type.tp_as_buffer = &heap_type->as_buffer; +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 + heap_type->ht_type.tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER; +#endif + + heap_type->as_buffer.bf_getbuffer = pybind11_getbuffer; + heap_type->as_buffer.bf_releasebuffer = pybind11_releasebuffer; +} + +/** Create a brand new Python type according to the `type_record` specification. + Return value: New reference. */ +inline PyObject* make_new_python_type(const type_record &rec) { + auto name = reinterpret_steal(PYBIND11_FROM_STRING(rec.name)); + + auto qualname = name; + if (rec.scope && !PyModule_Check(rec.scope.ptr()) && hasattr(rec.scope, "__qualname__")) { +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 + qualname = reinterpret_steal( + PyUnicode_FromFormat("%U.%U", rec.scope.attr("__qualname__").ptr(), name.ptr())); +#else + qualname = str(rec.scope.attr("__qualname__").cast() + "." + rec.name); +#endif + } + + object module_; + if (rec.scope) { + if (hasattr(rec.scope, "__module__")) + module_ = rec.scope.attr("__module__"); + else if (hasattr(rec.scope, "__name__")) + module_ = rec.scope.attr("__name__"); + } + + auto full_name = c_str( +#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION) + module_ ? str(module_).cast() + "." + rec.name : +#endif + rec.name); + + char *tp_doc = nullptr; + if (rec.doc && options::show_user_defined_docstrings()) { + /* Allocate memory for docstring (using PyObject_MALLOC, since + Python will free this later on) */ + size_t size = std::strlen(rec.doc) + 1; + tp_doc = (char *) PyObject_MALLOC(size); + std::memcpy((void *) tp_doc, rec.doc, size); + } + + auto &internals = get_internals(); + auto bases = tuple(rec.bases); + auto base = (bases.empty()) ? internals.instance_base + : bases[0].ptr(); + + /* Danger zone: from now (and until PyType_Ready), make sure to + issue no Python C API calls which could potentially invoke the + garbage collector (the GC will call type_traverse(), which will in + turn find the newly constructed type in an invalid state) */ + auto metaclass = rec.metaclass.ptr() ? (PyTypeObject *) rec.metaclass.ptr() + : internals.default_metaclass; + + auto heap_type = (PyHeapTypeObject *) metaclass->tp_alloc(metaclass, 0); + if (!heap_type) + pybind11_fail(std::string(rec.name) + ": Unable to create type object!"); + + heap_type->ht_name = name.release().ptr(); +#ifdef PYBIND11_BUILTIN_QUALNAME + heap_type->ht_qualname = qualname.inc_ref().ptr(); +#endif + + auto type = &heap_type->ht_type; + type->tp_name = full_name; + type->tp_doc = tp_doc; + type->tp_base = type_incref((PyTypeObject *)base); + type->tp_basicsize = static_cast(sizeof(instance)); + if (!bases.empty()) + type->tp_bases = bases.release().ptr(); + + /* Don't inherit base __init__ */ + type->tp_init = pybind11_object_init; + + /* Supported protocols */ + type->tp_as_number = &heap_type->as_number; + type->tp_as_sequence = &heap_type->as_sequence; + type->tp_as_mapping = &heap_type->as_mapping; +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03050000 + type->tp_as_async = &heap_type->as_async; +#endif + + /* Flags */ + type->tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE; +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 + type->tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES; +#endif + if (!rec.is_final) + type->tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE; + + if (rec.dynamic_attr) + enable_dynamic_attributes(heap_type); + + if (rec.buffer_protocol) + enable_buffer_protocol(heap_type); + + if (rec.custom_type_setup_callback) + rec.custom_type_setup_callback(heap_type); + + if (PyType_Ready(type) < 0) + pybind11_fail(std::string(rec.name) + ": PyType_Ready failed (" + error_string() + ")!"); + + assert(!rec.dynamic_attr || PyType_HasFeature(type, Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC)); + + /* Register type with the parent scope */ + if (rec.scope) + setattr(rec.scope, rec.name, (PyObject *) type); + else + Py_INCREF(type); // Keep it alive forever (reference leak) + + if (module_) // Needed by pydoc + setattr((PyObject *) type, "__module__", module_); + + PYBIND11_SET_OLDPY_QUALNAME(type, qualname); + + return (PyObject *) type; +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/detail/common.h b/include/pybind11/detail/common.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5c59b414 --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/detail/common.h @@ -0,0 +1,1063 @@ +/* + pybind11/detail/common.h -- Basic macros + + Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#define PYBIND11_VERSION_MAJOR 2 +#define PYBIND11_VERSION_MINOR 9 +#define PYBIND11_VERSION_PATCH 1 + +// Similar to Python's convention: https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/apiabiversion.html +// Additional convention: 0xD = dev +#define PYBIND11_VERSION_HEX 0x02090100 + +#define PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(name) namespace name { +#define PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(name) } + +// Robust support for some features and loading modules compiled against different pybind versions +// requires forcing hidden visibility on pybind code, so we enforce this by setting the attribute on +// the main `pybind11` namespace. +#if !defined(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) +# ifdef __GNUG__ +# define PYBIND11_NAMESPACE pybind11 __attribute__((visibility("hidden"))) +# else +# define PYBIND11_NAMESPACE pybind11 +# endif +#endif + +#if !(defined(_MSC_VER) && __cplusplus == 199711L) +# if __cplusplus >= 201402L +# define PYBIND11_CPP14 +# if __cplusplus >= 201703L +# define PYBIND11_CPP17 +# if __cplusplus >= 202002L +# define PYBIND11_CPP20 +# endif +# endif +# endif +#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && __cplusplus == 199711L +// MSVC sets _MSVC_LANG rather than __cplusplus (supposedly until the standard is fully implemented) +// Unless you use the /Zc:__cplusplus flag on Visual Studio 2017 15.7 Preview 3 or newer +# if _MSVC_LANG >= 201402L +# define PYBIND11_CPP14 +# if _MSVC_LANG > 201402L && _MSC_VER >= 1910 +# define PYBIND11_CPP17 +# if _MSVC_LANG >= 202002L +# define PYBIND11_CPP20 +# endif +# endif +# endif +#endif + +// Compiler version assertions +#if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) +# if __INTEL_COMPILER < 1800 +# error pybind11 requires Intel C++ compiler v18 or newer +# elif __INTEL_COMPILER < 1900 && defined(PYBIND11_CPP14) +# error pybind11 supports only C++11 with Intel C++ compiler v18. Use v19 or newer for C++14. +# endif +/* The following pragma cannot be pop'ed: + https://community.intel.com/t5/Intel-C-Compiler/Inline-and-no-inline-warning/td-p/1216764 */ +# pragma warning disable 2196 // warning #2196: routine is both "inline" and "noinline" +#elif defined(__clang__) && !defined(__apple_build_version__) +# if __clang_major__ < 3 || (__clang_major__ == 3 && __clang_minor__ < 3) +# error pybind11 requires clang 3.3 or newer +# endif +#elif defined(__clang__) +// Apple changes clang version macros to its Xcode version; the first Xcode release based on +// (upstream) clang 3.3 was Xcode 5: +# if __clang_major__ < 5 +# error pybind11 requires Xcode/clang 5.0 or newer +# endif +#elif defined(__GNUG__) +# if __GNUC__ < 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 8) +# error pybind11 requires gcc 4.8 or newer +# endif +#elif defined(_MSC_VER) +// Pybind hits various compiler bugs in 2015u2 and earlier, and also makes use of some stl features +// (e.g. std::negation) added in 2015u3: +# if _MSC_FULL_VER < 190024210 +# error pybind11 requires MSVC 2015 update 3 or newer +# endif +#endif + +#if !defined(PYBIND11_EXPORT) +# if defined(WIN32) || defined(_WIN32) +# define PYBIND11_EXPORT __declspec(dllexport) +# else +# define PYBIND11_EXPORT __attribute__ ((visibility("default"))) +# endif +#endif + +#if !defined(PYBIND11_EXPORT_EXCEPTION) +# ifdef __MINGW32__ +// workaround for: +// error: 'dllexport' implies default visibility, but xxx has already been declared with a different visibility +# define PYBIND11_EXPORT_EXCEPTION +# else +# define PYBIND11_EXPORT_EXCEPTION PYBIND11_EXPORT +# endif +#endif + +// For CUDA, GCC7, GCC8: +// PYBIND11_NOINLINE_FORCED is incompatible with `-Wattributes -Werror`. +// When defining PYBIND11_NOINLINE_FORCED, it is best to also use `-Wno-attributes`. +// However, the measured shared-library size saving when using noinline are only +// 1.7% for CUDA, -0.2% for GCC7, and 0.0% for GCC8 (using -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=MinSizeRel, +// the default under pybind11/tests). +#if !defined(PYBIND11_NOINLINE_FORCED) && \ + (defined(__CUDACC__) || (defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ == 7 || __GNUC__ == 8))) +# define PYBIND11_NOINLINE_DISABLED +#endif + +// The PYBIND11_NOINLINE macro is for function DEFINITIONS. +// In contrast, FORWARD DECLARATIONS should never use this macro: +// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9317473/forward-declaration-of-inline-functions +#if defined(PYBIND11_NOINLINE_DISABLED) // Option for maximum portability and experimentation. +# define PYBIND11_NOINLINE inline +#elif defined(_MSC_VER) +# define PYBIND11_NOINLINE __declspec(noinline) inline +#else +# define PYBIND11_NOINLINE __attribute__ ((noinline)) inline +#endif + +#if defined(__MINGW32__) +// For unknown reasons all PYBIND11_DEPRECATED member trigger a warning when declared +// whether it is used or not +# define PYBIND11_DEPRECATED(reason) +#elif defined(PYBIND11_CPP14) +# define PYBIND11_DEPRECATED(reason) [[deprecated(reason)]] +#else +# define PYBIND11_DEPRECATED(reason) __attribute__((deprecated(reason))) +#endif + +#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP17) +# define PYBIND11_MAYBE_UNUSED [[maybe_unused]] +#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__) +# define PYBIND11_MAYBE_UNUSED +#else +# define PYBIND11_MAYBE_UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__)) +#endif + +/* Don't let Python.h #define (v)snprintf as macro because they are implemented + properly in Visual Studio since 2015. */ +#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1900 +# define HAVE_SNPRINTF 1 +#endif + +/// Include Python header, disable linking to pythonX_d.lib on Windows in debug mode +#if defined(_MSC_VER) +# if (PY_MAJOR_VERSION == 3 && PY_MINOR_VERSION < 4) +# define HAVE_ROUND 1 +# endif +# pragma warning(push) +// C4505: 'PySlice_GetIndicesEx': unreferenced local function has been removed (PyPy only) +# pragma warning(disable: 4505) +# if defined(_DEBUG) && !defined(Py_DEBUG) +// Workaround for a VS 2022 issue. +// NOTE: This workaround knowingly violates the Python.h include order requirement: +// https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/intro.html#include-files +// See https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/3497 for full context. +# include +# if _MSVC_STL_VERSION >= 143 +# include +# endif +# define PYBIND11_DEBUG_MARKER +# undef _DEBUG +# endif +#endif + +// https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/chrono/localtime +#if defined(__STDC_LIB_EXT1__) && !defined(__STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__) +# define __STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__ +#endif + +#ifdef __has_include +// std::optional (but including it in c++14 mode isn't allowed) +# if defined(PYBIND11_CPP17) && __has_include() +# define PYBIND11_HAS_OPTIONAL 1 +# endif +// std::experimental::optional (but not allowed in c++11 mode) +# if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14) && (__has_include() && \ + !__has_include()) +# define PYBIND11_HAS_EXP_OPTIONAL 1 +# endif +// std::variant +# if defined(PYBIND11_CPP17) && __has_include() +# define PYBIND11_HAS_VARIANT 1 +# endif +#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(PYBIND11_CPP17) +# define PYBIND11_HAS_OPTIONAL 1 +# define PYBIND11_HAS_VARIANT 1 +#endif + +#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP17) +# if defined(__has_include) +# if __has_include() +# define PYBIND11_HAS_STRING_VIEW +# endif +# elif defined(_MSC_VER) +# define PYBIND11_HAS_STRING_VIEW +# endif +#endif + +#if defined(__cpp_lib_char8_t) && __cpp_lib_char8_t >= 201811L +# define PYBIND11_HAS_U8STRING +#endif + + +#include +#include +#include + +/* Python #defines overrides on all sorts of core functions, which + tends to weak havok in C++ codebases that expect these to work + like regular functions (potentially with several overloads) */ +#if defined(isalnum) +# undef isalnum +# undef isalpha +# undef islower +# undef isspace +# undef isupper +# undef tolower +# undef toupper +#endif + +#if defined(copysign) +# undef copysign +#endif + +#if defined(_MSC_VER) +# if defined(PYBIND11_DEBUG_MARKER) +# define _DEBUG +# undef PYBIND11_DEBUG_MARKER +# endif +# pragma warning(pop) +#endif + +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#if defined(__has_include) +# if __has_include() +# include +# endif +#endif + +// #define PYBIND11_STR_LEGACY_PERMISSIVE +// If DEFINED, pybind11::str can hold PyUnicodeObject or PyBytesObject +// (probably surprising and never documented, but this was the +// legacy behavior until and including v2.6.x). As a side-effect, +// pybind11::isinstance() is true for both pybind11::str and +// pybind11::bytes. +// If UNDEFINED, pybind11::str can only hold PyUnicodeObject, and +// pybind11::isinstance() is true only for pybind11::str. +// However, for Python 2 only (!), the pybind11::str caster +// implicitly decodes bytes to PyUnicodeObject. This is to ease +// the transition from the legacy behavior to the non-permissive +// behavior. + +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 /// Compatibility macros for various Python versions +#define PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_NEW(ptr, class_) PyInstanceMethod_New(ptr) +#define PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_CHECK PyInstanceMethod_Check +#define PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_GET_FUNCTION PyInstanceMethod_GET_FUNCTION +#define PYBIND11_BYTES_CHECK PyBytes_Check +#define PYBIND11_BYTES_FROM_STRING PyBytes_FromString +#define PYBIND11_BYTES_FROM_STRING_AND_SIZE PyBytes_FromStringAndSize +#define PYBIND11_BYTES_AS_STRING_AND_SIZE PyBytes_AsStringAndSize +#define PYBIND11_BYTES_AS_STRING PyBytes_AsString +#define PYBIND11_BYTES_SIZE PyBytes_Size +#define PYBIND11_LONG_CHECK(o) PyLong_Check(o) +#define PYBIND11_LONG_AS_LONGLONG(o) PyLong_AsLongLong(o) +#define PYBIND11_LONG_FROM_SIGNED(o) PyLong_FromSsize_t((ssize_t) (o)) +#define PYBIND11_LONG_FROM_UNSIGNED(o) PyLong_FromSize_t((size_t) (o)) +#define PYBIND11_BYTES_NAME "bytes" +#define PYBIND11_STRING_NAME "str" +#define PYBIND11_SLICE_OBJECT PyObject +#define PYBIND11_FROM_STRING PyUnicode_FromString +#define PYBIND11_STR_TYPE ::pybind11::str +#define PYBIND11_BOOL_ATTR "__bool__" +#define PYBIND11_NB_BOOL(ptr) ((ptr)->nb_bool) +#define PYBIND11_BUILTINS_MODULE "builtins" +// Providing a separate declaration to make Clang's -Wmissing-prototypes happy. +// See comment for PYBIND11_MODULE below for why this is marked "maybe unused". +#define PYBIND11_PLUGIN_IMPL(name) \ + extern "C" PYBIND11_MAYBE_UNUSED PYBIND11_EXPORT PyObject *PyInit_##name(); \ + extern "C" PYBIND11_EXPORT PyObject *PyInit_##name() + +#else +#define PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_NEW(ptr, class_) PyMethod_New(ptr, nullptr, class_) +#define PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_CHECK PyMethod_Check +#define PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_GET_FUNCTION PyMethod_GET_FUNCTION +#define PYBIND11_BYTES_CHECK PyString_Check +#define PYBIND11_BYTES_FROM_STRING PyString_FromString +#define PYBIND11_BYTES_FROM_STRING_AND_SIZE PyString_FromStringAndSize +#define PYBIND11_BYTES_AS_STRING_AND_SIZE PyString_AsStringAndSize +#define PYBIND11_BYTES_AS_STRING PyString_AsString +#define PYBIND11_BYTES_SIZE PyString_Size +#define PYBIND11_LONG_CHECK(o) (PyInt_Check(o) || PyLong_Check(o)) +#define PYBIND11_LONG_AS_LONGLONG(o) (PyInt_Check(o) ? (long long) PyLong_AsLong(o) : PyLong_AsLongLong(o)) +#define PYBIND11_LONG_FROM_SIGNED(o) PyInt_FromSsize_t((ssize_t) o) // Returns long if needed. +#define PYBIND11_LONG_FROM_UNSIGNED(o) PyInt_FromSize_t((size_t) o) // Returns long if needed. +#define PYBIND11_BYTES_NAME "str" +#define PYBIND11_STRING_NAME "unicode" +#define PYBIND11_SLICE_OBJECT PySliceObject +#define PYBIND11_FROM_STRING PyString_FromString +#define PYBIND11_STR_TYPE ::pybind11::bytes +#define PYBIND11_BOOL_ATTR "__nonzero__" +#define PYBIND11_NB_BOOL(ptr) ((ptr)->nb_nonzero) +#define PYBIND11_BUILTINS_MODULE "__builtin__" +// Providing a separate PyInit decl to make Clang's -Wmissing-prototypes happy. +// See comment for PYBIND11_MODULE below for why this is marked "maybe unused". +#define PYBIND11_PLUGIN_IMPL(name) \ + static PyObject *pybind11_init_wrapper(); \ + extern "C" PYBIND11_MAYBE_UNUSED PYBIND11_EXPORT void init##name(); \ + extern "C" PYBIND11_EXPORT void init##name() { \ + (void)pybind11_init_wrapper(); \ + } \ + PyObject *pybind11_init_wrapper() +#endif + +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03050000 && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03050200 +extern "C" { + struct _Py_atomic_address { void *value; }; + PyAPI_DATA(_Py_atomic_address) _PyThreadState_Current; +} +#endif + +#define PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD ((PyObject *) 1) // special failure return code +#define PYBIND11_STRINGIFY(x) #x +#define PYBIND11_TOSTRING(x) PYBIND11_STRINGIFY(x) +#define PYBIND11_CONCAT(first, second) first##second +#define PYBIND11_ENSURE_INTERNALS_READY \ + pybind11::detail::get_internals(); + +#define PYBIND11_CHECK_PYTHON_VERSION \ + { \ + const char *compiled_ver = PYBIND11_TOSTRING(PY_MAJOR_VERSION) \ + "." PYBIND11_TOSTRING(PY_MINOR_VERSION); \ + const char *runtime_ver = Py_GetVersion(); \ + size_t len = std::strlen(compiled_ver); \ + if (std::strncmp(runtime_ver, compiled_ver, len) != 0 \ + || (runtime_ver[len] >= '0' && runtime_ver[len] <= '9')) { \ + PyErr_Format(PyExc_ImportError, \ + "Python version mismatch: module was compiled for Python %s, " \ + "but the interpreter version is incompatible: %s.", \ + compiled_ver, runtime_ver); \ + return nullptr; \ + } \ + } + +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03030000 + +#define PYBIND11_CATCH_INIT_EXCEPTIONS \ + catch (pybind11::error_already_set &e) { \ + pybind11::raise_from(e, PyExc_ImportError, "initialization failed"); \ + return nullptr; \ + } catch (const std::exception &e) { \ + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, e.what()); \ + return nullptr; \ + } \ + +#else + +#define PYBIND11_CATCH_INIT_EXCEPTIONS \ + catch (pybind11::error_already_set &e) { \ + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, e.what()); \ + return nullptr; \ + } catch (const std::exception &e) { \ + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, e.what()); \ + return nullptr; \ + } \ + +#endif + +/** \rst + ***Deprecated in favor of PYBIND11_MODULE*** + + This macro creates the entry point that will be invoked when the Python interpreter + imports a plugin library. Please create a `module_` in the function body and return + the pointer to its underlying Python object at the end. + + .. code-block:: cpp + + PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) { + pybind11::module_ m("example", "pybind11 example plugin"); + /// Set up bindings here + return m.ptr(); + } +\endrst */ +#define PYBIND11_PLUGIN(name) \ + PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("PYBIND11_PLUGIN is deprecated, use PYBIND11_MODULE") \ + static PyObject *pybind11_init(); \ + PYBIND11_PLUGIN_IMPL(name) { \ + PYBIND11_CHECK_PYTHON_VERSION \ + PYBIND11_ENSURE_INTERNALS_READY \ + try { \ + return pybind11_init(); \ + } PYBIND11_CATCH_INIT_EXCEPTIONS \ + } \ + PyObject *pybind11_init() + +/** \rst + This macro creates the entry point that will be invoked when the Python interpreter + imports an extension module. The module name is given as the fist argument and it + should not be in quotes. The second macro argument defines a variable of type + `py::module_` which can be used to initialize the module. + + The entry point is marked as "maybe unused" to aid dead-code detection analysis: + since the entry point is typically only looked up at runtime and not referenced + during translation, it would otherwise appear as unused ("dead") code. + + .. code-block:: cpp + + PYBIND11_MODULE(example, m) { + m.doc() = "pybind11 example module"; + + // Add bindings here + m.def("foo", []() { + return "Hello, World!"; + }); + } +\endrst */ +#define PYBIND11_MODULE(name, variable) \ + static ::pybind11::module_::module_def PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_module_def_, name) \ + PYBIND11_MAYBE_UNUSED; \ + PYBIND11_MAYBE_UNUSED \ + static void PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_init_, name)(::pybind11::module_ &); \ + PYBIND11_PLUGIN_IMPL(name) { \ + PYBIND11_CHECK_PYTHON_VERSION \ + PYBIND11_ENSURE_INTERNALS_READY \ + auto m = ::pybind11::module_::create_extension_module( \ + PYBIND11_TOSTRING(name), nullptr, &PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_module_def_, name)); \ + try { \ + PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_init_, name)(m); \ + return m.ptr(); \ + } \ + PYBIND11_CATCH_INIT_EXCEPTIONS \ + } \ + void PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_init_, name)(::pybind11::module_ & (variable)) + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) + +using ssize_t = Py_ssize_t; +using size_t = std::size_t; + +template +inline ssize_t ssize_t_cast(const IntType &val) { + static_assert(sizeof(IntType) <= sizeof(ssize_t), "Implicit narrowing is not permitted."); + return static_cast(val); +} + +/// Approach used to cast a previously unknown C++ instance into a Python object +enum class return_value_policy : uint8_t { + /** This is the default return value policy, which falls back to the policy + return_value_policy::take_ownership when the return value is a pointer. + Otherwise, it uses return_value::move or return_value::copy for rvalue + and lvalue references, respectively. See below for a description of what + all of these different policies do. */ + automatic = 0, + + /** As above, but use policy return_value_policy::reference when the return + value is a pointer. This is the default conversion policy for function + arguments when calling Python functions manually from C++ code (i.e. via + handle::operator()). You probably won't need to use this. */ + automatic_reference, + + /** Reference an existing object (i.e. do not create a new copy) and take + ownership. Python will call the destructor and delete operator when the + object’s reference count reaches zero. Undefined behavior ensues when + the C++ side does the same.. */ + take_ownership, + + /** Create a new copy of the returned object, which will be owned by + Python. This policy is comparably safe because the lifetimes of the two + instances are decoupled. */ + copy, + + /** Use std::move to move the return value contents into a new instance + that will be owned by Python. This policy is comparably safe because the + lifetimes of the two instances (move source and destination) are + decoupled. */ + move, + + /** Reference an existing object, but do not take ownership. The C++ side + is responsible for managing the object’s lifetime and deallocating it + when it is no longer used. Warning: undefined behavior will ensue when + the C++ side deletes an object that is still referenced and used by + Python. */ + reference, + + /** This policy only applies to methods and properties. It references the + object without taking ownership similar to the above + return_value_policy::reference policy. In contrast to that policy, the + function or property’s implicit this argument (called the parent) is + considered to be the the owner of the return value (the child). + pybind11 then couples the lifetime of the parent to the child via a + reference relationship that ensures that the parent cannot be garbage + collected while Python is still using the child. More advanced + variations of this scheme are also possible using combinations of + return_value_policy::reference and the keep_alive call policy */ + reference_internal +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +inline static constexpr int log2(size_t n, int k = 0) { return (n <= 1) ? k : log2(n >> 1, k + 1); } + +// Returns the size as a multiple of sizeof(void *), rounded up. +inline static constexpr size_t size_in_ptrs(size_t s) { return 1 + ((s - 1) >> log2(sizeof(void *))); } + +/** + * The space to allocate for simple layout instance holders (see below) in multiple of the size of + * a pointer (e.g. 2 means 16 bytes on 64-bit architectures). The default is the minimum required + * to holder either a std::unique_ptr or std::shared_ptr (which is almost always + * sizeof(std::shared_ptr)). + */ +constexpr size_t instance_simple_holder_in_ptrs() { + static_assert(sizeof(std::shared_ptr) >= sizeof(std::unique_ptr), + "pybind assumes std::shared_ptrs are at least as big as std::unique_ptrs"); + return size_in_ptrs(sizeof(std::shared_ptr)); +} + +// Forward declarations +struct type_info; +struct value_and_holder; + +struct nonsimple_values_and_holders { + void **values_and_holders; + uint8_t *status; +}; + +/// The 'instance' type which needs to be standard layout (need to be able to use 'offsetof') +struct instance { + PyObject_HEAD + /// Storage for pointers and holder; see simple_layout, below, for a description + union { + void *simple_value_holder[1 + instance_simple_holder_in_ptrs()]; + nonsimple_values_and_holders nonsimple; + }; + /// Weak references + PyObject *weakrefs; + /// If true, the pointer is owned which means we're free to manage it with a holder. + bool owned : 1; + /** + * An instance has two possible value/holder layouts. + * + * Simple layout (when this flag is true), means the `simple_value_holder` is set with a pointer + * and the holder object governing that pointer, i.e. [val1*][holder]. This layout is applied + * whenever there is no python-side multiple inheritance of bound C++ types *and* the type's + * holder will fit in the default space (which is large enough to hold either a std::unique_ptr + * or std::shared_ptr). + * + * Non-simple layout applies when using custom holders that require more space than `shared_ptr` + * (which is typically the size of two pointers), or when multiple inheritance is used on the + * python side. Non-simple layout allocates the required amount of memory to have multiple + * bound C++ classes as parents. Under this layout, `nonsimple.values_and_holders` is set to a + * pointer to allocated space of the required space to hold a sequence of value pointers and + * holders followed `status`, a set of bit flags (1 byte each), i.e. + * [val1*][holder1][val2*][holder2]...[bb...] where each [block] is rounded up to a multiple of + * `sizeof(void *)`. `nonsimple.status` is, for convenience, a pointer to the + * beginning of the [bb...] block (but not independently allocated). + * + * Status bits indicate whether the associated holder is constructed (& + * status_holder_constructed) and whether the value pointer is registered (& + * status_instance_registered) in `registered_instances`. + */ + bool simple_layout : 1; + /// For simple layout, tracks whether the holder has been constructed + bool simple_holder_constructed : 1; + /// For simple layout, tracks whether the instance is registered in `registered_instances` + bool simple_instance_registered : 1; + /// If true, get_internals().patients has an entry for this object + bool has_patients : 1; + + /// Initializes all of the above type/values/holders data (but not the instance values themselves) + void allocate_layout(); + + /// Destroys/deallocates all of the above + void deallocate_layout(); + + /// Returns the value_and_holder wrapper for the given type (or the first, if `find_type` + /// omitted). Returns a default-constructed (with `.inst = nullptr`) object on failure if + /// `throw_if_missing` is false. + value_and_holder get_value_and_holder(const type_info *find_type = nullptr, bool throw_if_missing = true); + + /// Bit values for the non-simple status flags + static constexpr uint8_t status_holder_constructed = 1; + static constexpr uint8_t status_instance_registered = 2; +}; + +static_assert(std::is_standard_layout::value, "Internal error: `pybind11::detail::instance` is not standard layout!"); + +/// from __cpp_future__ import (convenient aliases from C++14/17) +#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14) && (!defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER >= 1910) +using std::enable_if_t; +using std::conditional_t; +using std::remove_cv_t; +using std::remove_reference_t; +#else +template using enable_if_t = typename std::enable_if::type; +template using conditional_t = typename std::conditional::type; +template using remove_cv_t = typename std::remove_cv::type; +template using remove_reference_t = typename std::remove_reference::type; +#endif + +#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP20) +using std::remove_cvref; +using std::remove_cvref_t; +#else +template +struct remove_cvref { + using type = remove_cv_t>; +}; +template +using remove_cvref_t = typename remove_cvref::type; +#endif + +/// Index sequences +#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14) +using std::index_sequence; +using std::make_index_sequence; +#else +template struct index_sequence { }; +template struct make_index_sequence_impl : make_index_sequence_impl { }; +template struct make_index_sequence_impl <0, S...> { using type = index_sequence; }; +template using make_index_sequence = typename make_index_sequence_impl::type; +#endif + +/// Make an index sequence of the indices of true arguments +template struct select_indices_impl { using type = ISeq; }; +template struct select_indices_impl, I, B, Bs...> + : select_indices_impl, index_sequence>, I + 1, Bs...> {}; +template using select_indices = typename select_indices_impl, 0, Bs...>::type; + +/// Backports of std::bool_constant and std::negation to accommodate older compilers +template using bool_constant = std::integral_constant; +template struct negation : bool_constant { }; + +// PGI/Intel cannot detect operator delete with the "compatible" void_t impl, so +// using the new one (C++14 defect, so generally works on newer compilers, even +// if not in C++17 mode) +#if defined(__PGIC__) || defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) +template using void_t = void; +#else +template struct void_t_impl { using type = void; }; +template using void_t = typename void_t_impl::type; +#endif + + +/// Compile-time all/any/none of that check the boolean value of all template types +#if defined(__cpp_fold_expressions) && !(defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER < 1916)) +template using all_of = bool_constant<(Ts::value && ...)>; +template using any_of = bool_constant<(Ts::value || ...)>; +#elif !defined(_MSC_VER) +template struct bools {}; +template using all_of = std::is_same< + bools, + bools>; +template using any_of = negation...>>; +#else +// MSVC has trouble with the above, but supports std::conjunction, which we can use instead (albeit +// at a slight loss of compilation efficiency). +template using all_of = std::conjunction; +template using any_of = std::disjunction; +#endif +template using none_of = negation>; + +template class... Predicates> using satisfies_all_of = all_of...>; +template class... Predicates> using satisfies_any_of = any_of...>; +template class... Predicates> using satisfies_none_of = none_of...>; + +/// Strip the class from a method type +template struct remove_class { }; +template struct remove_class { using type = R (A...); }; +template struct remove_class { using type = R (A...); }; + +/// Helper template to strip away type modifiers +template struct intrinsic_type { using type = T; }; +template struct intrinsic_type { using type = typename intrinsic_type::type; }; +template struct intrinsic_type { using type = typename intrinsic_type::type; }; +template struct intrinsic_type { using type = typename intrinsic_type::type; }; +template struct intrinsic_type { using type = typename intrinsic_type::type; }; +template struct intrinsic_type { using type = typename intrinsic_type::type; }; +template struct intrinsic_type { using type = typename intrinsic_type::type; }; +template using intrinsic_t = typename intrinsic_type::type; + +/// Helper type to replace 'void' in some expressions +struct void_type { }; + +/// Helper template which holds a list of types +template struct type_list { }; + +/// Compile-time integer sum +#ifdef __cpp_fold_expressions +template constexpr size_t constexpr_sum(Ts... ns) { return (0 + ... + size_t{ns}); } +#else +constexpr size_t constexpr_sum() { return 0; } +template +constexpr size_t constexpr_sum(T n, Ts... ns) { return size_t{n} + constexpr_sum(ns...); } +#endif + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(constexpr_impl) +/// Implementation details for constexpr functions +constexpr int first(int i) { return i; } +template +constexpr int first(int i, T v, Ts... vs) { return v ? i : first(i + 1, vs...); } + +constexpr int last(int /*i*/, int result) { return result; } +template +constexpr int last(int i, int result, T v, Ts... vs) { return last(i + 1, v ? i : result, vs...); } +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(constexpr_impl) + +/// Return the index of the first type in Ts which satisfies Predicate. Returns sizeof...(Ts) if +/// none match. +template class Predicate, typename... Ts> +constexpr int constexpr_first() { return constexpr_impl::first(0, Predicate::value...); } + +/// Return the index of the last type in Ts which satisfies Predicate, or -1 if none match. +template class Predicate, typename... Ts> +constexpr int constexpr_last() { return constexpr_impl::last(0, -1, Predicate::value...); } + +/// Return the Nth element from the parameter pack +template +struct pack_element { using type = typename pack_element::type; }; +template +struct pack_element<0, T, Ts...> { using type = T; }; + +/// Return the one and only type which matches the predicate, or Default if none match. +/// If more than one type matches the predicate, fail at compile-time. +template class Predicate, typename Default, typename... Ts> +struct exactly_one { + static constexpr auto found = constexpr_sum(Predicate::value...); + static_assert(found <= 1, "Found more than one type matching the predicate"); + + static constexpr auto index = found ? constexpr_first() : 0; + using type = conditional_t::type, Default>; +}; +template class P, typename Default> +struct exactly_one { using type = Default; }; + +template class Predicate, typename Default, typename... Ts> +using exactly_one_t = typename exactly_one::type; + +/// Defer the evaluation of type T until types Us are instantiated +template struct deferred_type { using type = T; }; +template using deferred_t = typename deferred_type::type; + +/// Like is_base_of, but requires a strict base (i.e. `is_strict_base_of::value == false`, +/// unlike `std::is_base_of`) +template using is_strict_base_of = bool_constant< + std::is_base_of::value && !std::is_same::value>; + +/// Like is_base_of, but also requires that the base type is accessible (i.e. that a Derived pointer +/// can be converted to a Base pointer) +/// For unions, `is_base_of::value` is False, so we need to check `is_same` as well. +template using is_accessible_base_of = bool_constant< + (std::is_same::value || std::is_base_of::value) && std::is_convertible::value>; + +template class Base> +struct is_template_base_of_impl { + template static std::true_type check(Base *); + static std::false_type check(...); +}; + +/// Check if a template is the base of a type. For example: +/// `is_template_base_of` is true if `struct T : Base {}` where U can be anything +template class Base, typename T> +#if !defined(_MSC_VER) +using is_template_base_of = decltype(is_template_base_of_impl::check((intrinsic_t*)nullptr)); +#else // MSVC2015 has trouble with decltype in template aliases +struct is_template_base_of : decltype(is_template_base_of_impl::check((intrinsic_t*)nullptr)) { }; +#endif + +/// Check if T is an instantiation of the template `Class`. For example: +/// `is_instantiation` is true if `T == shared_ptr` where U can be anything. +template class Class, typename T> +struct is_instantiation : std::false_type { }; +template class Class, typename... Us> +struct is_instantiation> : std::true_type { }; + +/// Check if T is std::shared_ptr where U can be anything +template using is_shared_ptr = is_instantiation; + +/// Check if T looks like an input iterator +template struct is_input_iterator : std::false_type {}; +template +struct is_input_iterator()), decltype(++std::declval())>> + : std::true_type {}; + +template using is_function_pointer = bool_constant< + std::is_pointer::value && std::is_function::type>::value>; + +template struct strip_function_object { + // If you are encountering an + // 'error: name followed by "::" must be a class or namespace name' + // with the Intel compiler and a noexcept function here, + // try to use noexcept(true) instead of plain noexcept. + using type = typename remove_class::type; +}; + +// Extracts the function signature from a function, function pointer or lambda. +template > +using function_signature_t = conditional_t< + std::is_function::value, + F, + typename conditional_t< + std::is_pointer::value || std::is_member_pointer::value, + std::remove_pointer, + strip_function_object + >::type +>; + +/// Returns true if the type looks like a lambda: that is, isn't a function, pointer or member +/// pointer. Note that this can catch all sorts of other things, too; this is intended to be used +/// in a place where passing a lambda makes sense. +template using is_lambda = satisfies_none_of, + std::is_function, std::is_pointer, std::is_member_pointer>; + +// [workaround(intel)] Internal error on fold expression +/// Apply a function over each element of a parameter pack +#if defined(__cpp_fold_expressions) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) +// Intel compiler produces an internal error on this fold expression (tested with ICC 19.0.2) +#define PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS(PATTERN) (((PATTERN), void()), ...) +#else +using expand_side_effects = bool[]; +#define PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS(PATTERN) (void)pybind11::detail::expand_side_effects{ ((PATTERN), void(), false)..., false } +#endif + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +#if defined(_MSC_VER) +# pragma warning(push) +# pragma warning(disable: 4275) // warning C4275: An exported class was derived from a class that wasn't exported. Can be ignored when derived from a STL class. +#endif +/// C++ bindings of builtin Python exceptions +class PYBIND11_EXPORT_EXCEPTION builtin_exception : public std::runtime_error { +public: + using std::runtime_error::runtime_error; + /// Set the error using the Python C API + virtual void set_error() const = 0; +}; +#if defined(_MSC_VER) +# pragma warning(pop) +#endif + +#define PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(name, type) \ + class PYBIND11_EXPORT_EXCEPTION name : public builtin_exception { public: \ + using builtin_exception::builtin_exception; \ + name() : name("") { } \ + void set_error() const override { PyErr_SetString(type, what()); } \ + }; + +PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(stop_iteration, PyExc_StopIteration) +PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(index_error, PyExc_IndexError) +PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(key_error, PyExc_KeyError) +PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(value_error, PyExc_ValueError) +PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(type_error, PyExc_TypeError) +PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(buffer_error, PyExc_BufferError) +PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(import_error, PyExc_ImportError) +PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(attribute_error, PyExc_AttributeError) +PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(cast_error, PyExc_RuntimeError) /// Thrown when pybind11::cast or handle::call fail due to a type casting error +PYBIND11_RUNTIME_EXCEPTION(reference_cast_error, PyExc_RuntimeError) /// Used internally + +[[noreturn]] PYBIND11_NOINLINE void pybind11_fail(const char *reason) { throw std::runtime_error(reason); } +[[noreturn]] PYBIND11_NOINLINE void pybind11_fail(const std::string &reason) { throw std::runtime_error(reason); } + +template struct format_descriptor { }; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) +// Returns the index of the given type in the type char array below, and in the list in numpy.h +// The order here is: bool; 8 ints ((signed,unsigned)x(8,16,32,64)bits); float,double,long double; +// complex float,double,long double. Note that the long double types only participate when long +// double is actually longer than double (it isn't under MSVC). +// NB: not only the string below but also complex.h and numpy.h rely on this order. +template struct is_fmt_numeric { static constexpr bool value = false; }; +template struct is_fmt_numeric::value>> { + static constexpr bool value = true; + static constexpr int index = std::is_same::value ? 0 : 1 + ( + std::is_integral::value ? detail::log2(sizeof(T))*2 + std::is_unsigned::value : 8 + ( + std::is_same::value ? 1 : std::is_same::value ? 2 : 0)); +}; +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +template struct format_descriptor::value>> { + static constexpr const char c = "?bBhHiIqQfdg"[detail::is_fmt_numeric::index]; + static constexpr const char value[2] = { c, '\0' }; + static std::string format() { return std::string(1, c); } +}; + +#if !defined(PYBIND11_CPP17) + +template constexpr const char format_descriptor< + T, detail::enable_if_t::value>>::value[2]; + +#endif + +/// RAII wrapper that temporarily clears any Python error state +struct error_scope { + PyObject *type, *value, *trace; + error_scope() { PyErr_Fetch(&type, &value, &trace); } + ~error_scope() { PyErr_Restore(type, value, trace); } +}; + +/// Dummy destructor wrapper that can be used to expose classes with a private destructor +struct nodelete { template void operator()(T*) { } }; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) +template +struct overload_cast_impl { + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(modernize-use-equals-default): MSVC 2015 needs this + constexpr overload_cast_impl() {} + + template + constexpr auto operator()(Return (*pf)(Args...)) const noexcept + -> decltype(pf) { return pf; } + + template + constexpr auto operator()(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...), std::false_type = {}) const noexcept + -> decltype(pmf) { return pmf; } + + template + constexpr auto operator()(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...) const, std::true_type) const noexcept + -> decltype(pmf) { return pmf; } +}; +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +// overload_cast requires variable templates: C++14 +#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14) +#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_CAST 1 +/// Syntax sugar for resolving overloaded function pointers: +/// - regular: static_cast(&Class::func) +/// - sweet: overload_cast(&Class::func) +template +static constexpr detail::overload_cast_impl overload_cast = {}; +// MSVC 2015 only accepts this particular initialization syntax for this variable template. +#endif + +/// Const member function selector for overload_cast +/// - regular: static_cast(&Class::func) +/// - sweet: overload_cast(&Class::func, const_) +static constexpr auto const_ = std::true_type{}; + +#if !defined(PYBIND11_CPP14) // no overload_cast: providing something that static_assert-fails: +template struct overload_cast { + static_assert(detail::deferred_t::value, + "pybind11::overload_cast<...> requires compiling in C++14 mode"); +}; +#endif // overload_cast + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +// Adaptor for converting arbitrary container arguments into a vector; implicitly convertible from +// any standard container (or C-style array) supporting std::begin/std::end, any singleton +// arithmetic type (if T is arithmetic), or explicitly constructible from an iterator pair. +template +class any_container { + std::vector v; +public: + any_container() = default; + + // Can construct from a pair of iterators + template ::value>> + any_container(It first, It last) : v(first, last) { } + + // Implicit conversion constructor from any arbitrary container type with values convertible to T + template ())), T>::value>> + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + any_container(const Container &c) : any_container(std::begin(c), std::end(c)) { } + + // initializer_list's aren't deducible, so don't get matched by the above template; we need this + // to explicitly allow implicit conversion from one: + template ::value>> + any_container(const std::initializer_list &c) : any_container(c.begin(), c.end()) { } + + // Avoid copying if given an rvalue vector of the correct type. + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + any_container(std::vector &&v) : v(std::move(v)) { } + + // Moves the vector out of an rvalue any_container + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + operator std::vector &&() && { return std::move(v); } + + // Dereferencing obtains a reference to the underlying vector + std::vector &operator*() { return v; } + const std::vector &operator*() const { return v; } + + // -> lets you call methods on the underlying vector + std::vector *operator->() { return &v; } + const std::vector *operator->() const { return &v; } +}; + +// Forward-declaration; see detail/class.h +std::string get_fully_qualified_tp_name(PyTypeObject*); + +template +inline static std::shared_ptr try_get_shared_from_this(std::enable_shared_from_this *holder_value_ptr) { +// Pre C++17, this code path exploits undefined behavior, but is known to work on many platforms. +// Use at your own risk! +// See also https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/enable_shared_from_this, and in particular +// the `std::shared_ptr gp1 = not_so_good.getptr();` and `try`-`catch` parts of the example. +#if defined(__cpp_lib_enable_shared_from_this) && (!defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER >= 1912) + return holder_value_ptr->weak_from_this().lock(); +#else + try { + return holder_value_ptr->shared_from_this(); + } + catch (const std::bad_weak_ptr &) { + return nullptr; + } +#endif +} + +// For silencing "unused" compiler warnings in special situations. +template +#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1910 && _MSC_VER < 1920 // MSVC 2017 +constexpr +#endif +inline void silence_unused_warnings(Args &&...) {} + +// MSVC warning C4100: Unreferenced formal parameter +#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER <= 1916 +# define PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(...) \ + detail::silence_unused_warnings(__VA_ARGS__) +#else +# define PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(...) +#endif + +// GCC -Wunused-but-set-parameter All GCC versions (as of July 2021). +#if defined(__GNUG__) && !defined(__clang__) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) +# define PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_GCC_UNUSED_BUT_SET_PARAMETER(...) \ + detail::silence_unused_warnings(__VA_ARGS__) +#else +# define PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_GCC_UNUSED_BUT_SET_PARAMETER(...) +#endif + +#if defined(_MSC_VER) // All versions (as of July 2021). + +// warning C4127: Conditional expression is constant +constexpr inline bool silence_msvc_c4127(bool cond) { return cond; } + +# define PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(...) ::pybind11::detail::silence_msvc_c4127(__VA_ARGS__) + +#else +# define PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(...) __VA_ARGS__ +#endif + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/detail/descr.h b/include/pybind11/detail/descr.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0f93e06b --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/detail/descr.h @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +/* + pybind11/detail/descr.h: Helper type for concatenating type signatures at compile time + + Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "common.h" + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +#if !defined(_MSC_VER) +# define PYBIND11_DESCR_CONSTEXPR static constexpr +#else +# define PYBIND11_DESCR_CONSTEXPR const +#endif + +/* Concatenate type signatures at compile time */ +template +struct descr { + char text[N + 1]{'\0'}; + + constexpr descr() = default; + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + constexpr descr(char const (&s)[N+1]) : descr(s, make_index_sequence()) { } + + template + constexpr descr(char const (&s)[N+1], index_sequence) : text{s[Is]..., '\0'} { } + + template + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + constexpr descr(char c, Chars... cs) : text{c, static_cast(cs)..., '\0'} { } + + static constexpr std::array types() { + return {{&typeid(Ts)..., nullptr}}; + } +}; + +template +constexpr descr plus_impl(const descr &a, const descr &b, + index_sequence, index_sequence) { + PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(b); + return {a.text[Is1]..., b.text[Is2]...}; +} + +template +constexpr descr operator+(const descr &a, const descr &b) { + return plus_impl(a, b, make_index_sequence(), make_index_sequence()); +} + +template +constexpr descr const_name(char const(&text)[N]) { return descr(text); } +constexpr descr<0> const_name(char const(&)[1]) { return {}; } + +template struct int_to_str : int_to_str { }; +template struct int_to_str<0, Digits...> { + // WARNING: This only works with C++17 or higher. + static constexpr auto digits = descr(('0' + Digits)...); +}; + +// Ternary description (like std::conditional) +template +constexpr enable_if_t> const_name(char const(&text1)[N1], char const(&)[N2]) { + return const_name(text1); +} +template +constexpr enable_if_t> const_name(char const(&)[N1], char const(&text2)[N2]) { + return const_name(text2); +} + +template +constexpr enable_if_t const_name(const T1 &d, const T2 &) { return d; } +template +constexpr enable_if_t const_name(const T1 &, const T2 &d) { return d; } + +template +auto constexpr const_name() -> remove_cv_t::digits)> { + return int_to_str::digits; +} + +template constexpr descr<1, Type> const_name() { return {'%'}; } + +// If "_" is defined as a macro, py::detail::_ cannot be provided. +// It is therefore best to use py::detail::const_name universally. +// This block is for backward compatibility only. +// (The const_name code is repeated to avoid introducing a "_" #define ourselves.) +#ifndef _ +#define PYBIND11_DETAIL_UNDERSCORE_BACKWARD_COMPATIBILITY +template +constexpr descr _(char const(&text)[N]) { return const_name(text); } +template +constexpr enable_if_t> _(char const(&text1)[N1], char const(&text2)[N2]) { + return const_name(text1, text2); +} +template +constexpr enable_if_t> _(char const(&text1)[N1], char const(&text2)[N2]) { + return const_name(text1, text2); +} +template +constexpr enable_if_t _(const T1 &d1, const T2 &d2) { return const_name(d1, d2); } +template +constexpr enable_if_t _(const T1 &d1, const T2 &d2) { return const_name(d1, d2); } + +template +auto constexpr _() -> remove_cv_t::digits)> { + return const_name(); +} +template constexpr descr<1, Type> _() { return const_name(); } +#endif // #ifndef _ + +constexpr descr<0> concat() { return {}; } + +template +constexpr descr concat(const descr &descr) { return descr; } + +template +constexpr auto concat(const descr &d, const Args &...args) + -> decltype(std::declval>() + concat(args...)) { + return d + const_name(", ") + concat(args...); +} + +template +constexpr descr type_descr(const descr &descr) { + return const_name("{") + descr + const_name("}"); +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/detail/init.h b/include/pybind11/detail/init.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..eaaad5a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/detail/init.h @@ -0,0 +1,346 @@ +/* + pybind11/detail/init.h: init factory function implementation and support code. + + Copyright (c) 2017 Jason Rhinelander + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "class.h" + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +template <> +class type_caster { +public: + bool load(handle h, bool) { + value = reinterpret_cast(h.ptr()); + return true; + } + + template using cast_op_type = value_and_holder &; + explicit operator value_and_holder &() { return *value; } + static constexpr auto name = const_name(); + +private: + value_and_holder *value = nullptr; +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(initimpl) + +inline void no_nullptr(void *ptr) { + if (!ptr) throw type_error("pybind11::init(): factory function returned nullptr"); +} + +// Implementing functions for all forms of py::init<...> and py::init(...) +template using Cpp = typename Class::type; +template using Alias = typename Class::type_alias; +template using Holder = typename Class::holder_type; + +template using is_alias_constructible = std::is_constructible, Cpp &&>; + +// Takes a Cpp pointer and returns true if it actually is a polymorphic Alias instance. +template = 0> +bool is_alias(Cpp *ptr) { + return dynamic_cast *>(ptr) != nullptr; +} +// Failing fallback version of the above for a no-alias class (always returns false) +template +constexpr bool is_alias(void *) { return false; } + +// Constructs and returns a new object; if the given arguments don't map to a constructor, we fall +// back to brace aggregate initiailization so that for aggregate initialization can be used with +// py::init, e.g. `py::init` to initialize a `struct T { int a; int b; }`. For +// non-aggregate types, we need to use an ordinary T(...) constructor (invoking as `T{...}` usually +// works, but will not do the expected thing when `T` has an `initializer_list` constructor). +template ::value, int> = 0> +inline Class *construct_or_initialize(Args &&...args) { return new Class(std::forward(args)...); } +template ::value, int> = 0> +inline Class *construct_or_initialize(Args &&...args) { return new Class{std::forward(args)...}; } + +// Attempts to constructs an alias using a `Alias(Cpp &&)` constructor. This allows types with +// an alias to provide only a single Cpp factory function as long as the Alias can be +// constructed from an rvalue reference of the base Cpp type. This means that Alias classes +// can, when appropriate, simply define a `Alias(Cpp &&)` constructor rather than needing to +// inherit all the base class constructors. +template +void construct_alias_from_cpp(std::true_type /*is_alias_constructible*/, + value_and_holder &v_h, Cpp &&base) { + v_h.value_ptr() = new Alias(std::move(base)); +} +template +[[noreturn]] void construct_alias_from_cpp(std::false_type /*!is_alias_constructible*/, + value_and_holder &, Cpp &&) { + throw type_error("pybind11::init(): unable to convert returned instance to required " + "alias class: no `Alias(Class &&)` constructor available"); +} + +// Error-generating fallback for factories that don't match one of the below construction +// mechanisms. +template +void construct(...) { + static_assert(!std::is_same::value /* always false */, + "pybind11::init(): init function must return a compatible pointer, " + "holder, or value"); +} + +// Pointer return v1: the factory function returns a class pointer for a registered class. +// If we don't need an alias (because this class doesn't have one, or because the final type is +// inherited on the Python side) we can simply take over ownership. Otherwise we need to try to +// construct an Alias from the returned base instance. +template +void construct(value_and_holder &v_h, Cpp *ptr, bool need_alias) { + PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(need_alias); + no_nullptr(ptr); + if (PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(Class::has_alias) && need_alias && !is_alias(ptr)) { + // We're going to try to construct an alias by moving the cpp type. Whether or not + // that succeeds, we still need to destroy the original cpp pointer (either the + // moved away leftover, if the alias construction works, or the value itself if we + // throw an error), but we can't just call `delete ptr`: it might have a special + // deleter, or might be shared_from_this. So we construct a holder around it as if + // it was a normal instance, then steal the holder away into a local variable; thus + // the holder and destruction happens when we leave the C++ scope, and the holder + // class gets to handle the destruction however it likes. + v_h.value_ptr() = ptr; + v_h.set_instance_registered(true); // To prevent init_instance from registering it + v_h.type->init_instance(v_h.inst, nullptr); // Set up the holder + Holder temp_holder(std::move(v_h.holder>())); // Steal the holder + v_h.type->dealloc(v_h); // Destroys the moved-out holder remains, resets value ptr to null + v_h.set_instance_registered(false); + + construct_alias_from_cpp(is_alias_constructible{}, v_h, std::move(*ptr)); + } else { + // Otherwise the type isn't inherited, so we don't need an Alias + v_h.value_ptr() = ptr; + } +} + +// Pointer return v2: a factory that always returns an alias instance ptr. We simply take over +// ownership of the pointer. +template = 0> +void construct(value_and_holder &v_h, Alias *alias_ptr, bool) { + no_nullptr(alias_ptr); + v_h.value_ptr() = static_cast *>(alias_ptr); +} + +// Holder return: copy its pointer, and move or copy the returned holder into the new instance's +// holder. This also handles types like std::shared_ptr and std::unique_ptr where T is a +// derived type (through those holder's implicit conversion from derived class holder constructors). +template +void construct(value_and_holder &v_h, Holder holder, bool need_alias) { + PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(need_alias); + auto *ptr = holder_helper>::get(holder); + no_nullptr(ptr); + // If we need an alias, check that the held pointer is actually an alias instance + if (PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(Class::has_alias) && need_alias && !is_alias(ptr)) + throw type_error("pybind11::init(): construction failed: returned holder-wrapped instance " + "is not an alias instance"); + + v_h.value_ptr() = ptr; + v_h.type->init_instance(v_h.inst, &holder); +} + +// return-by-value version 1: returning a cpp class by value. If the class has an alias and an +// alias is required the alias must have an `Alias(Cpp &&)` constructor so that we can construct +// the alias from the base when needed (i.e. because of Python-side inheritance). When we don't +// need it, we simply move-construct the cpp value into a new instance. +template +void construct(value_and_holder &v_h, Cpp &&result, bool need_alias) { + PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(need_alias); + static_assert(std::is_move_constructible>::value, + "pybind11::init() return-by-value factory function requires a movable class"); + if (PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(Class::has_alias) && need_alias) + construct_alias_from_cpp(is_alias_constructible{}, v_h, std::move(result)); + else + v_h.value_ptr() = new Cpp(std::move(result)); +} + +// return-by-value version 2: returning a value of the alias type itself. We move-construct an +// Alias instance (even if no the python-side inheritance is involved). The is intended for +// cases where Alias initialization is always desired. +template +void construct(value_and_holder &v_h, Alias &&result, bool) { + static_assert(std::is_move_constructible>::value, + "pybind11::init() return-by-alias-value factory function requires a movable alias class"); + v_h.value_ptr() = new Alias(std::move(result)); +} + +// Implementing class for py::init<...>() +template +struct constructor { + template = 0> + static void execute(Class &cl, const Extra&... extra) { + cl.def("__init__", [](value_and_holder &v_h, Args... args) { + v_h.value_ptr() = construct_or_initialize>(std::forward(args)...); + }, is_new_style_constructor(), extra...); + } + + template , Args...>::value, int> = 0> + static void execute(Class &cl, const Extra&... extra) { + cl.def("__init__", [](value_and_holder &v_h, Args... args) { + if (Py_TYPE(v_h.inst) == v_h.type->type) + v_h.value_ptr() = construct_or_initialize>(std::forward(args)...); + else + v_h.value_ptr() = construct_or_initialize>(std::forward(args)...); + }, is_new_style_constructor(), extra...); + } + + template , Args...>::value, int> = 0> + static void execute(Class &cl, const Extra&... extra) { + cl.def("__init__", [](value_and_holder &v_h, Args... args) { + v_h.value_ptr() = construct_or_initialize>(std::forward(args)...); + }, is_new_style_constructor(), extra...); + } +}; + +// Implementing class for py::init_alias<...>() +template struct alias_constructor { + template , Args...>::value, int> = 0> + static void execute(Class &cl, const Extra&... extra) { + cl.def("__init__", [](value_and_holder &v_h, Args... args) { + v_h.value_ptr() = construct_or_initialize>(std::forward(args)...); + }, is_new_style_constructor(), extra...); + } +}; + +// Implementation class for py::init(Func) and py::init(Func, AliasFunc) +template , typename = function_signature_t> +struct factory; + +// Specialization for py::init(Func) +template +struct factory { + remove_reference_t class_factory; + + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + factory(Func &&f) : class_factory(std::forward(f)) {} + + // The given class either has no alias or has no separate alias factory; + // this always constructs the class itself. If the class is registered with an alias + // type and an alias instance is needed (i.e. because the final type is a Python class + // inheriting from the C++ type) the returned value needs to either already be an alias + // instance, or the alias needs to be constructible from a `Class &&` argument. + template + void execute(Class &cl, const Extra &...extra) && { + #if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14) + cl.def("__init__", [func = std::move(class_factory)] + #else + auto &func = class_factory; + cl.def("__init__", [func] + #endif + (value_and_holder &v_h, Args... args) { + construct(v_h, func(std::forward(args)...), + Py_TYPE(v_h.inst) != v_h.type->type); + }, is_new_style_constructor(), extra...); + } +}; + +// Specialization for py::init(Func, AliasFunc) +template +struct factory { + static_assert(sizeof...(CArgs) == sizeof...(AArgs), + "pybind11::init(class_factory, alias_factory): class and alias factories " + "must have identical argument signatures"); + static_assert(all_of...>::value, + "pybind11::init(class_factory, alias_factory): class and alias factories " + "must have identical argument signatures"); + + remove_reference_t class_factory; + remove_reference_t alias_factory; + + factory(CFunc &&c, AFunc &&a) + : class_factory(std::forward(c)), alias_factory(std::forward(a)) { } + + // The class factory is called when the `self` type passed to `__init__` is the direct + // class (i.e. not inherited), the alias factory when `self` is a Python-side subtype. + template + void execute(Class &cl, const Extra&... extra) && { + static_assert(Class::has_alias, "The two-argument version of `py::init()` can " + "only be used if the class has an alias"); + #if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14) + cl.def("__init__", [class_func = std::move(class_factory), alias_func = std::move(alias_factory)] + #else + auto &class_func = class_factory; + auto &alias_func = alias_factory; + cl.def("__init__", [class_func, alias_func] + #endif + (value_and_holder &v_h, CArgs... args) { + if (Py_TYPE(v_h.inst) == v_h.type->type) + // If the instance type equals the registered type we don't have inheritance, so + // don't need the alias and can construct using the class function: + construct(v_h, class_func(std::forward(args)...), false); + else + construct(v_h, alias_func(std::forward(args)...), true); + }, is_new_style_constructor(), extra...); + } +}; + +/// Set just the C++ state. Same as `__init__`. +template +void setstate(value_and_holder &v_h, T &&result, bool need_alias) { + construct(v_h, std::forward(result), need_alias); +} + +/// Set both the C++ and Python states +template ::value, int> = 0> +void setstate(value_and_holder &v_h, std::pair &&result, bool need_alias) { + construct(v_h, std::move(result.first), need_alias); + auto d = handle(result.second); + if (PyDict_Check(d.ptr()) && PyDict_Size(d.ptr()) == 0) { + // Skipping setattr below, to not force use of py::dynamic_attr() for Class unnecessarily. + // See PR #2972 for details. + return; + } + setattr((PyObject *) v_h.inst, "__dict__", d); +} + +/// Implementation for py::pickle(GetState, SetState) +template , typename = function_signature_t> +struct pickle_factory; + +template +struct pickle_factory { + static_assert(std::is_same, intrinsic_t>::value, + "The type returned by `__getstate__` must be the same " + "as the argument accepted by `__setstate__`"); + + remove_reference_t get; + remove_reference_t set; + + pickle_factory(Get get, Set set) + : get(std::forward(get)), set(std::forward(set)) { } + + template + void execute(Class &cl, const Extra &...extra) && { + cl.def("__getstate__", std::move(get)); + +#if defined(PYBIND11_CPP14) + cl.def("__setstate__", [func = std::move(set)] +#else + auto &func = set; + cl.def("__setstate__", [func] +#endif + (value_and_holder &v_h, ArgState state) { + setstate(v_h, func(std::forward(state)), + Py_TYPE(v_h.inst) != v_h.type->type); + }, is_new_style_constructor(), extra...); + } +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(initimpl) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(pybind11) diff --git a/include/pybind11/detail/internals.h b/include/pybind11/detail/internals.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9edb9492 --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/detail/internals.h @@ -0,0 +1,553 @@ +/* + pybind11/detail/internals.h: Internal data structure and related functions + + Copyright (c) 2017 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "../pytypes.h" +#include + +/// Tracks the `internals` and `type_info` ABI version independent of the main library version. +/// +/// Some portions of the code use an ABI that is conditional depending on this +/// version number. That allows ABI-breaking changes to be "pre-implemented". +/// Once the default version number is incremented, the conditional logic that +/// no longer applies can be removed. Additionally, users that need not +/// maintain ABI compatibility can increase the version number in order to take +/// advantage of any functionality/efficiency improvements that depend on the +/// newer ABI. +/// +/// WARNING: If you choose to manually increase the ABI version, note that +/// pybind11 may not be tested as thoroughly with a non-default ABI version, and +/// further ABI-incompatible changes may be made before the ABI is officially +/// changed to the new version. +#ifndef PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION +# define PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION 4 +#endif + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) + +using ExceptionTranslator = void (*)(std::exception_ptr); + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +// Forward declarations +inline PyTypeObject *make_static_property_type(); +inline PyTypeObject *make_default_metaclass(); +inline PyObject *make_object_base_type(PyTypeObject *metaclass); + +// The old Python Thread Local Storage (TLS) API is deprecated in Python 3.7 in favor of the new +// Thread Specific Storage (TSS) API. +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03070000 +// Avoid unnecessary allocation of `Py_tss_t`, since we cannot use +// `Py_LIMITED_API` anyway. +# if PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION > 4 +# define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_REF Py_tss_t & +# ifdef __GNUC__ +// Clang on macOS warns due to `Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT` not specifying an initializer +// for every field. +# define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_INIT(var) \ + _Pragma("GCC diagnostic push") /**/ \ + _Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wmissing-field-initializers\"") /**/ \ + Py_tss_t var \ + = Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT; \ + _Pragma("GCC diagnostic pop") +# else +# define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_INIT(var) Py_tss_t var = Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT; +# endif +# define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_CREATE(var) (PyThread_tss_create(&(var)) == 0) +# define PYBIND11_TLS_GET_VALUE(key) PyThread_tss_get(&(key)) +# define PYBIND11_TLS_REPLACE_VALUE(key, value) PyThread_tss_set(&(key), (value)) +# define PYBIND11_TLS_DELETE_VALUE(key) PyThread_tss_set(&(key), nullptr) +# define PYBIND11_TLS_FREE(key) PyThread_tss_delete(&(key)) +# else +# define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_REF Py_tss_t * +# define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_INIT(var) Py_tss_t *var = nullptr; +# define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_CREATE(var) \ + (((var) = PyThread_tss_alloc()) != nullptr && (PyThread_tss_create((var)) == 0)) +# define PYBIND11_TLS_GET_VALUE(key) PyThread_tss_get((key)) +# define PYBIND11_TLS_REPLACE_VALUE(key, value) PyThread_tss_set((key), (value)) +# define PYBIND11_TLS_DELETE_VALUE(key) PyThread_tss_set((key), nullptr) +# define PYBIND11_TLS_FREE(key) PyThread_tss_free(key) +# endif +#else +// Usually an int but a long on Cygwin64 with Python 3.x +# define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_REF decltype(PyThread_create_key()) +# define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_INIT(var) PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_REF var = 0; +# define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_CREATE(var) (((var) = PyThread_create_key()) != -1) +# define PYBIND11_TLS_GET_VALUE(key) PyThread_get_key_value((key)) +# if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 || defined(PYPY_VERSION) +// On CPython < 3.4 and on PyPy, `PyThread_set_key_value` strangely does not set +// the value if it has already been set. Instead, it must first be deleted and +// then set again. +inline void tls_replace_value(PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_REF key, void *value) { + PyThread_delete_key_value(key); + PyThread_set_key_value(key, value); +} +# define PYBIND11_TLS_DELETE_VALUE(key) PyThread_delete_key_value(key) +# define PYBIND11_TLS_REPLACE_VALUE(key, value) \ + ::pybind11::detail::tls_replace_value((key), (value)) +# else +# define PYBIND11_TLS_DELETE_VALUE(key) PyThread_set_key_value((key), nullptr) +# define PYBIND11_TLS_REPLACE_VALUE(key, value) PyThread_set_key_value((key), (value)) +# endif +# define PYBIND11_TLS_FREE(key) (void) key +#endif + +// Python loads modules by default with dlopen with the RTLD_LOCAL flag; under libc++ and possibly +// other STLs, this means `typeid(A)` from one module won't equal `typeid(A)` from another module +// even when `A` is the same, non-hidden-visibility type (e.g. from a common include). Under +// libstdc++, this doesn't happen: equality and the type_index hash are based on the type name, +// which works. If not under a known-good stl, provide our own name-based hash and equality +// functions that use the type name. +#if defined(__GLIBCXX__) +inline bool same_type(const std::type_info &lhs, const std::type_info &rhs) { return lhs == rhs; } +using type_hash = std::hash; +using type_equal_to = std::equal_to; +#else +inline bool same_type(const std::type_info &lhs, const std::type_info &rhs) { + return lhs.name() == rhs.name() || std::strcmp(lhs.name(), rhs.name()) == 0; +} + +struct type_hash { + size_t operator()(const std::type_index &t) const { + size_t hash = 5381; + const char *ptr = t.name(); + while (auto c = static_cast(*ptr++)) + hash = (hash * 33) ^ c; + return hash; + } +}; + +struct type_equal_to { + bool operator()(const std::type_index &lhs, const std::type_index &rhs) const { + return lhs.name() == rhs.name() || std::strcmp(lhs.name(), rhs.name()) == 0; + } +}; +#endif + +template +using type_map = std::unordered_map; + +struct override_hash { + inline size_t operator()(const std::pair& v) const { + size_t value = std::hash()(v.first); + value ^= std::hash()(v.second) + 0x9e3779b9 + (value<<6) + (value>>2); + return value; + } +}; + +/// Internal data structure used to track registered instances and types. +/// Whenever binary incompatible changes are made to this structure, +/// `PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION` must be incremented. +struct internals { + type_map registered_types_cpp; // std::type_index -> pybind11's type information + std::unordered_map> registered_types_py; // PyTypeObject* -> base type_info(s) + std::unordered_multimap registered_instances; // void * -> instance* + std::unordered_set, override_hash> inactive_override_cache; + type_map> direct_conversions; + std::unordered_map> patients; + std::forward_list registered_exception_translators; + std::unordered_map shared_data; // Custom data to be shared across extensions +#if PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION == 4 + std::vector unused_loader_patient_stack_remove_at_v5; +#endif + std::forward_list static_strings; // Stores the std::strings backing detail::c_str() + PyTypeObject *static_property_type; + PyTypeObject *default_metaclass; + PyObject *instance_base; +#if defined(WITH_THREAD) + PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_INIT(tstate) +# if PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION > 4 + PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_INIT(loader_life_support_tls_key) +# endif // PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION > 4 + PyInterpreterState *istate = nullptr; + ~internals() { +# if PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION > 4 + PYBIND11_TLS_FREE(loader_life_support_tls_key); +# endif // PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION > 4 + + // This destructor is called *after* Py_Finalize() in finalize_interpreter(). + // That *SHOULD BE* fine. The following details what happens when PyThread_tss_free is + // called. PYBIND11_TLS_FREE is PyThread_tss_free on python 3.7+. On older python, it does + // nothing. PyThread_tss_free calls PyThread_tss_delete and PyMem_RawFree. + // PyThread_tss_delete just calls TlsFree (on Windows) or pthread_key_delete (on *NIX). + // Neither of those have anything to do with CPython internals. PyMem_RawFree *requires* + // that the `tstate` be allocated with the CPython allocator. + PYBIND11_TLS_FREE(tstate); + } +#endif +}; + +/// Additional type information which does not fit into the PyTypeObject. +/// Changes to this struct also require bumping `PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION`. +struct type_info { + PyTypeObject *type; + const std::type_info *cpptype; + size_t type_size, type_align, holder_size_in_ptrs; + void *(*operator_new)(size_t); + void (*init_instance)(instance *, const void *); + void (*dealloc)(value_and_holder &v_h); + std::vector implicit_conversions; + std::vector> implicit_casts; + std::vector *direct_conversions; + buffer_info *(*get_buffer)(PyObject *, void *) = nullptr; + void *get_buffer_data = nullptr; + void *(*module_local_load)(PyObject *, const type_info *) = nullptr; + /* A simple type never occurs as a (direct or indirect) parent + * of a class that makes use of multiple inheritance. + * A type can be simple even if it has non-simple ancestors as long as it has no descendants. + */ + bool simple_type : 1; + /* True if there is no multiple inheritance in this type's inheritance tree */ + bool simple_ancestors : 1; + /* for base vs derived holder_type checks */ + bool default_holder : 1; + /* true if this is a type registered with py::module_local */ + bool module_local : 1; +}; + +/// On MSVC, debug and release builds are not ABI-compatible! +#if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_DEBUG) +# define PYBIND11_BUILD_TYPE "_debug" +#else +# define PYBIND11_BUILD_TYPE "" +#endif + +/// Let's assume that different compilers are ABI-incompatible. +/// A user can manually set this string if they know their +/// compiler is compatible. +#ifndef PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE +# if defined(_MSC_VER) +# define PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE "_msvc" +# elif defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) +# define PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE "_icc" +# elif defined(__clang__) +# define PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE "_clang" +# elif defined(__PGI) +# define PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE "_pgi" +# elif defined(__MINGW32__) +# define PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE "_mingw" +# elif defined(__CYGWIN__) +# define PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE "_gcc_cygwin" +# elif defined(__GNUC__) +# define PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE "_gcc" +# else +# define PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE "_unknown" +# endif +#endif + +/// Also standard libs +#ifndef PYBIND11_STDLIB +# if defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION) +# define PYBIND11_STDLIB "_libcpp" +# elif defined(__GLIBCXX__) || defined(__GLIBCPP__) +# define PYBIND11_STDLIB "_libstdcpp" +# else +# define PYBIND11_STDLIB "" +# endif +#endif + +/// On Linux/OSX, changes in __GXX_ABI_VERSION__ indicate ABI incompatibility. +#ifndef PYBIND11_BUILD_ABI +# if defined(__GXX_ABI_VERSION) +# define PYBIND11_BUILD_ABI "_cxxabi" PYBIND11_TOSTRING(__GXX_ABI_VERSION) +# else +# define PYBIND11_BUILD_ABI "" +# endif +#endif + +#ifndef PYBIND11_INTERNALS_KIND +# if defined(WITH_THREAD) +# define PYBIND11_INTERNALS_KIND "" +# else +# define PYBIND11_INTERNALS_KIND "_without_thread" +# endif +#endif + +#define PYBIND11_INTERNALS_ID "__pybind11_internals_v" \ + PYBIND11_TOSTRING(PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION) PYBIND11_INTERNALS_KIND PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE PYBIND11_STDLIB PYBIND11_BUILD_ABI PYBIND11_BUILD_TYPE "__" + +#define PYBIND11_MODULE_LOCAL_ID "__pybind11_module_local_v" \ + PYBIND11_TOSTRING(PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION) PYBIND11_INTERNALS_KIND PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE PYBIND11_STDLIB PYBIND11_BUILD_ABI PYBIND11_BUILD_TYPE "__" + +/// Each module locally stores a pointer to the `internals` data. The data +/// itself is shared among modules with the same `PYBIND11_INTERNALS_ID`. +inline internals **&get_internals_pp() { + static internals **internals_pp = nullptr; + return internals_pp; +} + +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03030000 +// forward decl +inline void translate_exception(std::exception_ptr); + +template >::value, int> = 0> +bool handle_nested_exception(const T &exc, const std::exception_ptr &p) { + std::exception_ptr nested = exc.nested_ptr(); + if (nested != nullptr && nested != p) { + translate_exception(nested); + return true; + } + return false; +} + +template >::value, int> = 0> +bool handle_nested_exception(const T &exc, const std::exception_ptr &p) { + if (auto *nep = dynamic_cast(std::addressof(exc))) { + return handle_nested_exception(*nep, p); + } + return false; +} + +#else + +template +bool handle_nested_exception(const T &, std::exception_ptr &) { + return false; +} +#endif + +inline bool raise_err(PyObject *exc_type, const char *msg) { +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03030000 + if (PyErr_Occurred()) { + raise_from(exc_type, msg); + return true; + } +#endif + PyErr_SetString(exc_type, msg); + return false; +} + +inline void translate_exception(std::exception_ptr p) { + if (!p) { + return; + } + try { + std::rethrow_exception(p); + } catch (error_already_set &e) { + handle_nested_exception(e, p); + e.restore(); + return; + } catch (const builtin_exception &e) { + // Could not use template since it's an abstract class. + if (auto *nep = dynamic_cast(std::addressof(e))) { + handle_nested_exception(*nep, p); + } + e.set_error(); + return; + } catch (const std::bad_alloc &e) { + handle_nested_exception(e, p); + raise_err(PyExc_MemoryError, e.what()); + return; + } catch (const std::domain_error &e) { + handle_nested_exception(e, p); + raise_err(PyExc_ValueError, e.what()); + return; + } catch (const std::invalid_argument &e) { + handle_nested_exception(e, p); + raise_err(PyExc_ValueError, e.what()); + return; + } catch (const std::length_error &e) { + handle_nested_exception(e, p); + raise_err(PyExc_ValueError, e.what()); + return; + } catch (const std::out_of_range &e) { + handle_nested_exception(e, p); + raise_err(PyExc_IndexError, e.what()); + return; + } catch (const std::range_error &e) { + handle_nested_exception(e, p); + raise_err(PyExc_ValueError, e.what()); + return; + } catch (const std::overflow_error &e) { + handle_nested_exception(e, p); + raise_err(PyExc_OverflowError, e.what()); + return; + } catch (const std::exception &e) { + handle_nested_exception(e, p); + raise_err(PyExc_RuntimeError, e.what()); + return; + } catch (const std::nested_exception &e) { + handle_nested_exception(e, p); + raise_err(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Caught an unknown nested exception!"); + return; + } catch (...) { + raise_err(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Caught an unknown exception!"); + return; + } +} + +#if !defined(__GLIBCXX__) +inline void translate_local_exception(std::exception_ptr p) { + try { + if (p) std::rethrow_exception(p); + } catch (error_already_set &e) { e.restore(); return; + } catch (const builtin_exception &e) { e.set_error(); return; + } +} +#endif + +/// Return a reference to the current `internals` data +PYBIND11_NOINLINE internals &get_internals() { + auto **&internals_pp = get_internals_pp(); + if (internals_pp && *internals_pp) + return **internals_pp; + + // Ensure that the GIL is held since we will need to make Python calls. + // Cannot use py::gil_scoped_acquire here since that constructor calls get_internals. + struct gil_scoped_acquire_local { + gil_scoped_acquire_local() : state (PyGILState_Ensure()) {} + ~gil_scoped_acquire_local() { PyGILState_Release(state); } + const PyGILState_STATE state; + } gil; + + PYBIND11_STR_TYPE id(PYBIND11_INTERNALS_ID); + auto builtins = handle(PyEval_GetBuiltins()); + if (builtins.contains(id) && isinstance(builtins[id])) { + internals_pp = static_cast(capsule(builtins[id])); + + // We loaded builtins through python's builtins, which means that our `error_already_set` + // and `builtin_exception` may be different local classes than the ones set up in the + // initial exception translator, below, so add another for our local exception classes. + // + // libstdc++ doesn't require this (types there are identified only by name) + // libc++ with CPython doesn't require this (types are explicitly exported) + // libc++ with PyPy still need it, awaiting further investigation +#if !defined(__GLIBCXX__) + (*internals_pp)->registered_exception_translators.push_front(&translate_local_exception); +#endif + } else { + if (!internals_pp) internals_pp = new internals*(); + auto *&internals_ptr = *internals_pp; + internals_ptr = new internals(); +#if defined(WITH_THREAD) + +# if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000 + PyEval_InitThreads(); +# endif + PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_Get(); + if (!PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_CREATE(internals_ptr->tstate)) { + pybind11_fail("get_internals: could not successfully initialize the tstate TSS key!"); + } + PYBIND11_TLS_REPLACE_VALUE(internals_ptr->tstate, tstate); + +# if PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION > 4 + if (!PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_CREATE(internals_ptr->loader_life_support_tls_key)) { + pybind11_fail("get_internals: could not successfully initialize the " + "loader_life_support TSS key!"); + } +# endif + internals_ptr->istate = tstate->interp; +#endif + builtins[id] = capsule(internals_pp); + internals_ptr->registered_exception_translators.push_front(&translate_exception); + internals_ptr->static_property_type = make_static_property_type(); + internals_ptr->default_metaclass = make_default_metaclass(); + internals_ptr->instance_base = make_object_base_type(internals_ptr->default_metaclass); + } + return **internals_pp; +} + +// the internals struct (above) is shared between all the modules. local_internals are only +// for a single module. Any changes made to internals may require an update to +// PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION, breaking backwards compatibility. local_internals is, by design, +// restricted to a single module. Whether a module has local internals or not should not +// impact any other modules, because the only things accessing the local internals is the +// module that contains them. +struct local_internals { + type_map registered_types_cpp; + std::forward_list registered_exception_translators; +#if defined(WITH_THREAD) && PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION == 4 + + // For ABI compatibility, we can't store the loader_life_support TLS key in + // the `internals` struct directly. Instead, we store it in `shared_data` and + // cache a copy in `local_internals`. If we allocated a separate TLS key for + // each instance of `local_internals`, we could end up allocating hundreds of + // TLS keys if hundreds of different pybind11 modules are loaded (which is a + // plausible number). + PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_INIT(loader_life_support_tls_key) + + // Holds the shared TLS key for the loader_life_support stack. + struct shared_loader_life_support_data { + PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_INIT(loader_life_support_tls_key) + shared_loader_life_support_data() { + if (!PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_CREATE(loader_life_support_tls_key)) { + pybind11_fail("local_internals: could not successfully initialize the " + "loader_life_support TLS key!"); + } + } + // We can't help but leak the TLS key, because Python never unloads extension modules. + }; + + local_internals() { + auto &internals = get_internals(); + // Get or create the `loader_life_support_stack_key`. + auto &ptr = internals.shared_data["_life_support"]; + if (!ptr) { + ptr = new shared_loader_life_support_data; + } + loader_life_support_tls_key + = static_cast(ptr)->loader_life_support_tls_key; + } +#endif // defined(WITH_THREAD) && PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION == 4 +}; + +/// Works like `get_internals`, but for things which are locally registered. +inline local_internals &get_local_internals() { + static local_internals locals; + return locals; +} + + +/// Constructs a std::string with the given arguments, stores it in `internals`, and returns its +/// `c_str()`. Such strings objects have a long storage duration -- the internal strings are only +/// cleared when the program exits or after interpreter shutdown (when embedding), and so are +/// suitable for c-style strings needed by Python internals (such as PyTypeObject's tp_name). +template +const char *c_str(Args &&...args) { + auto &strings = get_internals().static_strings; + strings.emplace_front(std::forward(args)...); + return strings.front().c_str(); +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +/// Returns a named pointer that is shared among all extension modules (using the same +/// pybind11 version) running in the current interpreter. Names starting with underscores +/// are reserved for internal usage. Returns `nullptr` if no matching entry was found. +PYBIND11_NOINLINE void *get_shared_data(const std::string &name) { + auto &internals = detail::get_internals(); + auto it = internals.shared_data.find(name); + return it != internals.shared_data.end() ? it->second : nullptr; +} + +/// Set the shared data that can be later recovered by `get_shared_data()`. +PYBIND11_NOINLINE void *set_shared_data(const std::string &name, void *data) { + detail::get_internals().shared_data[name] = data; + return data; +} + +/// Returns a typed reference to a shared data entry (by using `get_shared_data()`) if +/// such entry exists. Otherwise, a new object of default-constructible type `T` is +/// added to the shared data under the given name and a reference to it is returned. +template +T &get_or_create_shared_data(const std::string &name) { + auto &internals = detail::get_internals(); + auto it = internals.shared_data.find(name); + T *ptr = (T *) (it != internals.shared_data.end() ? it->second : nullptr); + if (!ptr) { + ptr = new T(); + internals.shared_data[name] = ptr; + } + return *ptr; +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h b/include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..48e218b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h @@ -0,0 +1,985 @@ +/* + pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h (originally first part of pybind11/cast.h) + + Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "../pytypes.h" +#include "common.h" +#include "descr.h" +#include "internals.h" +#include "typeid.h" +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +/// A life support system for temporary objects created by `type_caster::load()`. +/// Adding a patient will keep it alive up until the enclosing function returns. +class loader_life_support { +private: + loader_life_support* parent = nullptr; + std::unordered_set keep_alive; + +#if defined(WITH_THREAD) + // Store stack pointer in thread-local storage. + static PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_REF get_stack_tls_key() { +# if PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION == 4 + return get_local_internals().loader_life_support_tls_key; +# else + return get_internals().loader_life_support_tls_key; +# endif + } + static loader_life_support *get_stack_top() { + return static_cast(PYBIND11_TLS_GET_VALUE(get_stack_tls_key())); + } + static void set_stack_top(loader_life_support *value) { + PYBIND11_TLS_REPLACE_VALUE(get_stack_tls_key(), value); + } +#else + // Use single global variable for stack. + static loader_life_support **get_stack_pp() { + static loader_life_support *global_stack = nullptr; + return global_stack; + } + static loader_life_support *get_stack_top() { return *get_stack_pp(); } + static void set_stack_top(loader_life_support *value) { *get_stack_pp() = value; } +#endif + +public: + /// A new patient frame is created when a function is entered + loader_life_support() { + parent = get_stack_top(); + set_stack_top(this); + } + + /// ... and destroyed after it returns + ~loader_life_support() { + if (get_stack_top() != this) + pybind11_fail("loader_life_support: internal error"); + set_stack_top(parent); + for (auto* item : keep_alive) + Py_DECREF(item); + } + + /// This can only be used inside a pybind11-bound function, either by `argument_loader` + /// at argument preparation time or by `py::cast()` at execution time. + PYBIND11_NOINLINE static void add_patient(handle h) { + loader_life_support *frame = get_stack_top(); + if (!frame) { + // NOTE: It would be nice to include the stack frames here, as this indicates + // use of pybind11::cast<> outside the normal call framework, finding such + // a location is challenging. Developers could consider printing out + // stack frame addresses here using something like __builtin_frame_address(0) + throw cast_error("When called outside a bound function, py::cast() cannot " + "do Python -> C++ conversions which require the creation " + "of temporary values"); + } + + if (frame->keep_alive.insert(h.ptr()).second) + Py_INCREF(h.ptr()); + } +}; + +// Gets the cache entry for the given type, creating it if necessary. The return value is the pair +// returned by emplace, i.e. an iterator for the entry and a bool set to `true` if the entry was +// just created. +inline std::pair all_type_info_get_cache(PyTypeObject *type); + +// Populates a just-created cache entry. +PYBIND11_NOINLINE void all_type_info_populate(PyTypeObject *t, std::vector &bases) { + std::vector check; + for (handle parent : reinterpret_borrow(t->tp_bases)) + check.push_back((PyTypeObject *) parent.ptr()); + + auto const &type_dict = get_internals().registered_types_py; + for (size_t i = 0; i < check.size(); i++) { + auto type = check[i]; + // Ignore Python2 old-style class super type: + if (!PyType_Check((PyObject *) type)) continue; + + // Check `type` in the current set of registered python types: + auto it = type_dict.find(type); + if (it != type_dict.end()) { + // We found a cache entry for it, so it's either pybind-registered or has pre-computed + // pybind bases, but we have to make sure we haven't already seen the type(s) before: we + // want to follow Python/virtual C++ rules that there should only be one instance of a + // common base. + for (auto *tinfo : it->second) { + // NB: Could use a second set here, rather than doing a linear search, but since + // having a large number of immediate pybind11-registered types seems fairly + // unlikely, that probably isn't worthwhile. + bool found = false; + for (auto *known : bases) { + if (known == tinfo) { found = true; break; } + } + if (!found) bases.push_back(tinfo); + } + } + else if (type->tp_bases) { + // It's some python type, so keep follow its bases classes to look for one or more + // registered types + if (i + 1 == check.size()) { + // When we're at the end, we can pop off the current element to avoid growing + // `check` when adding just one base (which is typical--i.e. when there is no + // multiple inheritance) + check.pop_back(); + i--; + } + for (handle parent : reinterpret_borrow(type->tp_bases)) + check.push_back((PyTypeObject *) parent.ptr()); + } + } +} + +/** + * Extracts vector of type_info pointers of pybind-registered roots of the given Python type. Will + * be just 1 pybind type for the Python type of a pybind-registered class, or for any Python-side + * derived class that uses single inheritance. Will contain as many types as required for a Python + * class that uses multiple inheritance to inherit (directly or indirectly) from multiple + * pybind-registered classes. Will be empty if neither the type nor any base classes are + * pybind-registered. + * + * The value is cached for the lifetime of the Python type. + */ +inline const std::vector &all_type_info(PyTypeObject *type) { + auto ins = all_type_info_get_cache(type); + if (ins.second) + // New cache entry: populate it + all_type_info_populate(type, ins.first->second); + + return ins.first->second; +} + +/** + * Gets a single pybind11 type info for a python type. Returns nullptr if neither the type nor any + * ancestors are pybind11-registered. Throws an exception if there are multiple bases--use + * `all_type_info` instead if you want to support multiple bases. + */ +PYBIND11_NOINLINE detail::type_info* get_type_info(PyTypeObject *type) { + auto &bases = all_type_info(type); + if (bases.empty()) + return nullptr; + if (bases.size() > 1) + pybind11_fail("pybind11::detail::get_type_info: type has multiple pybind11-registered bases"); + return bases.front(); +} + +inline detail::type_info *get_local_type_info(const std::type_index &tp) { + auto &locals = get_local_internals().registered_types_cpp; + auto it = locals.find(tp); + if (it != locals.end()) + return it->second; + return nullptr; +} + +inline detail::type_info *get_global_type_info(const std::type_index &tp) { + auto &types = get_internals().registered_types_cpp; + auto it = types.find(tp); + if (it != types.end()) + return it->second; + return nullptr; +} + +/// Return the type info for a given C++ type; on lookup failure can either throw or return nullptr. +PYBIND11_NOINLINE detail::type_info *get_type_info(const std::type_index &tp, + bool throw_if_missing = false) { + if (auto ltype = get_local_type_info(tp)) + return ltype; + if (auto gtype = get_global_type_info(tp)) + return gtype; + + if (throw_if_missing) { + std::string tname = tp.name(); + detail::clean_type_id(tname); + pybind11_fail("pybind11::detail::get_type_info: unable to find type info for \"" + tname + "\""); + } + return nullptr; +} + +PYBIND11_NOINLINE handle get_type_handle(const std::type_info &tp, bool throw_if_missing) { + detail::type_info *type_info = get_type_info(tp, throw_if_missing); + return handle(type_info ? ((PyObject *) type_info->type) : nullptr); +} + +// Searches the inheritance graph for a registered Python instance, using all_type_info(). +PYBIND11_NOINLINE handle find_registered_python_instance(void *src, + const detail::type_info *tinfo) { + auto it_instances = get_internals().registered_instances.equal_range(src); + for (auto it_i = it_instances.first; it_i != it_instances.second; ++it_i) { + for (auto instance_type : detail::all_type_info(Py_TYPE(it_i->second))) { + if (instance_type && same_type(*instance_type->cpptype, *tinfo->cpptype)) + return handle((PyObject *) it_i->second).inc_ref(); + } + } + return handle(); +} + +struct value_and_holder { + instance *inst = nullptr; + size_t index = 0u; + const detail::type_info *type = nullptr; + void **vh = nullptr; + + // Main constructor for a found value/holder: + value_and_holder(instance *i, const detail::type_info *type, size_t vpos, size_t index) : + inst{i}, index{index}, type{type}, + vh{inst->simple_layout ? inst->simple_value_holder : &inst->nonsimple.values_and_holders[vpos]} + {} + + // Default constructor (used to signal a value-and-holder not found by get_value_and_holder()) + value_and_holder() = default; + + // Used for past-the-end iterator + explicit value_and_holder(size_t index) : index{index} {} + + template V *&value_ptr() const { + return reinterpret_cast(vh[0]); + } + // True if this `value_and_holder` has a non-null value pointer + explicit operator bool() const { return value_ptr() != nullptr; } + + template H &holder() const { + return reinterpret_cast(vh[1]); + } + bool holder_constructed() const { + return inst->simple_layout + ? inst->simple_holder_constructed + : (inst->nonsimple.status[index] & instance::status_holder_constructed) != 0u; + } + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-make-member-function-const) + void set_holder_constructed(bool v = true) { + if (inst->simple_layout) + inst->simple_holder_constructed = v; + else if (v) + inst->nonsimple.status[index] |= instance::status_holder_constructed; + else + inst->nonsimple.status[index] &= (std::uint8_t) ~instance::status_holder_constructed; + } + bool instance_registered() const { + return inst->simple_layout + ? inst->simple_instance_registered + : ((inst->nonsimple.status[index] & instance::status_instance_registered) != 0); + } + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-make-member-function-const) + void set_instance_registered(bool v = true) { + if (inst->simple_layout) + inst->simple_instance_registered = v; + else if (v) + inst->nonsimple.status[index] |= instance::status_instance_registered; + else + inst->nonsimple.status[index] &= (std::uint8_t) ~instance::status_instance_registered; + } +}; + +// Container for accessing and iterating over an instance's values/holders +struct values_and_holders { +private: + instance *inst; + using type_vec = std::vector; + const type_vec &tinfo; + +public: + explicit values_and_holders(instance *inst) + : inst{inst}, tinfo(all_type_info(Py_TYPE(inst))) {} + + struct iterator { + private: + instance *inst = nullptr; + const type_vec *types = nullptr; + value_and_holder curr; + friend struct values_and_holders; + iterator(instance *inst, const type_vec *tinfo) + : inst{inst}, types{tinfo}, + curr(inst /* instance */, + types->empty() ? nullptr : (*types)[0] /* type info */, + 0, /* vpos: (non-simple types only): the first vptr comes first */ + 0 /* index */) + {} + // Past-the-end iterator: + explicit iterator(size_t end) : curr(end) {} + + public: + bool operator==(const iterator &other) const { return curr.index == other.curr.index; } + bool operator!=(const iterator &other) const { return curr.index != other.curr.index; } + iterator &operator++() { + if (!inst->simple_layout) + curr.vh += 1 + (*types)[curr.index]->holder_size_in_ptrs; + ++curr.index; + curr.type = curr.index < types->size() ? (*types)[curr.index] : nullptr; + return *this; + } + value_and_holder &operator*() { return curr; } + value_and_holder *operator->() { return &curr; } + }; + + iterator begin() { return iterator(inst, &tinfo); } + iterator end() { return iterator(tinfo.size()); } + + iterator find(const type_info *find_type) { + auto it = begin(), endit = end(); + while (it != endit && it->type != find_type) ++it; + return it; + } + + size_t size() { return tinfo.size(); } +}; + +/** + * Extracts C++ value and holder pointer references from an instance (which may contain multiple + * values/holders for python-side multiple inheritance) that match the given type. Throws an error + * if the given type (or ValueType, if omitted) is not a pybind11 base of the given instance. If + * `find_type` is omitted (or explicitly specified as nullptr) the first value/holder are returned, + * regardless of type (and the resulting .type will be nullptr). + * + * The returned object should be short-lived: in particular, it must not outlive the called-upon + * instance. + */ +PYBIND11_NOINLINE value_and_holder instance::get_value_and_holder(const type_info *find_type /*= nullptr default in common.h*/, bool throw_if_missing /*= true in common.h*/) { + // Optimize common case: + if (!find_type || Py_TYPE(this) == find_type->type) + return value_and_holder(this, find_type, 0, 0); + + detail::values_and_holders vhs(this); + auto it = vhs.find(find_type); + if (it != vhs.end()) + return *it; + + if (!throw_if_missing) + return value_and_holder(); + +#if defined(NDEBUG) + pybind11_fail("pybind11::detail::instance::get_value_and_holder: " + "type is not a pybind11 base of the given instance " + "(compile in debug mode for type details)"); +#else + pybind11_fail("pybind11::detail::instance::get_value_and_holder: `" + + get_fully_qualified_tp_name(find_type->type) + "' is not a pybind11 base of the given `" + + get_fully_qualified_tp_name(Py_TYPE(this)) + "' instance"); +#endif +} + +PYBIND11_NOINLINE void instance::allocate_layout() { + auto &tinfo = all_type_info(Py_TYPE(this)); + + const size_t n_types = tinfo.size(); + + if (n_types == 0) + pybind11_fail("instance allocation failed: new instance has no pybind11-registered base types"); + + simple_layout = + n_types == 1 && tinfo.front()->holder_size_in_ptrs <= instance_simple_holder_in_ptrs(); + + // Simple path: no python-side multiple inheritance, and a small-enough holder + if (simple_layout) { + simple_value_holder[0] = nullptr; + simple_holder_constructed = false; + simple_instance_registered = false; + } + else { // multiple base types or a too-large holder + // Allocate space to hold: [v1*][h1][v2*][h2]...[bb...] where [vN*] is a value pointer, + // [hN] is the (uninitialized) holder instance for value N, and [bb...] is a set of bool + // values that tracks whether each associated holder has been initialized. Each [block] is + // padded, if necessary, to an integer multiple of sizeof(void *). + size_t space = 0; + for (auto t : tinfo) { + space += 1; // value pointer + space += t->holder_size_in_ptrs; // holder instance + } + size_t flags_at = space; + space += size_in_ptrs(n_types); // status bytes (holder_constructed and instance_registered) + + // Allocate space for flags, values, and holders, and initialize it to 0 (flags and values, + // in particular, need to be 0). Use Python's memory allocation functions: in Python 3.6 + // they default to using pymalloc, which is designed to be efficient for small allocations + // like the one we're doing here; in earlier versions (and for larger allocations) they are + // just wrappers around malloc. +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03050000 + nonsimple.values_and_holders = (void **) PyMem_Calloc(space, sizeof(void *)); + if (!nonsimple.values_and_holders) throw std::bad_alloc(); +#else + nonsimple.values_and_holders = (void **) PyMem_New(void *, space); + if (!nonsimple.values_and_holders) throw std::bad_alloc(); + std::memset(nonsimple.values_and_holders, 0, space * sizeof(void *)); +#endif + nonsimple.status = reinterpret_cast(&nonsimple.values_and_holders[flags_at]); + } + owned = true; +} + +// NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-make-member-function-const) +PYBIND11_NOINLINE void instance::deallocate_layout() { + if (!simple_layout) + PyMem_Free(nonsimple.values_and_holders); +} + +PYBIND11_NOINLINE bool isinstance_generic(handle obj, const std::type_info &tp) { + handle type = detail::get_type_handle(tp, false); + if (!type) + return false; + return isinstance(obj, type); +} + +PYBIND11_NOINLINE std::string error_string() { + if (!PyErr_Occurred()) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Unknown internal error occurred"); + return "Unknown internal error occurred"; + } + + error_scope scope; // Preserve error state + + std::string errorString; + if (scope.type) { + errorString += handle(scope.type).attr("__name__").cast(); + errorString += ": "; + } + if (scope.value) + errorString += (std::string) str(scope.value); + + PyErr_NormalizeException(&scope.type, &scope.value, &scope.trace); + +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 + if (scope.trace != nullptr) + PyException_SetTraceback(scope.value, scope.trace); +#endif + +#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION) + if (scope.trace) { + auto *trace = (PyTracebackObject *) scope.trace; + + /* Get the deepest trace possible */ + while (trace->tb_next) + trace = trace->tb_next; + + PyFrameObject *frame = trace->tb_frame; + errorString += "\n\nAt:\n"; + while (frame) { +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000 + PyCodeObject *f_code = PyFrame_GetCode(frame); +#else + PyCodeObject *f_code = frame->f_code; + Py_INCREF(f_code); +#endif + int lineno = PyFrame_GetLineNumber(frame); + errorString += + " " + handle(f_code->co_filename).cast() + + "(" + std::to_string(lineno) + "): " + + handle(f_code->co_name).cast() + "\n"; + frame = frame->f_back; + Py_DECREF(f_code); + } + } +#endif + + return errorString; +} + +PYBIND11_NOINLINE handle get_object_handle(const void *ptr, const detail::type_info *type ) { + auto &instances = get_internals().registered_instances; + auto range = instances.equal_range(ptr); + for (auto it = range.first; it != range.second; ++it) { + for (const auto &vh : values_and_holders(it->second)) { + if (vh.type == type) + return handle((PyObject *) it->second); + } + } + return handle(); +} + +inline PyThreadState *get_thread_state_unchecked() { +#if defined(PYPY_VERSION) + return PyThreadState_GET(); +#elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03000000 + return _PyThreadState_Current; +#elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03050000 + return (PyThreadState*) _Py_atomic_load_relaxed(&_PyThreadState_Current); +#elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03050200 + return (PyThreadState*) _PyThreadState_Current.value; +#else + return _PyThreadState_UncheckedGet(); +#endif +} + +// Forward declarations +void keep_alive_impl(handle nurse, handle patient); +inline PyObject *make_new_instance(PyTypeObject *type); + +class type_caster_generic { +public: + PYBIND11_NOINLINE explicit type_caster_generic(const std::type_info &type_info) + : typeinfo(get_type_info(type_info)), cpptype(&type_info) {} + + explicit type_caster_generic(const type_info *typeinfo) + : typeinfo(typeinfo), cpptype(typeinfo ? typeinfo->cpptype : nullptr) {} + + bool load(handle src, bool convert) { + return load_impl(src, convert); + } + + PYBIND11_NOINLINE static handle cast(const void *_src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent, + const detail::type_info *tinfo, + void *(*copy_constructor)(const void *), + void *(*move_constructor)(const void *), + const void *existing_holder = nullptr) { + if (!tinfo) // no type info: error will be set already + return handle(); + + void *src = const_cast(_src); + if (src == nullptr) + return none().release(); + + if (handle registered_inst = find_registered_python_instance(src, tinfo)) + return registered_inst; + + auto inst = reinterpret_steal(make_new_instance(tinfo->type)); + auto wrapper = reinterpret_cast(inst.ptr()); + wrapper->owned = false; + void *&valueptr = values_and_holders(wrapper).begin()->value_ptr(); + + switch (policy) { + case return_value_policy::automatic: + case return_value_policy::take_ownership: + valueptr = src; + wrapper->owned = true; + break; + + case return_value_policy::automatic_reference: + case return_value_policy::reference: + valueptr = src; + wrapper->owned = false; + break; + + case return_value_policy::copy: + if (copy_constructor) + valueptr = copy_constructor(src); + else { +#if defined(NDEBUG) + throw cast_error("return_value_policy = copy, but type is " + "non-copyable! (compile in debug mode for details)"); +#else + std::string type_name(tinfo->cpptype->name()); + detail::clean_type_id(type_name); + throw cast_error("return_value_policy = copy, but type " + + type_name + " is non-copyable!"); +#endif + } + wrapper->owned = true; + break; + + case return_value_policy::move: + if (move_constructor) + valueptr = move_constructor(src); + else if (copy_constructor) + valueptr = copy_constructor(src); + else { +#if defined(NDEBUG) + throw cast_error("return_value_policy = move, but type is neither " + "movable nor copyable! " + "(compile in debug mode for details)"); +#else + std::string type_name(tinfo->cpptype->name()); + detail::clean_type_id(type_name); + throw cast_error("return_value_policy = move, but type " + + type_name + " is neither movable nor copyable!"); +#endif + } + wrapper->owned = true; + break; + + case return_value_policy::reference_internal: + valueptr = src; + wrapper->owned = false; + keep_alive_impl(inst, parent); + break; + + default: + throw cast_error("unhandled return_value_policy: should not happen!"); + } + + tinfo->init_instance(wrapper, existing_holder); + + return inst.release(); + } + + // Base methods for generic caster; there are overridden in copyable_holder_caster + void load_value(value_and_holder &&v_h) { + auto *&vptr = v_h.value_ptr(); + // Lazy allocation for unallocated values: + if (vptr == nullptr) { + auto *type = v_h.type ? v_h.type : typeinfo; + if (type->operator_new) { + vptr = type->operator_new(type->type_size); + } else { + #if defined(__cpp_aligned_new) && (!defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER >= 1912) + if (type->type_align > __STDCPP_DEFAULT_NEW_ALIGNMENT__) + vptr = ::operator new(type->type_size, + std::align_val_t(type->type_align)); + else + #endif + vptr = ::operator new(type->type_size); + } + } + value = vptr; + } + bool try_implicit_casts(handle src, bool convert) { + for (auto &cast : typeinfo->implicit_casts) { + type_caster_generic sub_caster(*cast.first); + if (sub_caster.load(src, convert)) { + value = cast.second(sub_caster.value); + return true; + } + } + return false; + } + bool try_direct_conversions(handle src) { + for (auto &converter : *typeinfo->direct_conversions) { + if (converter(src.ptr(), value)) + return true; + } + return false; + } + void check_holder_compat() {} + + PYBIND11_NOINLINE static void *local_load(PyObject *src, const type_info *ti) { + auto caster = type_caster_generic(ti); + if (caster.load(src, false)) + return caster.value; + return nullptr; + } + + /// Try to load with foreign typeinfo, if available. Used when there is no + /// native typeinfo, or when the native one wasn't able to produce a value. + PYBIND11_NOINLINE bool try_load_foreign_module_local(handle src) { + constexpr auto *local_key = PYBIND11_MODULE_LOCAL_ID; + const auto pytype = type::handle_of(src); + if (!hasattr(pytype, local_key)) + return false; + + type_info *foreign_typeinfo = reinterpret_borrow(getattr(pytype, local_key)); + // Only consider this foreign loader if actually foreign and is a loader of the correct cpp type + if (foreign_typeinfo->module_local_load == &local_load + || (cpptype && !same_type(*cpptype, *foreign_typeinfo->cpptype))) + return false; + + if (auto result = foreign_typeinfo->module_local_load(src.ptr(), foreign_typeinfo)) { + value = result; + return true; + } + return false; + } + + // Implementation of `load`; this takes the type of `this` so that it can dispatch the relevant + // bits of code between here and copyable_holder_caster where the two classes need different + // logic (without having to resort to virtual inheritance). + template + PYBIND11_NOINLINE bool load_impl(handle src, bool convert) { + if (!src) return false; + if (!typeinfo) return try_load_foreign_module_local(src); + + auto &this_ = static_cast(*this); + this_.check_holder_compat(); + + PyTypeObject *srctype = Py_TYPE(src.ptr()); + + // Case 1: If src is an exact type match for the target type then we can reinterpret_cast + // the instance's value pointer to the target type: + if (srctype == typeinfo->type) { + this_.load_value(reinterpret_cast(src.ptr())->get_value_and_holder()); + return true; + } + // Case 2: We have a derived class + if (PyType_IsSubtype(srctype, typeinfo->type)) { + auto &bases = all_type_info(srctype); + bool no_cpp_mi = typeinfo->simple_type; + + // Case 2a: the python type is a Python-inherited derived class that inherits from just + // one simple (no MI) pybind11 class, or is an exact match, so the C++ instance is of + // the right type and we can use reinterpret_cast. + // (This is essentially the same as case 2b, but because not using multiple inheritance + // is extremely common, we handle it specially to avoid the loop iterator and type + // pointer lookup overhead) + if (bases.size() == 1 && (no_cpp_mi || bases.front()->type == typeinfo->type)) { + this_.load_value(reinterpret_cast(src.ptr())->get_value_and_holder()); + return true; + } + // Case 2b: the python type inherits from multiple C++ bases. Check the bases to see if + // we can find an exact match (or, for a simple C++ type, an inherited match); if so, we + // can safely reinterpret_cast to the relevant pointer. + if (bases.size() > 1) { + for (auto base : bases) { + if (no_cpp_mi ? PyType_IsSubtype(base->type, typeinfo->type) : base->type == typeinfo->type) { + this_.load_value(reinterpret_cast(src.ptr())->get_value_and_holder(base)); + return true; + } + } + } + + // Case 2c: C++ multiple inheritance is involved and we couldn't find an exact type match + // in the registered bases, above, so try implicit casting (needed for proper C++ casting + // when MI is involved). + if (this_.try_implicit_casts(src, convert)) + return true; + } + + // Perform an implicit conversion + if (convert) { + for (auto &converter : typeinfo->implicit_conversions) { + auto temp = reinterpret_steal(converter(src.ptr(), typeinfo->type)); + if (load_impl(temp, false)) { + loader_life_support::add_patient(temp); + return true; + } + } + if (this_.try_direct_conversions(src)) + return true; + } + + // Failed to match local typeinfo. Try again with global. + if (typeinfo->module_local) { + if (auto gtype = get_global_type_info(*typeinfo->cpptype)) { + typeinfo = gtype; + return load(src, false); + } + } + + // Global typeinfo has precedence over foreign module_local + if (try_load_foreign_module_local(src)) { + return true; + } + + // Custom converters didn't take None, now we convert None to nullptr. + if (src.is_none()) { + // Defer accepting None to other overloads (if we aren't in convert mode): + if (!convert) return false; + value = nullptr; + return true; + } + + return false; + } + + + // Called to do type lookup and wrap the pointer and type in a pair when a dynamic_cast + // isn't needed or can't be used. If the type is unknown, sets the error and returns a pair + // with .second = nullptr. (p.first = nullptr is not an error: it becomes None). + PYBIND11_NOINLINE static std::pair src_and_type( + const void *src, const std::type_info &cast_type, const std::type_info *rtti_type = nullptr) { + if (auto *tpi = get_type_info(cast_type)) + return {src, const_cast(tpi)}; + + // Not found, set error: + std::string tname = rtti_type ? rtti_type->name() : cast_type.name(); + detail::clean_type_id(tname); + std::string msg = "Unregistered type : " + tname; + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str()); + return {nullptr, nullptr}; + } + + const type_info *typeinfo = nullptr; + const std::type_info *cpptype = nullptr; + void *value = nullptr; +}; + +/** + * Determine suitable casting operator for pointer-or-lvalue-casting type casters. The type caster + * needs to provide `operator T*()` and `operator T&()` operators. + * + * If the type supports moving the value away via an `operator T&&() &&` method, it should use + * `movable_cast_op_type` instead. + */ +template +using cast_op_type = + conditional_t>::value, + typename std::add_pointer>::type, + typename std::add_lvalue_reference>::type>; + +/** + * Determine suitable casting operator for a type caster with a movable value. Such a type caster + * needs to provide `operator T*()`, `operator T&()`, and `operator T&&() &&`. The latter will be + * called in appropriate contexts where the value can be moved rather than copied. + * + * These operator are automatically provided when using the PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER macro. + */ +template +using movable_cast_op_type = + conditional_t::type>::value, + typename std::add_pointer>::type, + conditional_t::value, + typename std::add_rvalue_reference>::type, + typename std::add_lvalue_reference>::type>>; + +// std::is_copy_constructible isn't quite enough: it lets std::vector (and similar) through when +// T is non-copyable, but code containing such a copy constructor fails to actually compile. +template struct is_copy_constructible : std::is_copy_constructible {}; + +// Specialization for types that appear to be copy constructible but also look like stl containers +// (we specifically check for: has `value_type` and `reference` with `reference = value_type&`): if +// so, copy constructability depends on whether the value_type is copy constructible. +template struct is_copy_constructible, + std::is_same, + // Avoid infinite recursion + negation> + >::value>> : is_copy_constructible {}; + +// Likewise for std::pair +// (after C++17 it is mandatory that the copy constructor not exist when the two types aren't themselves +// copy constructible, but this can not be relied upon when T1 or T2 are themselves containers). +template struct is_copy_constructible> + : all_of, is_copy_constructible> {}; + +// The same problems arise with std::is_copy_assignable, so we use the same workaround. +template struct is_copy_assignable : std::is_copy_assignable {}; +template struct is_copy_assignable, + std::is_same + >::value>> : is_copy_assignable {}; +template struct is_copy_assignable> + : all_of, is_copy_assignable> {}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +// polymorphic_type_hook::get(src, tinfo) determines whether the object pointed +// to by `src` actually is an instance of some class derived from `itype`. +// If so, it sets `tinfo` to point to the std::type_info representing that derived +// type, and returns a pointer to the start of the most-derived object of that type +// (in which `src` is a subobject; this will be the same address as `src` in most +// single inheritance cases). If not, or if `src` is nullptr, it simply returns `src` +// and leaves `tinfo` at its default value of nullptr. +// +// The default polymorphic_type_hook just returns src. A specialization for polymorphic +// types determines the runtime type of the passed object and adjusts the this-pointer +// appropriately via dynamic_cast. This is what enables a C++ Animal* to appear +// to Python as a Dog (if Dog inherits from Animal, Animal is polymorphic, Dog is +// registered with pybind11, and this Animal is in fact a Dog). +// +// You may specialize polymorphic_type_hook yourself for types that want to appear +// polymorphic to Python but do not use C++ RTTI. (This is a not uncommon pattern +// in performance-sensitive applications, used most notably in LLVM.) +// +// polymorphic_type_hook_base allows users to specialize polymorphic_type_hook with +// std::enable_if. User provided specializations will always have higher priority than +// the default implementation and specialization provided in polymorphic_type_hook_base. +template +struct polymorphic_type_hook_base +{ + static const void *get(const itype *src, const std::type_info*&) { return src; } +}; +template +struct polymorphic_type_hook_base::value>> +{ + static const void *get(const itype *src, const std::type_info*& type) { + type = src ? &typeid(*src) : nullptr; + return dynamic_cast(src); + } +}; +template +struct polymorphic_type_hook : public polymorphic_type_hook_base {}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +/// Generic type caster for objects stored on the heap +template class type_caster_base : public type_caster_generic { + using itype = intrinsic_t; + +public: + static constexpr auto name = const_name(); + + type_caster_base() : type_caster_base(typeid(type)) { } + explicit type_caster_base(const std::type_info &info) : type_caster_generic(info) { } + + static handle cast(const itype &src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { + if (policy == return_value_policy::automatic || policy == return_value_policy::automatic_reference) + policy = return_value_policy::copy; + return cast(&src, policy, parent); + } + + static handle cast(itype &&src, return_value_policy, handle parent) { + return cast(&src, return_value_policy::move, parent); + } + + // Returns a (pointer, type_info) pair taking care of necessary type lookup for a + // polymorphic type (using RTTI by default, but can be overridden by specializing + // polymorphic_type_hook). If the instance isn't derived, returns the base version. + static std::pair src_and_type(const itype *src) { + auto &cast_type = typeid(itype); + const std::type_info *instance_type = nullptr; + const void *vsrc = polymorphic_type_hook::get(src, instance_type); + if (instance_type && !same_type(cast_type, *instance_type)) { + // This is a base pointer to a derived type. If the derived type is registered + // with pybind11, we want to make the full derived object available. + // In the typical case where itype is polymorphic, we get the correct + // derived pointer (which may be != base pointer) by a dynamic_cast to + // most derived type. If itype is not polymorphic, we won't get here + // except via a user-provided specialization of polymorphic_type_hook, + // and the user has promised that no this-pointer adjustment is + // required in that case, so it's OK to use static_cast. + if (const auto *tpi = get_type_info(*instance_type)) + return {vsrc, tpi}; + } + // Otherwise we have either a nullptr, an `itype` pointer, or an unknown derived pointer, so + // don't do a cast + return type_caster_generic::src_and_type(src, cast_type, instance_type); + } + + static handle cast(const itype *src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { + auto st = src_and_type(src); + return type_caster_generic::cast( + st.first, policy, parent, st.second, + make_copy_constructor(src), make_move_constructor(src)); + } + + static handle cast_holder(const itype *src, const void *holder) { + auto st = src_and_type(src); + return type_caster_generic::cast( + st.first, return_value_policy::take_ownership, {}, st.second, + nullptr, nullptr, holder); + } + + template using cast_op_type = detail::cast_op_type; + + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + operator itype*() { return (type *) value; } + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + operator itype&() { if (!value) throw reference_cast_error(); return *((itype *) value); } + +protected: + using Constructor = void *(*)(const void *); + + /* Only enabled when the types are {copy,move}-constructible *and* when the type + does not have a private operator new implementation. A comma operator is used in the decltype + argument to apply SFINAE to the public copy/move constructors.*/ + template ::value>> + static auto make_copy_constructor(const T *) -> decltype(new T(std::declval()), Constructor{}) { + return [](const void *arg) -> void * { + return new T(*reinterpret_cast(arg)); + }; + } + + template ::value>> + static auto make_move_constructor(const T *) -> decltype(new T(std::declval()), Constructor{}) { + return [](const void *arg) -> void * { + return new T(std::move(*const_cast(reinterpret_cast(arg)))); + }; + } + + static Constructor make_copy_constructor(...) { return nullptr; } + static Constructor make_move_constructor(...) { return nullptr; } +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/detail/typeid.h b/include/pybind11/detail/typeid.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..39ba8ce0 --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/detail/typeid.h @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +/* + pybind11/detail/typeid.h: Compiler-independent access to type identifiers + + Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include +#include + +#if defined(__GNUG__) +#include +#endif + +#include "common.h" + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) +/// Erase all occurrences of a substring +inline void erase_all(std::string &string, const std::string &search) { + for (size_t pos = 0;;) { + pos = string.find(search, pos); + if (pos == std::string::npos) break; + string.erase(pos, search.length()); + } +} + +PYBIND11_NOINLINE void clean_type_id(std::string &name) { +#if defined(__GNUG__) + int status = 0; + std::unique_ptr res { + abi::__cxa_demangle(name.c_str(), nullptr, nullptr, &status), std::free }; + if (status == 0) + name = res.get(); +#else + detail::erase_all(name, "class "); + detail::erase_all(name, "struct "); + detail::erase_all(name, "enum "); +#endif + detail::erase_all(name, "pybind11::"); +} +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +/// Return a string representation of a C++ type +template static std::string type_id() { + std::string name(typeid(T).name()); + detail::clean_type_id(name); + return name; +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/eigen.h b/include/pybind11/eigen.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..696099fa --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/eigen.h @@ -0,0 +1,608 @@ +/* + pybind11/eigen.h: Transparent conversion for dense and sparse Eigen matrices + + Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +/* HINT: To suppress warnings originating from the Eigen headers, use -isystem. + See also: + https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2579576/i-dir-vs-isystem-dir + https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1741816/isystem-for-ms-visual-studio-c-compiler +*/ + +#include "numpy.h" + +// The C4127 suppression was introduced for Eigen 3.4.0. In theory we could +// make it version specific, or even remove it later, but considering that +// 1. C4127 is generally far more distracting than useful for modern template code, and +// 2. we definitely want to ignore any MSVC warnings originating from Eigen code, +// it is probably best to keep this around indefinitely. +#if defined(_MSC_VER) +# pragma warning(push) +# pragma warning(disable: 4127) // C4127: conditional expression is constant +#endif + +#include +#include + +#if defined(_MSC_VER) +# pragma warning(pop) +#endif + +// Eigen prior to 3.2.7 doesn't have proper move constructors--but worse, some classes get implicit +// move constructors that break things. We could detect this an explicitly copy, but an extra copy +// of matrices seems highly undesirable. +static_assert(EIGEN_VERSION_AT_LEAST(3,2,7), "Eigen support in pybind11 requires Eigen >= 3.2.7"); + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) + +// Provide a convenience alias for easier pass-by-ref usage with fully dynamic strides: +using EigenDStride = Eigen::Stride; +template using EigenDRef = Eigen::Ref; +template using EigenDMap = Eigen::Map; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +#if EIGEN_VERSION_AT_LEAST(3,3,0) +using EigenIndex = Eigen::Index; +template +using EigenMapSparseMatrix = Eigen::Map>; +#else +using EigenIndex = EIGEN_DEFAULT_DENSE_INDEX_TYPE; +template +using EigenMapSparseMatrix = Eigen::MappedSparseMatrix; +#endif + +// Matches Eigen::Map, Eigen::Ref, blocks, etc: +template using is_eigen_dense_map = all_of, std::is_base_of, T>>; +template using is_eigen_mutable_map = std::is_base_of, T>; +template using is_eigen_dense_plain = all_of>, is_template_base_of>; +template using is_eigen_sparse = is_template_base_of; +// Test for objects inheriting from EigenBase that aren't captured by the above. This +// basically covers anything that can be assigned to a dense matrix but that don't have a typical +// matrix data layout that can be copied from their .data(). For example, DiagonalMatrix and +// SelfAdjointView fall into this category. +template using is_eigen_other = all_of< + is_template_base_of, + negation, is_eigen_dense_plain, is_eigen_sparse>> +>; + +// Captures numpy/eigen conformability status (returned by EigenProps::conformable()): +template struct EigenConformable { + bool conformable = false; + EigenIndex rows = 0, cols = 0; + EigenDStride stride{0, 0}; // Only valid if negativestrides is false! + bool negativestrides = false; // If true, do not use stride! + + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + EigenConformable(bool fits = false) : conformable{fits} {} + // Matrix type: + EigenConformable(EigenIndex r, EigenIndex c, + EigenIndex rstride, EigenIndex cstride) : + conformable{true}, rows{r}, cols{c}, + //TODO: when Eigen bug #747 is fixed, remove the tests for non-negativity. http://eigen.tuxfamily.org/bz/show_bug.cgi?id=747 + stride{EigenRowMajor ? (rstride > 0 ? rstride : 0) : (cstride > 0 ? cstride : 0) /* outer stride */, + EigenRowMajor ? (cstride > 0 ? cstride : 0) : (rstride > 0 ? rstride : 0) /* inner stride */ }, + negativestrides{rstride < 0 || cstride < 0} { + + } + // Vector type: + EigenConformable(EigenIndex r, EigenIndex c, EigenIndex stride) + : EigenConformable(r, c, r == 1 ? c*stride : stride, c == 1 ? r : r*stride) {} + + template bool stride_compatible() const { + // To have compatible strides, we need (on both dimensions) one of fully dynamic strides, + // matching strides, or a dimension size of 1 (in which case the stride value is irrelevant) + return + !negativestrides && + (props::inner_stride == Eigen::Dynamic || props::inner_stride == stride.inner() || + (EigenRowMajor ? cols : rows) == 1) && + (props::outer_stride == Eigen::Dynamic || props::outer_stride == stride.outer() || + (EigenRowMajor ? rows : cols) == 1); + } + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + operator bool() const { return conformable; } +}; + +template struct eigen_extract_stride { using type = Type; }; +template +struct eigen_extract_stride> { using type = StrideType; }; +template +struct eigen_extract_stride> { using type = StrideType; }; + +// Helper struct for extracting information from an Eigen type +template struct EigenProps { + using Type = Type_; + using Scalar = typename Type::Scalar; + using StrideType = typename eigen_extract_stride::type; + static constexpr EigenIndex + rows = Type::RowsAtCompileTime, + cols = Type::ColsAtCompileTime, + size = Type::SizeAtCompileTime; + static constexpr bool + row_major = Type::IsRowMajor, + vector = Type::IsVectorAtCompileTime, // At least one dimension has fixed size 1 + fixed_rows = rows != Eigen::Dynamic, + fixed_cols = cols != Eigen::Dynamic, + fixed = size != Eigen::Dynamic, // Fully-fixed size + dynamic = !fixed_rows && !fixed_cols; // Fully-dynamic size + + template using if_zero = std::integral_constant; + static constexpr EigenIndex inner_stride = if_zero::value, + outer_stride = if_zero::value; + static constexpr bool dynamic_stride = inner_stride == Eigen::Dynamic && outer_stride == Eigen::Dynamic; + static constexpr bool requires_row_major = !dynamic_stride && !vector && (row_major ? inner_stride : outer_stride) == 1; + static constexpr bool requires_col_major = !dynamic_stride && !vector && (row_major ? outer_stride : inner_stride) == 1; + + // Takes an input array and determines whether we can make it fit into the Eigen type. If + // the array is a vector, we attempt to fit it into either an Eigen 1xN or Nx1 vector + // (preferring the latter if it will fit in either, i.e. for a fully dynamic matrix type). + static EigenConformable conformable(const array &a) { + const auto dims = a.ndim(); + if (dims < 1 || dims > 2) + return false; + + if (dims == 2) { // Matrix type: require exact match (or dynamic) + + EigenIndex + np_rows = a.shape(0), + np_cols = a.shape(1), + np_rstride = a.strides(0) / static_cast(sizeof(Scalar)), + np_cstride = a.strides(1) / static_cast(sizeof(Scalar)); + if ((PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(fixed_rows) && np_rows != rows) || + (PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(fixed_cols) && np_cols != cols)) + return false; + + return {np_rows, np_cols, np_rstride, np_cstride}; + } + + // Otherwise we're storing an n-vector. Only one of the strides will be used, but whichever + // is used, we want the (single) numpy stride value. + const EigenIndex n = a.shape(0), + stride = a.strides(0) / static_cast(sizeof(Scalar)); + + if (vector) { // Eigen type is a compile-time vector + if (PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(fixed) && size != n) + return false; // Vector size mismatch + return {rows == 1 ? 1 : n, cols == 1 ? 1 : n, stride}; + } + if (fixed) { + // The type has a fixed size, but is not a vector: abort + return false; + } + if (fixed_cols) { + // Since this isn't a vector, cols must be != 1. We allow this only if it exactly + // equals the number of elements (rows is Dynamic, and so 1 row is allowed). + if (cols != n) return false; + return {1, n, stride}; + } // Otherwise it's either fully dynamic, or column dynamic; both become a column vector + if (PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(fixed_rows) && rows != n) return false; + return {n, 1, stride}; + } + + static constexpr bool show_writeable = is_eigen_dense_map::value && is_eigen_mutable_map::value; + static constexpr bool show_order = is_eigen_dense_map::value; + static constexpr bool show_c_contiguous = show_order && requires_row_major; + static constexpr bool show_f_contiguous = !show_c_contiguous && show_order && requires_col_major; + + static constexpr auto descriptor = + const_name("numpy.ndarray[") + npy_format_descriptor::name + + const_name("[") + const_name(const_name<(size_t) rows>(), const_name("m")) + + const_name(", ") + const_name(const_name<(size_t) cols>(), const_name("n")) + + const_name("]") + + // For a reference type (e.g. Ref) we have other constraints that might need to be + // satisfied: writeable=True (for a mutable reference), and, depending on the map's stride + // options, possibly f_contiguous or c_contiguous. We include them in the descriptor output + // to provide some hint as to why a TypeError is occurring (otherwise it can be confusing to + // see that a function accepts a 'numpy.ndarray[float64[3,2]]' and an error message that you + // *gave* a numpy.ndarray of the right type and dimensions. + const_name(", flags.writeable", "") + + const_name(", flags.c_contiguous", "") + + const_name(", flags.f_contiguous", "") + + const_name("]"); +}; + +// Casts an Eigen type to numpy array. If given a base, the numpy array references the src data, +// otherwise it'll make a copy. writeable lets you turn off the writeable flag for the array. +template handle eigen_array_cast(typename props::Type const &src, handle base = handle(), bool writeable = true) { + constexpr ssize_t elem_size = sizeof(typename props::Scalar); + array a; + if (props::vector) + a = array({ src.size() }, { elem_size * src.innerStride() }, src.data(), base); + else + a = array({ src.rows(), src.cols() }, { elem_size * src.rowStride(), elem_size * src.colStride() }, + src.data(), base); + + if (!writeable) + array_proxy(a.ptr())->flags &= ~detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_WRITEABLE_; + + return a.release(); +} + +// Takes an lvalue ref to some Eigen type and a (python) base object, creating a numpy array that +// reference the Eigen object's data with `base` as the python-registered base class (if omitted, +// the base will be set to None, and lifetime management is up to the caller). The numpy array is +// non-writeable if the given type is const. +template +handle eigen_ref_array(Type &src, handle parent = none()) { + // none here is to get past array's should-we-copy detection, which currently always + // copies when there is no base. Setting the base to None should be harmless. + return eigen_array_cast(src, parent, !std::is_const::value); +} + +// Takes a pointer to some dense, plain Eigen type, builds a capsule around it, then returns a numpy +// array that references the encapsulated data with a python-side reference to the capsule to tie +// its destruction to that of any dependent python objects. Const-ness is determined by whether or +// not the Type of the pointer given is const. +template ::value>> +handle eigen_encapsulate(Type *src) { + capsule base(src, [](void *o) { delete static_cast(o); }); + return eigen_ref_array(*src, base); +} + +// Type caster for regular, dense matrix types (e.g. MatrixXd), but not maps/refs/etc. of dense +// types. +template +struct type_caster::value>> { + using Scalar = typename Type::Scalar; + using props = EigenProps; + + bool load(handle src, bool convert) { + // If we're in no-convert mode, only load if given an array of the correct type + if (!convert && !isinstance>(src)) + return false; + + // Coerce into an array, but don't do type conversion yet; the copy below handles it. + auto buf = array::ensure(src); + + if (!buf) + return false; + + auto dims = buf.ndim(); + if (dims < 1 || dims > 2) + return false; + + auto fits = props::conformable(buf); + if (!fits) + return false; + + // Allocate the new type, then build a numpy reference into it + value = Type(fits.rows, fits.cols); + auto ref = reinterpret_steal(eigen_ref_array(value)); + if (dims == 1) ref = ref.squeeze(); + else if (ref.ndim() == 1) buf = buf.squeeze(); + + int result = detail::npy_api::get().PyArray_CopyInto_(ref.ptr(), buf.ptr()); + + if (result < 0) { // Copy failed! + PyErr_Clear(); + return false; + } + + return true; + } + +private: + + // Cast implementation + template + static handle cast_impl(CType *src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { + switch (policy) { + case return_value_policy::take_ownership: + case return_value_policy::automatic: + return eigen_encapsulate(src); + case return_value_policy::move: + return eigen_encapsulate(new CType(std::move(*src))); + case return_value_policy::copy: + return eigen_array_cast(*src); + case return_value_policy::reference: + case return_value_policy::automatic_reference: + return eigen_ref_array(*src); + case return_value_policy::reference_internal: + return eigen_ref_array(*src, parent); + default: + throw cast_error("unhandled return_value_policy: should not happen!"); + }; + } + +public: + + // Normal returned non-reference, non-const value: + static handle cast(Type &&src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle parent) { + return cast_impl(&src, return_value_policy::move, parent); + } + // If you return a non-reference const, we mark the numpy array readonly: + static handle cast(const Type &&src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle parent) { + return cast_impl(&src, return_value_policy::move, parent); + } + // lvalue reference return; default (automatic) becomes copy + static handle cast(Type &src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { + if (policy == return_value_policy::automatic || policy == return_value_policy::automatic_reference) + policy = return_value_policy::copy; + return cast_impl(&src, policy, parent); + } + // const lvalue reference return; default (automatic) becomes copy + static handle cast(const Type &src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { + if (policy == return_value_policy::automatic || policy == return_value_policy::automatic_reference) + policy = return_value_policy::copy; + return cast(&src, policy, parent); + } + // non-const pointer return + static handle cast(Type *src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { + return cast_impl(src, policy, parent); + } + // const pointer return + static handle cast(const Type *src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { + return cast_impl(src, policy, parent); + } + + static constexpr auto name = props::descriptor; + + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + operator Type*() { return &value; } + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + operator Type&() { return value; } + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + operator Type&&() && { return std::move(value); } + template using cast_op_type = movable_cast_op_type; + +private: + Type value; +}; + +// Base class for casting reference/map/block/etc. objects back to python. +template struct eigen_map_caster { +private: + using props = EigenProps; + +public: + + // Directly referencing a ref/map's data is a bit dangerous (whatever the map/ref points to has + // to stay around), but we'll allow it under the assumption that you know what you're doing (and + // have an appropriate keep_alive in place). We return a numpy array pointing directly at the + // ref's data (The numpy array ends up read-only if the ref was to a const matrix type.) Note + // that this means you need to ensure you don't destroy the object in some other way (e.g. with + // an appropriate keep_alive, or with a reference to a statically allocated matrix). + static handle cast(const MapType &src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { + switch (policy) { + case return_value_policy::copy: + return eigen_array_cast(src); + case return_value_policy::reference_internal: + return eigen_array_cast(src, parent, is_eigen_mutable_map::value); + case return_value_policy::reference: + case return_value_policy::automatic: + case return_value_policy::automatic_reference: + return eigen_array_cast(src, none(), is_eigen_mutable_map::value); + default: + // move, take_ownership don't make any sense for a ref/map: + pybind11_fail("Invalid return_value_policy for Eigen Map/Ref/Block type"); + } + } + + static constexpr auto name = props::descriptor; + + // Explicitly delete these: support python -> C++ conversion on these (i.e. these can be return + // types but not bound arguments). We still provide them (with an explicitly delete) so that + // you end up here if you try anyway. + bool load(handle, bool) = delete; + operator MapType() = delete; + template using cast_op_type = MapType; +}; + +// We can return any map-like object (but can only load Refs, specialized next): +template struct type_caster::value>> + : eigen_map_caster {}; + +// Loader for Ref<...> arguments. See the documentation for info on how to make this work without +// copying (it requires some extra effort in many cases). +template +struct type_caster< + Eigen::Ref, + enable_if_t>::value> +> : public eigen_map_caster> { +private: + using Type = Eigen::Ref; + using props = EigenProps; + using Scalar = typename props::Scalar; + using MapType = Eigen::Map; + using Array = array_t; + static constexpr bool need_writeable = is_eigen_mutable_map::value; + // Delay construction (these have no default constructor) + std::unique_ptr map; + std::unique_ptr ref; + // Our array. When possible, this is just a numpy array pointing to the source data, but + // sometimes we can't avoid copying (e.g. input is not a numpy array at all, has an incompatible + // layout, or is an array of a type that needs to be converted). Using a numpy temporary + // (rather than an Eigen temporary) saves an extra copy when we need both type conversion and + // storage order conversion. (Note that we refuse to use this temporary copy when loading an + // argument for a Ref with M non-const, i.e. a read-write reference). + Array copy_or_ref; +public: + bool load(handle src, bool convert) { + // First check whether what we have is already an array of the right type. If not, we can't + // avoid a copy (because the copy is also going to do type conversion). + bool need_copy = !isinstance(src); + + EigenConformable fits; + if (!need_copy) { + // We don't need a converting copy, but we also need to check whether the strides are + // compatible with the Ref's stride requirements + auto aref = reinterpret_borrow(src); + + if (aref && (!need_writeable || aref.writeable())) { + fits = props::conformable(aref); + if (!fits) return false; // Incompatible dimensions + if (!fits.template stride_compatible()) + need_copy = true; + else + copy_or_ref = std::move(aref); + } + else { + need_copy = true; + } + } + + if (need_copy) { + // We need to copy: If we need a mutable reference, or we're not supposed to convert + // (either because we're in the no-convert overload pass, or because we're explicitly + // instructed not to copy (via `py::arg().noconvert()`) we have to fail loading. + if (!convert || need_writeable) return false; + + Array copy = Array::ensure(src); + if (!copy) return false; + fits = props::conformable(copy); + if (!fits || !fits.template stride_compatible()) + return false; + copy_or_ref = std::move(copy); + loader_life_support::add_patient(copy_or_ref); + } + + ref.reset(); + map.reset(new MapType(data(copy_or_ref), fits.rows, fits.cols, make_stride(fits.stride.outer(), fits.stride.inner()))); + ref.reset(new Type(*map)); + + return true; + } + + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + operator Type*() { return ref.get(); } + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + operator Type&() { return *ref; } + template using cast_op_type = pybind11::detail::cast_op_type<_T>; + +private: + template ::value, int> = 0> + Scalar *data(Array &a) { return a.mutable_data(); } + + template ::value, int> = 0> + const Scalar *data(Array &a) { return a.data(); } + + // Attempt to figure out a constructor of `Stride` that will work. + // If both strides are fixed, use a default constructor: + template using stride_ctor_default = bool_constant< + S::InnerStrideAtCompileTime != Eigen::Dynamic && S::OuterStrideAtCompileTime != Eigen::Dynamic && + std::is_default_constructible::value>; + // Otherwise, if there is a two-index constructor, assume it is (outer,inner) like + // Eigen::Stride, and use it: + template using stride_ctor_dual = bool_constant< + !stride_ctor_default::value && std::is_constructible::value>; + // Otherwise, if there is a one-index constructor, and just one of the strides is dynamic, use + // it (passing whichever stride is dynamic). + template using stride_ctor_outer = bool_constant< + !any_of, stride_ctor_dual>::value && + S::OuterStrideAtCompileTime == Eigen::Dynamic && S::InnerStrideAtCompileTime != Eigen::Dynamic && + std::is_constructible::value>; + template using stride_ctor_inner = bool_constant< + !any_of, stride_ctor_dual>::value && + S::InnerStrideAtCompileTime == Eigen::Dynamic && S::OuterStrideAtCompileTime != Eigen::Dynamic && + std::is_constructible::value>; + + template ::value, int> = 0> + static S make_stride(EigenIndex, EigenIndex) { return S(); } + template ::value, int> = 0> + static S make_stride(EigenIndex outer, EigenIndex inner) { return S(outer, inner); } + template ::value, int> = 0> + static S make_stride(EigenIndex outer, EigenIndex) { return S(outer); } + template ::value, int> = 0> + static S make_stride(EigenIndex, EigenIndex inner) { return S(inner); } + +}; + +// type_caster for special matrix types (e.g. DiagonalMatrix), which are EigenBase, but not +// EigenDense (i.e. they don't have a data(), at least not with the usual matrix layout). +// load() is not supported, but we can cast them into the python domain by first copying to a +// regular Eigen::Matrix, then casting that. +template +struct type_caster::value>> { +protected: + using Matrix = Eigen::Matrix; + using props = EigenProps; +public: + static handle cast(const Type &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) { + handle h = eigen_encapsulate(new Matrix(src)); + return h; + } + static handle cast(const Type *src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { return cast(*src, policy, parent); } + + static constexpr auto name = props::descriptor; + + // Explicitly delete these: support python -> C++ conversion on these (i.e. these can be return + // types but not bound arguments). We still provide them (with an explicitly delete) so that + // you end up here if you try anyway. + bool load(handle, bool) = delete; + operator Type() = delete; + template using cast_op_type = Type; +}; + +template +struct type_caster::value>> { + using Scalar = typename Type::Scalar; + using StorageIndex = remove_reference_t().outerIndexPtr())>; + using Index = typename Type::Index; + static constexpr bool rowMajor = Type::IsRowMajor; + + bool load(handle src, bool) { + if (!src) + return false; + + auto obj = reinterpret_borrow(src); + object sparse_module = module_::import("scipy.sparse"); + object matrix_type = sparse_module.attr( + rowMajor ? "csr_matrix" : "csc_matrix"); + + if (!type::handle_of(obj).is(matrix_type)) { + try { + obj = matrix_type(obj); + } catch (const error_already_set &) { + return false; + } + } + + auto values = array_t((object) obj.attr("data")); + auto innerIndices = array_t((object) obj.attr("indices")); + auto outerIndices = array_t((object) obj.attr("indptr")); + auto shape = pybind11::tuple((pybind11::object) obj.attr("shape")); + auto nnz = obj.attr("nnz").cast(); + + if (!values || !innerIndices || !outerIndices) + return false; + + value = EigenMapSparseMatrix( + shape[0].cast(), shape[1].cast(), nnz, + outerIndices.mutable_data(), innerIndices.mutable_data(), values.mutable_data()); + + return true; + } + + static handle cast(const Type &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) { + const_cast(src).makeCompressed(); + + object matrix_type = module_::import("scipy.sparse").attr( + rowMajor ? "csr_matrix" : "csc_matrix"); + + array data(src.nonZeros(), src.valuePtr()); + array outerIndices((rowMajor ? src.rows() : src.cols()) + 1, src.outerIndexPtr()); + array innerIndices(src.nonZeros(), src.innerIndexPtr()); + + return matrix_type( + std::make_tuple(data, innerIndices, outerIndices), + std::make_pair(src.rows(), src.cols()) + ).release(); + } + + PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(Type, const_name<(Type::IsRowMajor) != 0>("scipy.sparse.csr_matrix[", "scipy.sparse.csc_matrix[") + + npy_format_descriptor::name + const_name("]")); +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/embed.h b/include/pybind11/embed.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9ab1ce9c --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/embed.h @@ -0,0 +1,296 @@ +/* + pybind11/embed.h: Support for embedding the interpreter + + Copyright (c) 2017 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "pybind11.h" +#include "eval.h" + +#include +#include + +#if defined(PYPY_VERSION) +# error Embedding the interpreter is not supported with PyPy +#endif + +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 +# define PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE_IMPL(name) \ + extern "C" PyObject *pybind11_init_impl_##name(); \ + extern "C" PyObject *pybind11_init_impl_##name() { \ + return pybind11_init_wrapper_##name(); \ + } +#else +# define PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE_IMPL(name) \ + extern "C" void pybind11_init_impl_##name(); \ + extern "C" void pybind11_init_impl_##name() { \ + pybind11_init_wrapper_##name(); \ + } +#endif + +/** \rst + Add a new module to the table of builtins for the interpreter. Must be + defined in global scope. The first macro parameter is the name of the + module (without quotes). The second parameter is the variable which will + be used as the interface to add functions and classes to the module. + + .. code-block:: cpp + + PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE(example, m) { + // ... initialize functions and classes here + m.def("foo", []() { + return "Hello, World!"; + }); + } + \endrst */ +#define PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE(name, variable) \ + static ::pybind11::module_::module_def PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_module_def_, name); \ + static void PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_init_, name)(::pybind11::module_ &); \ + static PyObject PYBIND11_CONCAT(*pybind11_init_wrapper_, name)() { \ + auto m = ::pybind11::module_::create_extension_module( \ + PYBIND11_TOSTRING(name), nullptr, &PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_module_def_, name)); \ + try { \ + PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_init_, name)(m); \ + return m.ptr(); \ + } \ + PYBIND11_CATCH_INIT_EXCEPTIONS \ + } \ + PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE_IMPL(name) \ + ::pybind11::detail::embedded_module PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_module_, name)( \ + PYBIND11_TOSTRING(name), PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_init_impl_, name)); \ + void PYBIND11_CONCAT(pybind11_init_, name)(::pybind11::module_ \ + & variable) // NOLINT(bugprone-macro-parentheses) + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +/// Python 2.7/3.x compatible version of `PyImport_AppendInittab` and error checks. +struct embedded_module { +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 + using init_t = PyObject *(*)(); +#else + using init_t = void (*)(); +#endif + embedded_module(const char *name, init_t init) { + if (Py_IsInitialized() != 0) + pybind11_fail("Can't add new modules after the interpreter has been initialized"); + + auto result = PyImport_AppendInittab(name, init); + if (result == -1) + pybind11_fail("Insufficient memory to add a new module"); + } +}; + +struct wide_char_arg_deleter { + void operator()(wchar_t *ptr) const { +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030500f0 + // API docs: https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/sys.html#c.Py_DecodeLocale + PyMem_RawFree(ptr); +#else + delete[] ptr; +#endif + } +}; + +inline wchar_t *widen_chars(const char *safe_arg) { +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030500f0 + wchar_t *widened_arg = Py_DecodeLocale(safe_arg, nullptr); +#else + wchar_t *widened_arg = nullptr; + +// warning C4996: 'mbstowcs': This function or variable may be unsafe. +#if defined(_MSC_VER) +#pragma warning(push) +#pragma warning(disable:4996) +#endif + +# if defined(HAVE_BROKEN_MBSTOWCS) && HAVE_BROKEN_MBSTOWCS + size_t count = std::strlen(safe_arg); +# else + size_t count = std::mbstowcs(nullptr, safe_arg, 0); +# endif + if (count != static_cast(-1)) { + widened_arg = new wchar_t[count + 1]; + std::mbstowcs(widened_arg, safe_arg, count + 1); + } + +#if defined(_MSC_VER) +#pragma warning(pop) +#endif + +#endif + return widened_arg; +} + +/// Python 2.x/3.x-compatible version of `PySys_SetArgv` +inline void set_interpreter_argv(int argc, const char *const *argv, bool add_program_dir_to_path) { + // Before it was special-cased in python 3.8, passing an empty or null argv + // caused a segfault, so we have to reimplement the special case ourselves. + bool special_case = (argv == nullptr || argc <= 0); + + const char *const empty_argv[]{"\0"}; + const char *const *safe_argv = special_case ? empty_argv : argv; + if (special_case) + argc = 1; + + auto argv_size = static_cast(argc); +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 + // SetArgv* on python 3 takes wchar_t, so we have to convert. + std::unique_ptr widened_argv(new wchar_t *[argv_size]); + std::vector> widened_argv_entries; + widened_argv_entries.reserve(argv_size); + for (size_t ii = 0; ii < argv_size; ++ii) { + widened_argv_entries.emplace_back(widen_chars(safe_argv[ii])); + if (!widened_argv_entries.back()) { + // A null here indicates a character-encoding failure or the python + // interpreter out of memory. Give up. + return; + } + widened_argv[ii] = widened_argv_entries.back().get(); + } + + auto pysys_argv = widened_argv.get(); +#else + // python 2.x + std::vector strings{safe_argv, safe_argv + argv_size}; + std::vector char_strings{argv_size}; + for (std::size_t i = 0; i < argv_size; ++i) + char_strings[i] = &strings[i][0]; + char **pysys_argv = char_strings.data(); +#endif + + PySys_SetArgvEx(argc, pysys_argv, static_cast(add_program_dir_to_path)); +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +/** \rst + Initialize the Python interpreter. No other pybind11 or CPython API functions can be + called before this is done; with the exception of `PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE`. The + optional `init_signal_handlers` parameter can be used to skip the registration of + signal handlers (see the `Python documentation`_ for details). Calling this function + again after the interpreter has already been initialized is a fatal error. + + If initializing the Python interpreter fails, then the program is terminated. (This + is controlled by the CPython runtime and is an exception to pybind11's normal behavior + of throwing exceptions on errors.) + + The remaining optional parameters, `argc`, `argv`, and `add_program_dir_to_path` are + used to populate ``sys.argv`` and ``sys.path``. + See the |PySys_SetArgvEx documentation|_ for details. + + .. _Python documentation: https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/init.html#c.Py_InitializeEx + .. |PySys_SetArgvEx documentation| replace:: ``PySys_SetArgvEx`` documentation + .. _PySys_SetArgvEx documentation: https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/init.html#c.PySys_SetArgvEx + \endrst */ +inline void initialize_interpreter(bool init_signal_handlers = true, + int argc = 0, + const char *const *argv = nullptr, + bool add_program_dir_to_path = true) { + if (Py_IsInitialized() != 0) + pybind11_fail("The interpreter is already running"); + + Py_InitializeEx(init_signal_handlers ? 1 : 0); + + detail::set_interpreter_argv(argc, argv, add_program_dir_to_path); +} + +/** \rst + Shut down the Python interpreter. No pybind11 or CPython API functions can be called + after this. In addition, pybind11 objects must not outlive the interpreter: + + .. code-block:: cpp + + { // BAD + py::initialize_interpreter(); + auto hello = py::str("Hello, World!"); + py::finalize_interpreter(); + } // <-- BOOM, hello's destructor is called after interpreter shutdown + + { // GOOD + py::initialize_interpreter(); + { // scoped + auto hello = py::str("Hello, World!"); + } // <-- OK, hello is cleaned up properly + py::finalize_interpreter(); + } + + { // BETTER + py::scoped_interpreter guard{}; + auto hello = py::str("Hello, World!"); + } + + .. warning:: + + The interpreter can be restarted by calling `initialize_interpreter` again. + Modules created using pybind11 can be safely re-initialized. However, Python + itself cannot completely unload binary extension modules and there are several + caveats with regard to interpreter restarting. All the details can be found + in the CPython documentation. In short, not all interpreter memory may be + freed, either due to reference cycles or user-created global data. + + \endrst */ +inline void finalize_interpreter() { + handle builtins(PyEval_GetBuiltins()); + const char *id = PYBIND11_INTERNALS_ID; + + // Get the internals pointer (without creating it if it doesn't exist). It's possible for the + // internals to be created during Py_Finalize() (e.g. if a py::capsule calls `get_internals()` + // during destruction), so we get the pointer-pointer here and check it after Py_Finalize(). + detail::internals **internals_ptr_ptr = detail::get_internals_pp(); + // It could also be stashed in builtins, so look there too: + if (builtins.contains(id) && isinstance(builtins[id])) + internals_ptr_ptr = capsule(builtins[id]); + + Py_Finalize(); + + if (internals_ptr_ptr) { + delete *internals_ptr_ptr; + *internals_ptr_ptr = nullptr; + } +} + +/** \rst + Scope guard version of `initialize_interpreter` and `finalize_interpreter`. + This a move-only guard and only a single instance can exist. + + See `initialize_interpreter` for a discussion of its constructor arguments. + + .. code-block:: cpp + + #include + + int main() { + py::scoped_interpreter guard{}; + py::print(Hello, World!); + } // <-- interpreter shutdown + \endrst */ +class scoped_interpreter { +public: + explicit scoped_interpreter(bool init_signal_handlers = true, + int argc = 0, + const char *const *argv = nullptr, + bool add_program_dir_to_path = true) { + initialize_interpreter(init_signal_handlers, argc, argv, add_program_dir_to_path); + } + + scoped_interpreter(const scoped_interpreter &) = delete; + scoped_interpreter(scoped_interpreter &&other) noexcept { other.is_valid = false; } + scoped_interpreter &operator=(const scoped_interpreter &) = delete; + scoped_interpreter &operator=(scoped_interpreter &&) = delete; + + ~scoped_interpreter() { + if (is_valid) + finalize_interpreter(); + } + +private: + bool is_valid = true; +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/eval.h b/include/pybind11/eval.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4248551e --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/eval.h @@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ +/* + pybind11/eval.h: Support for evaluating Python expressions and statements + from strings and files + + Copyright (c) 2016 Klemens Morgenstern and + Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include + +#include "pybind11.h" + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +inline void ensure_builtins_in_globals(object &global) { + #if defined(PYPY_VERSION) || PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03080000 + // Running exec and eval on Python 2 and 3 adds `builtins` module under + // `__builtins__` key to globals if not yet present. + // Python 3.8 made PyRun_String behave similarly. Let's also do that for + // older versions, for consistency. This was missing from PyPy3.8 7.3.7. + if (!global.contains("__builtins__")) + global["__builtins__"] = module_::import(PYBIND11_BUILTINS_MODULE); + #else + (void) global; + #endif +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +enum eval_mode { + /// Evaluate a string containing an isolated expression + eval_expr, + + /// Evaluate a string containing a single statement. Returns \c none + eval_single_statement, + + /// Evaluate a string containing a sequence of statement. Returns \c none + eval_statements +}; + +template +object eval(const str &expr, object global = globals(), object local = object()) { + if (!local) + local = global; + + detail::ensure_builtins_in_globals(global); + + /* PyRun_String does not accept a PyObject / encoding specifier, + this seems to be the only alternative */ + std::string buffer = "# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-\n" + (std::string) expr; + + int start = 0; + switch (mode) { + case eval_expr: start = Py_eval_input; break; + case eval_single_statement: start = Py_single_input; break; + case eval_statements: start = Py_file_input; break; + default: pybind11_fail("invalid evaluation mode"); + } + + PyObject *result = PyRun_String(buffer.c_str(), start, global.ptr(), local.ptr()); + if (!result) + throw error_already_set(); + return reinterpret_steal(result); +} + +template +object eval(const char (&s)[N], object global = globals(), object local = object()) { + /* Support raw string literals by removing common leading whitespace */ + auto expr = (s[0] == '\n') ? str(module_::import("textwrap").attr("dedent")(s)) + : str(s); + return eval(expr, global, local); +} + +inline void exec(const str &expr, object global = globals(), object local = object()) { + eval(expr, std::move(global), std::move(local)); +} + +template +void exec(const char (&s)[N], object global = globals(), object local = object()) { + eval(s, global, local); +} + +#if defined(PYPY_VERSION) && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000 +template +object eval_file(str, object, object) { + pybind11_fail("eval_file not supported in PyPy3. Use eval"); +} +template +object eval_file(str, object) { + pybind11_fail("eval_file not supported in PyPy3. Use eval"); +} +template +object eval_file(str) { + pybind11_fail("eval_file not supported in PyPy3. Use eval"); +} +#else +template +object eval_file(str fname, object global = globals(), object local = object()) { + if (!local) + local = global; + + detail::ensure_builtins_in_globals(global); + + int start = 0; + switch (mode) { + case eval_expr: start = Py_eval_input; break; + case eval_single_statement: start = Py_single_input; break; + case eval_statements: start = Py_file_input; break; + default: pybind11_fail("invalid evaluation mode"); + } + + int closeFile = 1; + std::string fname_str = (std::string) fname; +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03040000 + FILE *f = _Py_fopen_obj(fname.ptr(), "r"); +#elif PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000 + FILE *f = _Py_fopen(fname.ptr(), "r"); +#else + /* No unicode support in open() :( */ + auto fobj = reinterpret_steal(PyFile_FromString( + const_cast(fname_str.c_str()), + const_cast("r"))); + FILE *f = nullptr; + if (fobj) + f = PyFile_AsFile(fobj.ptr()); + closeFile = 0; +#endif + if (!f) { + PyErr_Clear(); + pybind11_fail("File \"" + fname_str + "\" could not be opened!"); + } + + // In Python2, this should be encoded by getfilesystemencoding. + // We don't boher setting it since Python2 is past EOL anyway. + // See PR#3233 +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000 + if (!global.contains("__file__")) { + global["__file__"] = std::move(fname); + } +#endif + +#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03000000 && defined(PYPY_VERSION) + PyObject *result = PyRun_File(f, fname_str.c_str(), start, global.ptr(), + local.ptr()); + (void) closeFile; +#else + PyObject *result = PyRun_FileEx(f, fname_str.c_str(), start, global.ptr(), + local.ptr(), closeFile); +#endif + + if (!result) + throw error_already_set(); + return reinterpret_steal(result); +} +#endif + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/functional.h b/include/pybind11/functional.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7912aef1 --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/functional.h @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +/* + pybind11/functional.h: std::function<> support + + Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "pybind11.h" +#include + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +template +struct type_caster> { + using type = std::function; + using retval_type = conditional_t::value, void_type, Return>; + using function_type = Return (*) (Args...); + +public: + bool load(handle src, bool convert) { + if (src.is_none()) { + // Defer accepting None to other overloads (if we aren't in convert mode): + if (!convert) return false; + return true; + } + + if (!isinstance(src)) + return false; + + auto func = reinterpret_borrow(src); + + /* + When passing a C++ function as an argument to another C++ + function via Python, every function call would normally involve + a full C++ -> Python -> C++ roundtrip, which can be prohibitive. + Here, we try to at least detect the case where the function is + stateless (i.e. function pointer or lambda function without + captured variables), in which case the roundtrip can be avoided. + */ + if (auto cfunc = func.cpp_function()) { + auto cfunc_self = PyCFunction_GET_SELF(cfunc.ptr()); + if (isinstance(cfunc_self)) { + auto c = reinterpret_borrow(cfunc_self); + auto rec = (function_record *) c; + + while (rec != nullptr) { + if (rec->is_stateless + && same_type(typeid(function_type), + *reinterpret_cast(rec->data[1]))) { + struct capture { + function_type f; + }; + value = ((capture *) &rec->data)->f; + return true; + } + rec = rec->next; + } + } + // PYPY segfaults here when passing builtin function like sum. + // Raising an fail exception here works to prevent the segfault, but only on gcc. + // See PR #1413 for full details + } + + // ensure GIL is held during functor destruction + struct func_handle { + function f; +#if !(defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER == 1916 && defined(PYBIND11_CPP17)) + // This triggers a syntax error under very special conditions (very weird indeed). + explicit +#endif + func_handle(function &&f_) noexcept : f(std::move(f_)) {} + func_handle(const func_handle &f_) { operator=(f_); } + func_handle &operator=(const func_handle &f_) { + gil_scoped_acquire acq; + f = f_.f; + return *this; + } + ~func_handle() { + gil_scoped_acquire acq; + function kill_f(std::move(f)); + } + }; + + // to emulate 'move initialization capture' in C++11 + struct func_wrapper { + func_handle hfunc; + explicit func_wrapper(func_handle &&hf) noexcept : hfunc(std::move(hf)) {} + Return operator()(Args... args) const { + gil_scoped_acquire acq; + object retval(hfunc.f(std::forward(args)...)); + /* Visual studio 2015 parser issue: need parentheses around this expression */ + return (retval.template cast()); + } + }; + + value = func_wrapper(func_handle(std::move(func))); + return true; + } + + template + static handle cast(Func &&f_, return_value_policy policy, handle /* parent */) { + if (!f_) + return none().inc_ref(); + + auto result = f_.template target(); + if (result) + return cpp_function(*result, policy).release(); + return cpp_function(std::forward(f_), policy).release(); + } + + PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(type, const_name("Callable[[") + concat(make_caster::name...) + const_name("], ") + + make_caster::name + const_name("]")); +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/gil.h b/include/pybind11/gil.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b73aaa3f --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/gil.h @@ -0,0 +1,193 @@ +/* + pybind11/gil.h: RAII helpers for managing the GIL + + Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "detail/common.h" +#include "detail/internals.h" + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) + + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +// forward declarations +PyThreadState *get_thread_state_unchecked(); + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + + +#if defined(WITH_THREAD) && !defined(PYPY_VERSION) + +/* The functions below essentially reproduce the PyGILState_* API using a RAII + * pattern, but there are a few important differences: + * + * 1. When acquiring the GIL from an non-main thread during the finalization + * phase, the GILState API blindly terminates the calling thread, which + * is often not what is wanted. This API does not do this. + * + * 2. The gil_scoped_release function can optionally cut the relationship + * of a PyThreadState and its associated thread, which allows moving it to + * another thread (this is a fairly rare/advanced use case). + * + * 3. The reference count of an acquired thread state can be controlled. This + * can be handy to prevent cases where callbacks issued from an external + * thread would otherwise constantly construct and destroy thread state data + * structures. + * + * See the Python bindings of NanoGUI (http://github.com/wjakob/nanogui) for an + * example which uses features 2 and 3 to migrate the Python thread of + * execution to another thread (to run the event loop on the original thread, + * in this case). + */ + +class gil_scoped_acquire { +public: + PYBIND11_NOINLINE gil_scoped_acquire() { + auto &internals = detail::get_internals(); + tstate = (PyThreadState *) PYBIND11_TLS_GET_VALUE(internals.tstate); + + if (!tstate) { + /* Check if the GIL was acquired using the PyGILState_* API instead (e.g. if + calling from a Python thread). Since we use a different key, this ensures + we don't create a new thread state and deadlock in PyEval_AcquireThread + below. Note we don't save this state with internals.tstate, since we don't + create it we would fail to clear it (its reference count should be > 0). */ + tstate = PyGILState_GetThisThreadState(); + } + + if (!tstate) { + tstate = PyThreadState_New(internals.istate); + #if !defined(NDEBUG) + if (!tstate) + pybind11_fail("scoped_acquire: could not create thread state!"); + #endif + tstate->gilstate_counter = 0; + PYBIND11_TLS_REPLACE_VALUE(internals.tstate, tstate); + } else { + release = detail::get_thread_state_unchecked() != tstate; + } + + if (release) { + PyEval_AcquireThread(tstate); + } + + inc_ref(); + } + + void inc_ref() { + ++tstate->gilstate_counter; + } + + PYBIND11_NOINLINE void dec_ref() { + --tstate->gilstate_counter; + #if !defined(NDEBUG) + if (detail::get_thread_state_unchecked() != tstate) + pybind11_fail("scoped_acquire::dec_ref(): thread state must be current!"); + if (tstate->gilstate_counter < 0) + pybind11_fail("scoped_acquire::dec_ref(): reference count underflow!"); + #endif + if (tstate->gilstate_counter == 0) { + #if !defined(NDEBUG) + if (!release) + pybind11_fail("scoped_acquire::dec_ref(): internal error!"); + #endif + PyThreadState_Clear(tstate); + if (active) + PyThreadState_DeleteCurrent(); + PYBIND11_TLS_DELETE_VALUE(detail::get_internals().tstate); + release = false; + } + } + + /// This method will disable the PyThreadState_DeleteCurrent call and the + /// GIL won't be acquired. This method should be used if the interpreter + /// could be shutting down when this is called, as thread deletion is not + /// allowed during shutdown. Check _Py_IsFinalizing() on Python 3.7+, and + /// protect subsequent code. + PYBIND11_NOINLINE void disarm() { + active = false; + } + + PYBIND11_NOINLINE ~gil_scoped_acquire() { + dec_ref(); + if (release) + PyEval_SaveThread(); + } +private: + PyThreadState *tstate = nullptr; + bool release = true; + bool active = true; +}; + +class gil_scoped_release { +public: + explicit gil_scoped_release(bool disassoc = false) : disassoc(disassoc) { + // `get_internals()` must be called here unconditionally in order to initialize + // `internals.tstate` for subsequent `gil_scoped_acquire` calls. Otherwise, an + // initialization race could occur as multiple threads try `gil_scoped_acquire`. + auto &internals = detail::get_internals(); + tstate = PyEval_SaveThread(); + if (disassoc) { + auto key = internals.tstate; + PYBIND11_TLS_DELETE_VALUE(key); + } + } + + /// This method will disable the PyThreadState_DeleteCurrent call and the + /// GIL won't be acquired. This method should be used if the interpreter + /// could be shutting down when this is called, as thread deletion is not + /// allowed during shutdown. Check _Py_IsFinalizing() on Python 3.7+, and + /// protect subsequent code. + PYBIND11_NOINLINE void disarm() { + active = false; + } + + ~gil_scoped_release() { + if (!tstate) + return; + // `PyEval_RestoreThread()` should not be called if runtime is finalizing + if (active) + PyEval_RestoreThread(tstate); + if (disassoc) { + auto key = detail::get_internals().tstate; + PYBIND11_TLS_REPLACE_VALUE(key, tstate); + } + } +private: + PyThreadState *tstate; + bool disassoc; + bool active = true; +}; +#elif defined(PYPY_VERSION) +class gil_scoped_acquire { + PyGILState_STATE state; +public: + gil_scoped_acquire() { state = PyGILState_Ensure(); } + ~gil_scoped_acquire() { PyGILState_Release(state); } + void disarm() {} +}; + +class gil_scoped_release { + PyThreadState *state; +public: + gil_scoped_release() { state = PyEval_SaveThread(); } + ~gil_scoped_release() { PyEval_RestoreThread(state); } + void disarm() {} +}; +#else +class gil_scoped_acquire { + void disarm() {} +}; +class gil_scoped_release { + void disarm() {} +}; +#endif + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/iostream.h b/include/pybind11/iostream.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..95449a07 --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/iostream.h @@ -0,0 +1,275 @@ +/* + pybind11/iostream.h -- Tools to assist with redirecting cout and cerr to Python + + Copyright (c) 2017 Henry F. Schreiner + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. + + WARNING: The implementation in this file is NOT thread safe. Multiple + threads writing to a redirected ostream concurrently cause data races + and potentially buffer overflows. Therefore it is currently a requirement + that all (possibly) concurrent redirected ostream writes are protected by + a mutex. + #HelpAppreciated: Work on iostream.h thread safety. + For more background see the discussions under + https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/2982 and + https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/2995. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "pybind11.h" + +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +// Buffer that writes to Python instead of C++ +class pythonbuf : public std::streambuf { +private: + using traits_type = std::streambuf::traits_type; + + const size_t buf_size; + std::unique_ptr d_buffer; + object pywrite; + object pyflush; + + int overflow(int c) override { + if (!traits_type::eq_int_type(c, traits_type::eof())) { + *pptr() = traits_type::to_char_type(c); + pbump(1); + } + return sync() == 0 ? traits_type::not_eof(c) : traits_type::eof(); + } + + // Computes how many bytes at the end of the buffer are part of an + // incomplete sequence of UTF-8 bytes. + // Precondition: pbase() < pptr() + size_t utf8_remainder() const { + const auto rbase = std::reverse_iterator(pbase()); + const auto rpptr = std::reverse_iterator(pptr()); + auto is_ascii = [](char c) { + return (static_cast(c) & 0x80) == 0x00; + }; + auto is_leading = [](char c) { + return (static_cast(c) & 0xC0) == 0xC0; + }; + auto is_leading_2b = [](char c) { + return static_cast(c) <= 0xDF; + }; + auto is_leading_3b = [](char c) { + return static_cast(c) <= 0xEF; + }; + // If the last character is ASCII, there are no incomplete code points + if (is_ascii(*rpptr)) + return 0; + // Otherwise, work back from the end of the buffer and find the first + // UTF-8 leading byte + const auto rpend = rbase - rpptr >= 3 ? rpptr + 3 : rbase; + const auto leading = std::find_if(rpptr, rpend, is_leading); + if (leading == rbase) + return 0; + const auto dist = static_cast(leading - rpptr); + size_t remainder = 0; + + if (dist == 0) + remainder = 1; // 1-byte code point is impossible + else if (dist == 1) + remainder = is_leading_2b(*leading) ? 0 : dist + 1; + else if (dist == 2) + remainder = is_leading_3b(*leading) ? 0 : dist + 1; + // else if (dist >= 3), at least 4 bytes before encountering an UTF-8 + // leading byte, either no remainder or invalid UTF-8. + // Invalid UTF-8 will cause an exception later when converting + // to a Python string, so that's not handled here. + return remainder; + } + + // This function must be non-virtual to be called in a destructor. + int _sync() { + if (pbase() != pptr()) { // If buffer is not empty + gil_scoped_acquire tmp; + // This subtraction cannot be negative, so dropping the sign. + auto size = static_cast(pptr() - pbase()); + size_t remainder = utf8_remainder(); + + if (size > remainder) { + str line(pbase(), size - remainder); + pywrite(line); + pyflush(); + } + + // Copy the remainder at the end of the buffer to the beginning: + if (remainder > 0) + std::memmove(pbase(), pptr() - remainder, remainder); + setp(pbase(), epptr()); + pbump(static_cast(remainder)); + } + return 0; + } + + int sync() override { + return _sync(); + } + +public: + explicit pythonbuf(const object &pyostream, size_t buffer_size = 1024) + : buf_size(buffer_size), d_buffer(new char[buf_size]), pywrite(pyostream.attr("write")), + pyflush(pyostream.attr("flush")) { + setp(d_buffer.get(), d_buffer.get() + buf_size - 1); + } + + pythonbuf(pythonbuf&&) = default; + + /// Sync before destroy + ~pythonbuf() override { + _sync(); + } +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + + +/** \rst + This a move-only guard that redirects output. + + .. code-block:: cpp + + #include + + ... + + { + py::scoped_ostream_redirect output; + std::cout << "Hello, World!"; // Python stdout + } // <-- return std::cout to normal + + You can explicitly pass the c++ stream and the python object, + for example to guard stderr instead. + + .. code-block:: cpp + + { + py::scoped_ostream_redirect output{std::cerr, py::module::import("sys").attr("stderr")}; + std::cout << "Hello, World!"; + } + \endrst */ +class scoped_ostream_redirect { +protected: + std::streambuf *old; + std::ostream &costream; + detail::pythonbuf buffer; + +public: + explicit scoped_ostream_redirect(std::ostream &costream = std::cout, + const object &pyostream + = module_::import("sys").attr("stdout")) + : costream(costream), buffer(pyostream) { + old = costream.rdbuf(&buffer); + } + + ~scoped_ostream_redirect() { + costream.rdbuf(old); + } + + scoped_ostream_redirect(const scoped_ostream_redirect &) = delete; + scoped_ostream_redirect(scoped_ostream_redirect &&other) = default; + scoped_ostream_redirect &operator=(const scoped_ostream_redirect &) = delete; + scoped_ostream_redirect &operator=(scoped_ostream_redirect &&) = delete; +}; + + +/** \rst + Like `scoped_ostream_redirect`, but redirects cerr by default. This class + is provided primary to make ``py::call_guard`` easier to make. + + .. code-block:: cpp + + m.def("noisy_func", &noisy_func, + py::call_guard()); + +\endrst */ +class scoped_estream_redirect : public scoped_ostream_redirect { +public: + explicit scoped_estream_redirect(std::ostream &costream = std::cerr, + const object &pyostream + = module_::import("sys").attr("stderr")) + : scoped_ostream_redirect(costream, pyostream) {} +}; + + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +// Class to redirect output as a context manager. C++ backend. +class OstreamRedirect { + bool do_stdout_; + bool do_stderr_; + std::unique_ptr redirect_stdout; + std::unique_ptr redirect_stderr; + +public: + explicit OstreamRedirect(bool do_stdout = true, bool do_stderr = true) + : do_stdout_(do_stdout), do_stderr_(do_stderr) {} + + void enter() { + if (do_stdout_) + redirect_stdout.reset(new scoped_ostream_redirect()); + if (do_stderr_) + redirect_stderr.reset(new scoped_estream_redirect()); + } + + void exit() { + redirect_stdout.reset(); + redirect_stderr.reset(); + } +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +/** \rst + This is a helper function to add a C++ redirect context manager to Python + instead of using a C++ guard. To use it, add the following to your binding code: + + .. code-block:: cpp + + #include + + ... + + py::add_ostream_redirect(m, "ostream_redirect"); + + You now have a Python context manager that redirects your output: + + .. code-block:: python + + with m.ostream_redirect(): + m.print_to_cout_function() + + This manager can optionally be told which streams to operate on: + + .. code-block:: python + + with m.ostream_redirect(stdout=true, stderr=true): + m.noisy_function_with_error_printing() + + \endrst */ +inline class_ +add_ostream_redirect(module_ m, const std::string &name = "ostream_redirect") { + return class_(std::move(m), name.c_str(), module_local()) + .def(init(), arg("stdout") = true, arg("stderr") = true) + .def("__enter__", &detail::OstreamRedirect::enter) + .def("__exit__", [](detail::OstreamRedirect &self_, const args &) { self_.exit(); }); +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/numpy.h b/include/pybind11/numpy.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..95a743ac --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/numpy.h @@ -0,0 +1,1741 @@ +/* + pybind11/numpy.h: Basic NumPy support, vectorize() wrapper + + Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "pybind11.h" +#include "complex.h" +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +/* This will be true on all flat address space platforms and allows us to reduce the + whole npy_intp / ssize_t / Py_intptr_t business down to just ssize_t for all size + and dimension types (e.g. shape, strides, indexing), instead of inflicting this + upon the library user. */ +static_assert(sizeof(::pybind11::ssize_t) == sizeof(Py_intptr_t), "ssize_t != Py_intptr_t"); +static_assert(std::is_signed::value, "Py_intptr_t must be signed"); +// We now can reinterpret_cast between py::ssize_t and Py_intptr_t (MSVC + PyPy cares) + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) + +class array; // Forward declaration + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +template <> struct handle_type_name { static constexpr auto name = const_name("numpy.ndarray"); }; + +template struct npy_format_descriptor; + +struct PyArrayDescr_Proxy { + PyObject_HEAD + PyObject *typeobj; + char kind; + char type; + char byteorder; + char flags; + int type_num; + int elsize; + int alignment; + char *subarray; + PyObject *fields; + PyObject *names; +}; + +struct PyArray_Proxy { + PyObject_HEAD + char *data; + int nd; + ssize_t *dimensions; + ssize_t *strides; + PyObject *base; + PyObject *descr; + int flags; +}; + +struct PyVoidScalarObject_Proxy { + PyObject_VAR_HEAD + char *obval; + PyArrayDescr_Proxy *descr; + int flags; + PyObject *base; +}; + +struct numpy_type_info { + PyObject* dtype_ptr; + std::string format_str; +}; + +struct numpy_internals { + std::unordered_map registered_dtypes; + + numpy_type_info *get_type_info(const std::type_info& tinfo, bool throw_if_missing = true) { + auto it = registered_dtypes.find(std::type_index(tinfo)); + if (it != registered_dtypes.end()) + return &(it->second); + if (throw_if_missing) + pybind11_fail(std::string("NumPy type info missing for ") + tinfo.name()); + return nullptr; + } + + template numpy_type_info *get_type_info(bool throw_if_missing = true) { + return get_type_info(typeid(typename std::remove_cv::type), throw_if_missing); + } +}; + +PYBIND11_NOINLINE void load_numpy_internals(numpy_internals* &ptr) { + ptr = &get_or_create_shared_data("_numpy_internals"); +} + +inline numpy_internals& get_numpy_internals() { + static numpy_internals* ptr = nullptr; + if (!ptr) + load_numpy_internals(ptr); + return *ptr; +} + +template struct same_size { + template using as = bool_constant; +}; + +template constexpr int platform_lookup() { return -1; } + +// Lookup a type according to its size, and return a value corresponding to the NumPy typenum. +template +constexpr int platform_lookup(int I, Ints... Is) { + return sizeof(Concrete) == sizeof(T) ? I : platform_lookup(Is...); +} + +struct npy_api { + enum constants { + NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS_ = 0x0001, + NPY_ARRAY_F_CONTIGUOUS_ = 0x0002, + NPY_ARRAY_OWNDATA_ = 0x0004, + NPY_ARRAY_FORCECAST_ = 0x0010, + NPY_ARRAY_ENSUREARRAY_ = 0x0040, + NPY_ARRAY_ALIGNED_ = 0x0100, + NPY_ARRAY_WRITEABLE_ = 0x0400, + NPY_BOOL_ = 0, + NPY_BYTE_, NPY_UBYTE_, + NPY_SHORT_, NPY_USHORT_, + NPY_INT_, NPY_UINT_, + NPY_LONG_, NPY_ULONG_, + NPY_LONGLONG_, NPY_ULONGLONG_, + NPY_FLOAT_, NPY_DOUBLE_, NPY_LONGDOUBLE_, + NPY_CFLOAT_, NPY_CDOUBLE_, NPY_CLONGDOUBLE_, + NPY_OBJECT_ = 17, + NPY_STRING_, NPY_UNICODE_, NPY_VOID_, + // Platform-dependent normalization + NPY_INT8_ = NPY_BYTE_, + NPY_UINT8_ = NPY_UBYTE_, + NPY_INT16_ = NPY_SHORT_, + NPY_UINT16_ = NPY_USHORT_, + // `npy_common.h` defines the integer aliases. In order, it checks: + // NPY_BITSOF_LONG, NPY_BITSOF_LONGLONG, NPY_BITSOF_INT, NPY_BITSOF_SHORT, NPY_BITSOF_CHAR + // and assigns the alias to the first matching size, so we should check in this order. + NPY_INT32_ = platform_lookup( + NPY_LONG_, NPY_INT_, NPY_SHORT_), + NPY_UINT32_ = platform_lookup( + NPY_ULONG_, NPY_UINT_, NPY_USHORT_), + NPY_INT64_ = platform_lookup( + NPY_LONG_, NPY_LONGLONG_, NPY_INT_), + NPY_UINT64_ = platform_lookup( + NPY_ULONG_, NPY_ULONGLONG_, NPY_UINT_), + }; + + struct PyArray_Dims { + Py_intptr_t *ptr; + int len; + }; + + static npy_api& get() { + static npy_api api = lookup(); + return api; + } + + bool PyArray_Check_(PyObject *obj) const { + return PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, PyArray_Type_) != 0; + } + bool PyArrayDescr_Check_(PyObject *obj) const { + return PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, PyArrayDescr_Type_) != 0; + } + + unsigned int (*PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion_)(); + PyObject *(*PyArray_DescrFromType_)(int); + PyObject *(*PyArray_NewFromDescr_) + (PyTypeObject *, PyObject *, int, Py_intptr_t const *, + Py_intptr_t const *, void *, int, PyObject *); + // Unused. Not removed because that affects ABI of the class. + PyObject *(*PyArray_DescrNewFromType_)(int); + int (*PyArray_CopyInto_)(PyObject *, PyObject *); + PyObject *(*PyArray_NewCopy_)(PyObject *, int); + PyTypeObject *PyArray_Type_; + PyTypeObject *PyVoidArrType_Type_; + PyTypeObject *PyArrayDescr_Type_; + PyObject *(*PyArray_DescrFromScalar_)(PyObject *); + PyObject *(*PyArray_FromAny_) (PyObject *, PyObject *, int, int, int, PyObject *); + int (*PyArray_DescrConverter_) (PyObject *, PyObject **); + bool (*PyArray_EquivTypes_) (PyObject *, PyObject *); + int (*PyArray_GetArrayParamsFromObject_)(PyObject *, PyObject *, unsigned char, PyObject **, int *, + Py_intptr_t *, PyObject **, PyObject *); + PyObject *(*PyArray_Squeeze_)(PyObject *); + // Unused. Not removed because that affects ABI of the class. + int (*PyArray_SetBaseObject_)(PyObject *, PyObject *); + PyObject* (*PyArray_Resize_)(PyObject*, PyArray_Dims*, int, int); + PyObject* (*PyArray_Newshape_)(PyObject*, PyArray_Dims*, int); + PyObject* (*PyArray_View_)(PyObject*, PyObject*, PyObject*); + +private: + enum functions { + API_PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion = 211, + API_PyArray_Type = 2, + API_PyArrayDescr_Type = 3, + API_PyVoidArrType_Type = 39, + API_PyArray_DescrFromType = 45, + API_PyArray_DescrFromScalar = 57, + API_PyArray_FromAny = 69, + API_PyArray_Resize = 80, + API_PyArray_CopyInto = 82, + API_PyArray_NewCopy = 85, + API_PyArray_NewFromDescr = 94, + API_PyArray_DescrNewFromType = 96, + API_PyArray_Newshape = 135, + API_PyArray_Squeeze = 136, + API_PyArray_View = 137, + API_PyArray_DescrConverter = 174, + API_PyArray_EquivTypes = 182, + API_PyArray_GetArrayParamsFromObject = 278, + API_PyArray_SetBaseObject = 282 + }; + + static npy_api lookup() { + module_ m = module_::import("numpy.core.multiarray"); + auto c = m.attr("_ARRAY_API"); +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 + void **api_ptr = (void **) PyCapsule_GetPointer(c.ptr(), NULL); +#else + void **api_ptr = (void **) PyCObject_AsVoidPtr(c.ptr()); +#endif + npy_api api; +#define DECL_NPY_API(Func) api.Func##_ = (decltype(api.Func##_)) api_ptr[API_##Func]; + DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion); + if (api.PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion_() < 0x7) + pybind11_fail("pybind11 numpy support requires numpy >= 1.7.0"); + DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_Type); + DECL_NPY_API(PyVoidArrType_Type); + DECL_NPY_API(PyArrayDescr_Type); + DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_DescrFromType); + DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_DescrFromScalar); + DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_FromAny); + DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_Resize); + DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_CopyInto); + DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_NewCopy); + DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_NewFromDescr); + DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_DescrNewFromType); + DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_Newshape); + DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_Squeeze); + DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_View); + DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_DescrConverter); + DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_EquivTypes); + DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_GetArrayParamsFromObject); + DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_SetBaseObject); + +#undef DECL_NPY_API + return api; + } +}; + +inline PyArray_Proxy* array_proxy(void* ptr) { + return reinterpret_cast(ptr); +} + +inline const PyArray_Proxy* array_proxy(const void* ptr) { + return reinterpret_cast(ptr); +} + +inline PyArrayDescr_Proxy* array_descriptor_proxy(PyObject* ptr) { + return reinterpret_cast(ptr); +} + +inline const PyArrayDescr_Proxy* array_descriptor_proxy(const PyObject* ptr) { + return reinterpret_cast(ptr); +} + +inline bool check_flags(const void* ptr, int flag) { + return (flag == (array_proxy(ptr)->flags & flag)); +} + +template struct is_std_array : std::false_type { }; +template struct is_std_array> : std::true_type { }; +template struct is_complex : std::false_type { }; +template struct is_complex> : std::true_type { }; + +template struct array_info_scalar { + using type = T; + static constexpr bool is_array = false; + static constexpr bool is_empty = false; + static constexpr auto extents = const_name(""); + static void append_extents(list& /* shape */) { } +}; +// Computes underlying type and a comma-separated list of extents for array +// types (any mix of std::array and built-in arrays). An array of char is +// treated as scalar because it gets special handling. +template struct array_info : array_info_scalar { }; +template struct array_info> { + using type = typename array_info::type; + static constexpr bool is_array = true; + static constexpr bool is_empty = (N == 0) || array_info::is_empty; + static constexpr size_t extent = N; + + // appends the extents to shape + static void append_extents(list& shape) { + shape.append(N); + array_info::append_extents(shape); + } + + static constexpr auto extents = const_name::is_array>( + concat(const_name(), array_info::extents), const_name() + ); +}; +// For numpy we have special handling for arrays of characters, so we don't include +// the size in the array extents. +template struct array_info : array_info_scalar { }; +template struct array_info> : array_info_scalar> { }; +template struct array_info : array_info> { }; +template using remove_all_extents_t = typename array_info::type; + +template using is_pod_struct = all_of< + std::is_standard_layout, // since we're accessing directly in memory we need a standard layout type +#if defined(__GLIBCXX__) && (__GLIBCXX__ < 20150422 || __GLIBCXX__ == 20150426 || __GLIBCXX__ == 20150623 || __GLIBCXX__ == 20150626 || __GLIBCXX__ == 20160803) + // libstdc++ < 5 (including versions 4.8.5, 4.9.3 and 4.9.4 which were released after 5) + // don't implement is_trivially_copyable, so approximate it + std::is_trivially_destructible, + satisfies_any_of, +#else + std::is_trivially_copyable, +#endif + satisfies_none_of +>; + +// Replacement for std::is_pod (deprecated in C++20) +template using is_pod = all_of< + std::is_standard_layout, + std::is_trivial +>; + +template ssize_t byte_offset_unsafe(const Strides &) { return 0; } +template +ssize_t byte_offset_unsafe(const Strides &strides, ssize_t i, Ix... index) { + return i * strides[Dim] + byte_offset_unsafe(strides, index...); +} + +/** + * Proxy class providing unsafe, unchecked const access to array data. This is constructed through + * the `unchecked()` method of `array` or the `unchecked()` method of `array_t`. `Dims` + * will be -1 for dimensions determined at runtime. + */ +template +class unchecked_reference { +protected: + static constexpr bool Dynamic = Dims < 0; + const unsigned char *data_; + // Storing the shape & strides in local variables (i.e. these arrays) allows the compiler to + // make large performance gains on big, nested loops, but requires compile-time dimensions + conditional_t> + shape_, strides_; + const ssize_t dims_; + + friend class pybind11::array; + // Constructor for compile-time dimensions: + template + unchecked_reference(const void *data, const ssize_t *shape, const ssize_t *strides, enable_if_t) + : data_{reinterpret_cast(data)}, dims_{Dims} { + for (size_t i = 0; i < (size_t) dims_; i++) { + shape_[i] = shape[i]; + strides_[i] = strides[i]; + } + } + // Constructor for runtime dimensions: + template + unchecked_reference(const void *data, const ssize_t *shape, const ssize_t *strides, enable_if_t dims) + : data_{reinterpret_cast(data)}, shape_{shape}, strides_{strides}, dims_{dims} {} + +public: + /** + * Unchecked const reference access to data at the given indices. For a compile-time known + * number of dimensions, this requires the correct number of arguments; for run-time + * dimensionality, this is not checked (and so is up to the caller to use safely). + */ + template const T &operator()(Ix... index) const { + static_assert(ssize_t{sizeof...(Ix)} == Dims || Dynamic, + "Invalid number of indices for unchecked array reference"); + return *reinterpret_cast(data_ + byte_offset_unsafe(strides_, ssize_t(index)...)); + } + /** + * Unchecked const reference access to data; this operator only participates if the reference + * is to a 1-dimensional array. When present, this is exactly equivalent to `obj(index)`. + */ + template > + const T &operator[](ssize_t index) const { return operator()(index); } + + /// Pointer access to the data at the given indices. + template const T *data(Ix... ix) const { return &operator()(ssize_t(ix)...); } + + /// Returns the item size, i.e. sizeof(T) + constexpr static ssize_t itemsize() { return sizeof(T); } + + /// Returns the shape (i.e. size) of dimension `dim` + ssize_t shape(ssize_t dim) const { return shape_[(size_t) dim]; } + + /// Returns the number of dimensions of the array + ssize_t ndim() const { return dims_; } + + /// Returns the total number of elements in the referenced array, i.e. the product of the shapes + template + enable_if_t size() const { + return std::accumulate(shape_.begin(), shape_.end(), (ssize_t) 1, std::multiplies()); + } + template + enable_if_t size() const { + return std::accumulate(shape_, shape_ + ndim(), (ssize_t) 1, std::multiplies()); + } + + /// Returns the total number of bytes used by the referenced data. Note that the actual span in + /// memory may be larger if the referenced array has non-contiguous strides (e.g. for a slice). + ssize_t nbytes() const { + return size() * itemsize(); + } +}; + +template +class unchecked_mutable_reference : public unchecked_reference { + friend class pybind11::array; + using ConstBase = unchecked_reference; + using ConstBase::ConstBase; + using ConstBase::Dynamic; +public: + // Bring in const-qualified versions from base class + using ConstBase::operator(); + using ConstBase::operator[]; + + /// Mutable, unchecked access to data at the given indices. + template T& operator()(Ix... index) { + static_assert(ssize_t{sizeof...(Ix)} == Dims || Dynamic, + "Invalid number of indices for unchecked array reference"); + return const_cast(ConstBase::operator()(index...)); + } + /** + * Mutable, unchecked access data at the given index; this operator only participates if the + * reference is to a 1-dimensional array (or has runtime dimensions). When present, this is + * exactly equivalent to `obj(index)`. + */ + template > + T &operator[](ssize_t index) { return operator()(index); } + + /// Mutable pointer access to the data at the given indices. + template T *mutable_data(Ix... ix) { return &operator()(ssize_t(ix)...); } +}; + +template +struct type_caster> { + static_assert(Dim == 0 && Dim > 0 /* always fail */, "unchecked array proxy object is not castable"); +}; +template +struct type_caster> : type_caster> {}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +class dtype : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(dtype, object, detail::npy_api::get().PyArrayDescr_Check_); + + explicit dtype(const buffer_info &info) { + dtype descr(_dtype_from_pep3118()(PYBIND11_STR_TYPE(info.format))); + // If info.itemsize == 0, use the value calculated from the format string + m_ptr = descr.strip_padding(info.itemsize != 0 ? info.itemsize : descr.itemsize()) + .release() + .ptr(); + } + + explicit dtype(const std::string &format) { + m_ptr = from_args(pybind11::str(format)).release().ptr(); + } + + explicit dtype(const char *format) : dtype(std::string(format)) {} + + dtype(list names, list formats, list offsets, ssize_t itemsize) { + dict args; + args["names"] = std::move(names); + args["formats"] = std::move(formats); + args["offsets"] = std::move(offsets); + args["itemsize"] = pybind11::int_(itemsize); + m_ptr = from_args(std::move(args)).release().ptr(); + } + + /// This is essentially the same as calling numpy.dtype(args) in Python. + static dtype from_args(object args) { + PyObject *ptr = nullptr; + if ((detail::npy_api::get().PyArray_DescrConverter_(args.ptr(), &ptr) == 0) || !ptr) + throw error_already_set(); + return reinterpret_steal(ptr); + } + + /// Return dtype associated with a C++ type. + template static dtype of() { + return detail::npy_format_descriptor::type>::dtype(); + } + + /// Size of the data type in bytes. + ssize_t itemsize() const { + return detail::array_descriptor_proxy(m_ptr)->elsize; + } + + /// Returns true for structured data types. + bool has_fields() const { + return detail::array_descriptor_proxy(m_ptr)->names != nullptr; + } + + /// Single-character code for dtype's kind. + /// For example, floating point types are 'f' and integral types are 'i'. + char kind() const { + return detail::array_descriptor_proxy(m_ptr)->kind; + } + + /// Single-character for dtype's type. + /// For example, ``float`` is 'f', ``double`` 'd', ``int`` 'i', and ``long`` 'l'. + char char_() const { + // Note: The signature, `dtype::char_` follows the naming of NumPy's + // public Python API (i.e., ``dtype.char``), rather than its internal + // C API (``PyArray_Descr::type``). + return detail::array_descriptor_proxy(m_ptr)->type; + } + +private: + static object _dtype_from_pep3118() { + static PyObject *obj = module_::import("numpy.core._internal") + .attr("_dtype_from_pep3118").cast().release().ptr(); + return reinterpret_borrow(obj); + } + + dtype strip_padding(ssize_t itemsize) { + // Recursively strip all void fields with empty names that are generated for + // padding fields (as of NumPy v1.11). + if (!has_fields()) + return *this; + + struct field_descr { PYBIND11_STR_TYPE name; object format; pybind11::int_ offset; }; + std::vector field_descriptors; + + for (auto field : attr("fields").attr("items")()) { + auto spec = field.cast(); + auto name = spec[0].cast(); + auto format = spec[1].cast()[0].cast(); + auto offset = spec[1].cast()[1].cast(); + if ((len(name) == 0u) && format.kind() == 'V') + continue; + field_descriptors.push_back({(PYBIND11_STR_TYPE) name, format.strip_padding(format.itemsize()), offset}); + } + + std::sort(field_descriptors.begin(), field_descriptors.end(), + [](const field_descr& a, const field_descr& b) { + return a.offset.cast() < b.offset.cast(); + }); + + list names, formats, offsets; + for (auto& descr : field_descriptors) { + names.append(descr.name); + formats.append(descr.format); + offsets.append(descr.offset); + } + return dtype(std::move(names), std::move(formats), std::move(offsets), itemsize); + } +}; + +class array : public buffer { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(array, buffer, detail::npy_api::get().PyArray_Check_, raw_array) + + enum { + c_style = detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS_, + f_style = detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_F_CONTIGUOUS_, + forcecast = detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_FORCECAST_ + }; + + array() : array(0, static_cast(nullptr)) {} + + using ShapeContainer = detail::any_container; + using StridesContainer = detail::any_container; + + // Constructs an array taking shape/strides from arbitrary container types + array(const pybind11::dtype &dt, ShapeContainer shape, StridesContainer strides, + const void *ptr = nullptr, handle base = handle()) { + + if (strides->empty()) + *strides = detail::c_strides(*shape, dt.itemsize()); + + auto ndim = shape->size(); + if (ndim != strides->size()) + pybind11_fail("NumPy: shape ndim doesn't match strides ndim"); + auto descr = dt; + + int flags = 0; + if (base && ptr) { + if (isinstance(base)) + /* Copy flags from base (except ownership bit) */ + flags = reinterpret_borrow(base).flags() & ~detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_OWNDATA_; + else + /* Writable by default, easy to downgrade later on if needed */ + flags = detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_WRITEABLE_; + } + + auto &api = detail::npy_api::get(); + auto tmp = reinterpret_steal(api.PyArray_NewFromDescr_( + api.PyArray_Type_, descr.release().ptr(), (int) ndim, + // Use reinterpret_cast for PyPy on Windows (remove if fixed, checked on 7.3.1) + reinterpret_cast(shape->data()), + reinterpret_cast(strides->data()), + const_cast(ptr), flags, nullptr)); + if (!tmp) + throw error_already_set(); + if (ptr) { + if (base) { + api.PyArray_SetBaseObject_(tmp.ptr(), base.inc_ref().ptr()); + } else { + tmp = reinterpret_steal(api.PyArray_NewCopy_(tmp.ptr(), -1 /* any order */)); + } + } + m_ptr = tmp.release().ptr(); + } + + array(const pybind11::dtype &dt, ShapeContainer shape, const void *ptr = nullptr, handle base = handle()) + : array(dt, std::move(shape), {}, ptr, base) { } + + template ::value && !std::is_same::value>> + array(const pybind11::dtype &dt, T count, const void *ptr = nullptr, handle base = handle()) + : array(dt, {{count}}, ptr, base) { } + + template + array(ShapeContainer shape, StridesContainer strides, const T *ptr, handle base = handle()) + : array(pybind11::dtype::of(), std::move(shape), std::move(strides), ptr, base) { } + + template + array(ShapeContainer shape, const T *ptr, handle base = handle()) + : array(std::move(shape), {}, ptr, base) { } + + template + explicit array(ssize_t count, const T *ptr, handle base = handle()) : array({count}, {}, ptr, base) { } + + explicit array(const buffer_info &info, handle base = handle()) + : array(pybind11::dtype(info), info.shape, info.strides, info.ptr, base) { } + + /// Array descriptor (dtype) + pybind11::dtype dtype() const { + return reinterpret_borrow(detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->descr); + } + + /// Total number of elements + ssize_t size() const { + return std::accumulate(shape(), shape() + ndim(), (ssize_t) 1, std::multiplies()); + } + + /// Byte size of a single element + ssize_t itemsize() const { + return detail::array_descriptor_proxy(detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->descr)->elsize; + } + + /// Total number of bytes + ssize_t nbytes() const { + return size() * itemsize(); + } + + /// Number of dimensions + ssize_t ndim() const { + return detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->nd; + } + + /// Base object + object base() const { + return reinterpret_borrow(detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->base); + } + + /// Dimensions of the array + const ssize_t* shape() const { + return detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->dimensions; + } + + /// Dimension along a given axis + ssize_t shape(ssize_t dim) const { + if (dim >= ndim()) + fail_dim_check(dim, "invalid axis"); + return shape()[dim]; + } + + /// Strides of the array + const ssize_t* strides() const { + return detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->strides; + } + + /// Stride along a given axis + ssize_t strides(ssize_t dim) const { + if (dim >= ndim()) + fail_dim_check(dim, "invalid axis"); + return strides()[dim]; + } + + /// Return the NumPy array flags + int flags() const { + return detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->flags; + } + + /// If set, the array is writeable (otherwise the buffer is read-only) + bool writeable() const { + return detail::check_flags(m_ptr, detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_WRITEABLE_); + } + + /// If set, the array owns the data (will be freed when the array is deleted) + bool owndata() const { + return detail::check_flags(m_ptr, detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_OWNDATA_); + } + + /// Pointer to the contained data. If index is not provided, points to the + /// beginning of the buffer. May throw if the index would lead to out of bounds access. + template const void* data(Ix... index) const { + return static_cast(detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->data + offset_at(index...)); + } + + /// Mutable pointer to the contained data. If index is not provided, points to the + /// beginning of the buffer. May throw if the index would lead to out of bounds access. + /// May throw if the array is not writeable. + template void* mutable_data(Ix... index) { + check_writeable(); + return static_cast(detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->data + offset_at(index...)); + } + + /// Byte offset from beginning of the array to a given index (full or partial). + /// May throw if the index would lead to out of bounds access. + template ssize_t offset_at(Ix... index) const { + if ((ssize_t) sizeof...(index) > ndim()) + fail_dim_check(sizeof...(index), "too many indices for an array"); + return byte_offset(ssize_t(index)...); + } + + ssize_t offset_at() const { return 0; } + + /// Item count from beginning of the array to a given index (full or partial). + /// May throw if the index would lead to out of bounds access. + template ssize_t index_at(Ix... index) const { + return offset_at(index...) / itemsize(); + } + + /** + * Returns a proxy object that provides access to the array's data without bounds or + * dimensionality checking. Will throw if the array is missing the `writeable` flag. Use with + * care: the array must not be destroyed or reshaped for the duration of the returned object, + * and the caller must take care not to access invalid dimensions or dimension indices. + */ + template detail::unchecked_mutable_reference mutable_unchecked() & { + if (PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(Dims >= 0) && ndim() != Dims) + throw std::domain_error("array has incorrect number of dimensions: " + std::to_string(ndim()) + + "; expected " + std::to_string(Dims)); + return detail::unchecked_mutable_reference(mutable_data(), shape(), strides(), ndim()); + } + + /** + * Returns a proxy object that provides const access to the array's data without bounds or + * dimensionality checking. Unlike `mutable_unchecked()`, this does not require that the + * underlying array have the `writable` flag. Use with care: the array must not be destroyed or + * reshaped for the duration of the returned object, and the caller must take care not to access + * invalid dimensions or dimension indices. + */ + template detail::unchecked_reference unchecked() const & { + if (PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(Dims >= 0) && ndim() != Dims) + throw std::domain_error("array has incorrect number of dimensions: " + std::to_string(ndim()) + + "; expected " + std::to_string(Dims)); + return detail::unchecked_reference(data(), shape(), strides(), ndim()); + } + + /// Return a new view with all of the dimensions of length 1 removed + array squeeze() { + auto& api = detail::npy_api::get(); + return reinterpret_steal(api.PyArray_Squeeze_(m_ptr)); + } + + /// Resize array to given shape + /// If refcheck is true and more that one reference exist to this array + /// then resize will succeed only if it makes a reshape, i.e. original size doesn't change + void resize(ShapeContainer new_shape, bool refcheck = true) { + detail::npy_api::PyArray_Dims d = { + // Use reinterpret_cast for PyPy on Windows (remove if fixed, checked on 7.3.1) + reinterpret_cast(new_shape->data()), + int(new_shape->size()) + }; + // try to resize, set ordering param to -1 cause it's not used anyway + auto new_array = reinterpret_steal( + detail::npy_api::get().PyArray_Resize_(m_ptr, &d, int(refcheck), -1) + ); + if (!new_array) throw error_already_set(); + if (isinstance(new_array)) { *this = std::move(new_array); } + } + + /// Optional `order` parameter omitted, to be added as needed. + array reshape(ShapeContainer new_shape) { + detail::npy_api::PyArray_Dims d + = {reinterpret_cast(new_shape->data()), int(new_shape->size())}; + auto new_array + = reinterpret_steal(detail::npy_api::get().PyArray_Newshape_(m_ptr, &d, 0)); + if (!new_array) { + throw error_already_set(); + } + return new_array; + } + + /// Create a view of an array in a different data type. + /// This function may fundamentally reinterpret the data in the array. + /// It is the responsibility of the caller to ensure that this is safe. + /// Only supports the `dtype` argument, the `type` argument is omitted, + /// to be added as needed. + array view(const std::string &dtype) { + auto &api = detail::npy_api::get(); + auto new_view = reinterpret_steal(api.PyArray_View_( + m_ptr, dtype::from_args(pybind11::str(dtype)).release().ptr(), nullptr)); + if (!new_view) { + throw error_already_set(); + } + return new_view; + } + + /// Ensure that the argument is a NumPy array + /// In case of an error, nullptr is returned and the Python error is cleared. + static array ensure(handle h, int ExtraFlags = 0) { + auto result = reinterpret_steal(raw_array(h.ptr(), ExtraFlags)); + if (!result) + PyErr_Clear(); + return result; + } + +protected: + template friend struct detail::npy_format_descriptor; + + void fail_dim_check(ssize_t dim, const std::string& msg) const { + throw index_error(msg + ": " + std::to_string(dim) + + " (ndim = " + std::to_string(ndim()) + ")"); + } + + template ssize_t byte_offset(Ix... index) const { + check_dimensions(index...); + return detail::byte_offset_unsafe(strides(), ssize_t(index)...); + } + + void check_writeable() const { + if (!writeable()) + throw std::domain_error("array is not writeable"); + } + + template void check_dimensions(Ix... index) const { + check_dimensions_impl(ssize_t(0), shape(), ssize_t(index)...); + } + + void check_dimensions_impl(ssize_t, const ssize_t*) const { } + + template void check_dimensions_impl(ssize_t axis, const ssize_t* shape, ssize_t i, Ix... index) const { + if (i >= *shape) { + throw index_error(std::string("index ") + std::to_string(i) + + " is out of bounds for axis " + std::to_string(axis) + + " with size " + std::to_string(*shape)); + } + check_dimensions_impl(axis + 1, shape + 1, index...); + } + + /// Create array from any object -- always returns a new reference + static PyObject *raw_array(PyObject *ptr, int ExtraFlags = 0) { + if (ptr == nullptr) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "cannot create a pybind11::array from a nullptr"); + return nullptr; + } + return detail::npy_api::get().PyArray_FromAny_( + ptr, nullptr, 0, 0, detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_ENSUREARRAY_ | ExtraFlags, nullptr); + } +}; + +template class array_t : public array { +private: + struct private_ctor {}; + // Delegating constructor needed when both moving and accessing in the same constructor + array_t(private_ctor, ShapeContainer &&shape, StridesContainer &&strides, const T *ptr, handle base) + : array(std::move(shape), std::move(strides), ptr, base) {} +public: + static_assert(!detail::array_info::is_array, "Array types cannot be used with array_t"); + + using value_type = T; + + array_t() : array(0, static_cast(nullptr)) {} + array_t(handle h, borrowed_t) : array(h, borrowed_t{}) { } + array_t(handle h, stolen_t) : array(h, stolen_t{}) { } + + PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use array_t::ensure() instead") + array_t(handle h, bool is_borrowed) : array(raw_array_t(h.ptr()), stolen_t{}) { + if (!m_ptr) PyErr_Clear(); + if (!is_borrowed) Py_XDECREF(h.ptr()); + } + + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + array_t(const object &o) : array(raw_array_t(o.ptr()), stolen_t{}) { + if (!m_ptr) throw error_already_set(); + } + + explicit array_t(const buffer_info& info, handle base = handle()) : array(info, base) { } + + array_t(ShapeContainer shape, StridesContainer strides, const T *ptr = nullptr, handle base = handle()) + : array(std::move(shape), std::move(strides), ptr, base) { } + + explicit array_t(ShapeContainer shape, const T *ptr = nullptr, handle base = handle()) + : array_t(private_ctor{}, + std::move(shape), + (ExtraFlags & f_style) != 0 ? detail::f_strides(*shape, itemsize()) + : detail::c_strides(*shape, itemsize()), + ptr, + base) {} + + explicit array_t(ssize_t count, const T *ptr = nullptr, handle base = handle()) + : array({count}, {}, ptr, base) { } + + constexpr ssize_t itemsize() const { + return sizeof(T); + } + + template ssize_t index_at(Ix... index) const { + return offset_at(index...) / itemsize(); + } + + template const T* data(Ix... index) const { + return static_cast(array::data(index...)); + } + + template T* mutable_data(Ix... index) { + return static_cast(array::mutable_data(index...)); + } + + // Reference to element at a given index + template const T& at(Ix... index) const { + if ((ssize_t) sizeof...(index) != ndim()) + fail_dim_check(sizeof...(index), "index dimension mismatch"); + return *(static_cast(array::data()) + byte_offset(ssize_t(index)...) / itemsize()); + } + + // Mutable reference to element at a given index + template T& mutable_at(Ix... index) { + if ((ssize_t) sizeof...(index) != ndim()) + fail_dim_check(sizeof...(index), "index dimension mismatch"); + return *(static_cast(array::mutable_data()) + byte_offset(ssize_t(index)...) / itemsize()); + } + + /** + * Returns a proxy object that provides access to the array's data without bounds or + * dimensionality checking. Will throw if the array is missing the `writeable` flag. Use with + * care: the array must not be destroyed or reshaped for the duration of the returned object, + * and the caller must take care not to access invalid dimensions or dimension indices. + */ + template detail::unchecked_mutable_reference mutable_unchecked() & { + return array::mutable_unchecked(); + } + + /** + * Returns a proxy object that provides const access to the array's data without bounds or + * dimensionality checking. Unlike `unchecked()`, this does not require that the underlying + * array have the `writable` flag. Use with care: the array must not be destroyed or reshaped + * for the duration of the returned object, and the caller must take care not to access invalid + * dimensions or dimension indices. + */ + template detail::unchecked_reference unchecked() const & { + return array::unchecked(); + } + + /// Ensure that the argument is a NumPy array of the correct dtype (and if not, try to convert + /// it). In case of an error, nullptr is returned and the Python error is cleared. + static array_t ensure(handle h) { + auto result = reinterpret_steal(raw_array_t(h.ptr())); + if (!result) + PyErr_Clear(); + return result; + } + + static bool check_(handle h) { + const auto &api = detail::npy_api::get(); + return api.PyArray_Check_(h.ptr()) + && api.PyArray_EquivTypes_(detail::array_proxy(h.ptr())->descr, dtype::of().ptr()) + && detail::check_flags(h.ptr(), ExtraFlags & (array::c_style | array::f_style)); + } + +protected: + /// Create array from any object -- always returns a new reference + static PyObject *raw_array_t(PyObject *ptr) { + if (ptr == nullptr) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "cannot create a pybind11::array_t from a nullptr"); + return nullptr; + } + return detail::npy_api::get().PyArray_FromAny_( + ptr, dtype::of().release().ptr(), 0, 0, + detail::npy_api::NPY_ARRAY_ENSUREARRAY_ | ExtraFlags, nullptr); + } +}; + +template +struct format_descriptor::value>> { + static std::string format() { + return detail::npy_format_descriptor::type>::format(); + } +}; + +template struct format_descriptor { + static std::string format() { return std::to_string(N) + "s"; } +}; +template struct format_descriptor> { + static std::string format() { return std::to_string(N) + "s"; } +}; + +template +struct format_descriptor::value>> { + static std::string format() { + return format_descriptor< + typename std::remove_cv::type>::type>::format(); + } +}; + +template +struct format_descriptor::is_array>> { + static std::string format() { + using namespace detail; + static constexpr auto extents = const_name("(") + array_info::extents + const_name(")"); + return extents.text + format_descriptor>::format(); + } +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) +template +struct pyobject_caster> { + using type = array_t; + + bool load(handle src, bool convert) { + if (!convert && !type::check_(src)) + return false; + value = type::ensure(src); + return static_cast(value); + } + + static handle cast(const handle &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, handle /* parent */) { + return src.inc_ref(); + } + PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(type, handle_type_name::name); +}; + +template +struct compare_buffer_info::value>> { + static bool compare(const buffer_info& b) { + return npy_api::get().PyArray_EquivTypes_(dtype::of().ptr(), dtype(b).ptr()); + } +}; + +template +struct npy_format_descriptor_name; + +template +struct npy_format_descriptor_name::value>> { + static constexpr auto name = const_name::value>( + const_name("bool"), const_name::value>("numpy.int", "numpy.uint") + const_name() + ); +}; + +template +struct npy_format_descriptor_name::value>> { + static constexpr auto name = const_name::value + || std::is_same::value + || std::is_same::value + || std::is_same::value>( + const_name("numpy.float") + const_name(), const_name("numpy.longdouble") + ); +}; + +template +struct npy_format_descriptor_name::value>> { + static constexpr auto name = const_name::value + || std::is_same::value + || std::is_same::value + || std::is_same::value>( + const_name("numpy.complex") + const_name(), const_name("numpy.longcomplex") + ); +}; + +template +struct npy_format_descriptor::value>> + : npy_format_descriptor_name { +private: + // NB: the order here must match the one in common.h + constexpr static const int values[15] = { + npy_api::NPY_BOOL_, + npy_api::NPY_BYTE_, npy_api::NPY_UBYTE_, npy_api::NPY_INT16_, npy_api::NPY_UINT16_, + npy_api::NPY_INT32_, npy_api::NPY_UINT32_, npy_api::NPY_INT64_, npy_api::NPY_UINT64_, + npy_api::NPY_FLOAT_, npy_api::NPY_DOUBLE_, npy_api::NPY_LONGDOUBLE_, + npy_api::NPY_CFLOAT_, npy_api::NPY_CDOUBLE_, npy_api::NPY_CLONGDOUBLE_ + }; + +public: + static constexpr int value = values[detail::is_fmt_numeric::index]; + + static pybind11::dtype dtype() { + if (auto ptr = npy_api::get().PyArray_DescrFromType_(value)) + return reinterpret_steal(ptr); + pybind11_fail("Unsupported buffer format!"); + } +}; + +#define PYBIND11_DECL_CHAR_FMT \ + static constexpr auto name = const_name("S") + const_name(); \ + static pybind11::dtype dtype() { return pybind11::dtype(std::string("S") + std::to_string(N)); } +template struct npy_format_descriptor { PYBIND11_DECL_CHAR_FMT }; +template struct npy_format_descriptor> { PYBIND11_DECL_CHAR_FMT }; +#undef PYBIND11_DECL_CHAR_FMT + +template struct npy_format_descriptor::is_array>> { +private: + using base_descr = npy_format_descriptor::type>; +public: + static_assert(!array_info::is_empty, "Zero-sized arrays are not supported"); + + static constexpr auto name = const_name("(") + array_info::extents + const_name(")") + base_descr::name; + static pybind11::dtype dtype() { + list shape; + array_info::append_extents(shape); + return pybind11::dtype::from_args(pybind11::make_tuple(base_descr::dtype(), shape)); + } +}; + +template struct npy_format_descriptor::value>> { +private: + using base_descr = npy_format_descriptor::type>; +public: + static constexpr auto name = base_descr::name; + static pybind11::dtype dtype() { return base_descr::dtype(); } +}; + +struct field_descriptor { + const char *name; + ssize_t offset; + ssize_t size; + std::string format; + dtype descr; +}; + +PYBIND11_NOINLINE void register_structured_dtype( + any_container fields, + const std::type_info& tinfo, ssize_t itemsize, + bool (*direct_converter)(PyObject *, void *&)) { + + auto& numpy_internals = get_numpy_internals(); + if (numpy_internals.get_type_info(tinfo, false)) + pybind11_fail("NumPy: dtype is already registered"); + + // Use ordered fields because order matters as of NumPy 1.14: + // https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/release.html#multiple-field-indexing-assignment-of-structured-arrays + std::vector ordered_fields(std::move(fields)); + std::sort(ordered_fields.begin(), ordered_fields.end(), + [](const field_descriptor &a, const field_descriptor &b) { return a.offset < b.offset; }); + + list names, formats, offsets; + for (auto& field : ordered_fields) { + if (!field.descr) + pybind11_fail(std::string("NumPy: unsupported field dtype: `") + + field.name + "` @ " + tinfo.name()); + names.append(PYBIND11_STR_TYPE(field.name)); + formats.append(field.descr); + offsets.append(pybind11::int_(field.offset)); + } + auto dtype_ptr + = pybind11::dtype(std::move(names), std::move(formats), std::move(offsets), itemsize) + .release() + .ptr(); + + // There is an existing bug in NumPy (as of v1.11): trailing bytes are + // not encoded explicitly into the format string. This will supposedly + // get fixed in v1.12; for further details, see these: + // - https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/7797 + // - https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/7798 + // Because of this, we won't use numpy's logic to generate buffer format + // strings and will just do it ourselves. + ssize_t offset = 0; + std::ostringstream oss; + // mark the structure as unaligned with '^', because numpy and C++ don't + // always agree about alignment (particularly for complex), and we're + // explicitly listing all our padding. This depends on none of the fields + // overriding the endianness. Putting the ^ in front of individual fields + // isn't guaranteed to work due to https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/9049 + oss << "^T{"; + for (auto& field : ordered_fields) { + if (field.offset > offset) + oss << (field.offset - offset) << 'x'; + oss << field.format << ':' << field.name << ':'; + offset = field.offset + field.size; + } + if (itemsize > offset) + oss << (itemsize - offset) << 'x'; + oss << '}'; + auto format_str = oss.str(); + + // Sanity check: verify that NumPy properly parses our buffer format string + auto& api = npy_api::get(); + auto arr = array(buffer_info(nullptr, itemsize, format_str, 1)); + if (!api.PyArray_EquivTypes_(dtype_ptr, arr.dtype().ptr())) + pybind11_fail("NumPy: invalid buffer descriptor!"); + + auto tindex = std::type_index(tinfo); + numpy_internals.registered_dtypes[tindex] = { dtype_ptr, format_str }; + get_internals().direct_conversions[tindex].push_back(direct_converter); +} + +template struct npy_format_descriptor { + static_assert(is_pod_struct::value, "Attempt to use a non-POD or unimplemented POD type as a numpy dtype"); + + static constexpr auto name = make_caster::name; + + static pybind11::dtype dtype() { + return reinterpret_borrow(dtype_ptr()); + } + + static std::string format() { + static auto format_str = get_numpy_internals().get_type_info(true)->format_str; + return format_str; + } + + static void register_dtype(any_container fields) { + register_structured_dtype(std::move(fields), typeid(typename std::remove_cv::type), + sizeof(T), &direct_converter); + } + +private: + static PyObject* dtype_ptr() { + static PyObject* ptr = get_numpy_internals().get_type_info(true)->dtype_ptr; + return ptr; + } + + static bool direct_converter(PyObject *obj, void*& value) { + auto& api = npy_api::get(); + if (!PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, api.PyVoidArrType_Type_)) + return false; + if (auto descr = reinterpret_steal(api.PyArray_DescrFromScalar_(obj))) { + if (api.PyArray_EquivTypes_(dtype_ptr(), descr.ptr())) { + value = ((PyVoidScalarObject_Proxy *) obj)->obval; + return true; + } + } + return false; + } +}; + +#ifdef __CLION_IDE__ // replace heavy macro with dummy code for the IDE (doesn't affect code) +# define PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(Type, ...) ((void)0) +# define PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE_EX(Type, ...) ((void)0) +#else + +#define PYBIND11_FIELD_DESCRIPTOR_EX(T, Field, Name) \ + ::pybind11::detail::field_descriptor { \ + Name, offsetof(T, Field), sizeof(decltype(std::declval().Field)), \ + ::pybind11::format_descriptor().Field)>::format(), \ + ::pybind11::detail::npy_format_descriptor().Field)>::dtype() \ + } + +// Extract name, offset and format descriptor for a struct field +#define PYBIND11_FIELD_DESCRIPTOR(T, Field) PYBIND11_FIELD_DESCRIPTOR_EX(T, Field, #Field) + +// The main idea of this macro is borrowed from https://github.com/swansontec/map-macro +// (C) William Swanson, Paul Fultz +#define PYBIND11_EVAL0(...) __VA_ARGS__ +#define PYBIND11_EVAL1(...) PYBIND11_EVAL0 (PYBIND11_EVAL0 (PYBIND11_EVAL0 (__VA_ARGS__))) +#define PYBIND11_EVAL2(...) PYBIND11_EVAL1 (PYBIND11_EVAL1 (PYBIND11_EVAL1 (__VA_ARGS__))) +#define PYBIND11_EVAL3(...) PYBIND11_EVAL2 (PYBIND11_EVAL2 (PYBIND11_EVAL2 (__VA_ARGS__))) +#define PYBIND11_EVAL4(...) PYBIND11_EVAL3 (PYBIND11_EVAL3 (PYBIND11_EVAL3 (__VA_ARGS__))) +#define PYBIND11_EVAL(...) PYBIND11_EVAL4 (PYBIND11_EVAL4 (PYBIND11_EVAL4 (__VA_ARGS__))) +#define PYBIND11_MAP_END(...) +#define PYBIND11_MAP_OUT +#define PYBIND11_MAP_COMMA , +#define PYBIND11_MAP_GET_END() 0, PYBIND11_MAP_END +#define PYBIND11_MAP_NEXT0(test, next, ...) next PYBIND11_MAP_OUT +#define PYBIND11_MAP_NEXT1(test, next) PYBIND11_MAP_NEXT0 (test, next, 0) +#define PYBIND11_MAP_NEXT(test, next) PYBIND11_MAP_NEXT1 (PYBIND11_MAP_GET_END test, next) +#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__) // MSVC is not as eager to expand macros, hence this workaround +#define PYBIND11_MAP_LIST_NEXT1(test, next) \ + PYBIND11_EVAL0 (PYBIND11_MAP_NEXT0 (test, PYBIND11_MAP_COMMA next, 0)) +#else +#define PYBIND11_MAP_LIST_NEXT1(test, next) \ + PYBIND11_MAP_NEXT0 (test, PYBIND11_MAP_COMMA next, 0) +#endif +#define PYBIND11_MAP_LIST_NEXT(test, next) \ + PYBIND11_MAP_LIST_NEXT1 (PYBIND11_MAP_GET_END test, next) +#define PYBIND11_MAP_LIST0(f, t, x, peek, ...) \ + f(t, x) PYBIND11_MAP_LIST_NEXT (peek, PYBIND11_MAP_LIST1) (f, t, peek, __VA_ARGS__) +#define PYBIND11_MAP_LIST1(f, t, x, peek, ...) \ + f(t, x) PYBIND11_MAP_LIST_NEXT (peek, PYBIND11_MAP_LIST0) (f, t, peek, __VA_ARGS__) +// PYBIND11_MAP_LIST(f, t, a1, a2, ...) expands to f(t, a1), f(t, a2), ... +#define PYBIND11_MAP_LIST(f, t, ...) \ + PYBIND11_EVAL (PYBIND11_MAP_LIST1 (f, t, __VA_ARGS__, (), 0)) + +#define PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(Type, ...) \ + ::pybind11::detail::npy_format_descriptor::register_dtype \ + (::std::vector<::pybind11::detail::field_descriptor> \ + {PYBIND11_MAP_LIST (PYBIND11_FIELD_DESCRIPTOR, Type, __VA_ARGS__)}) + +#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__) +#define PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST_NEXT1(test, next) \ + PYBIND11_EVAL0 (PYBIND11_MAP_NEXT0 (test, PYBIND11_MAP_COMMA next, 0)) +#else +#define PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST_NEXT1(test, next) \ + PYBIND11_MAP_NEXT0 (test, PYBIND11_MAP_COMMA next, 0) +#endif +#define PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST_NEXT(test, next) \ + PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST_NEXT1 (PYBIND11_MAP_GET_END test, next) +#define PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST0(f, t, x1, x2, peek, ...) \ + f(t, x1, x2) PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST_NEXT (peek, PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST1) (f, t, peek, __VA_ARGS__) +#define PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST1(f, t, x1, x2, peek, ...) \ + f(t, x1, x2) PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST_NEXT (peek, PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST0) (f, t, peek, __VA_ARGS__) +// PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST(f, t, a1, a2, ...) expands to f(t, a1, a2), f(t, a3, a4), ... +#define PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST(f, t, ...) \ + PYBIND11_EVAL (PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST1 (f, t, __VA_ARGS__, (), 0)) + +#define PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE_EX(Type, ...) \ + ::pybind11::detail::npy_format_descriptor::register_dtype \ + (::std::vector<::pybind11::detail::field_descriptor> \ + {PYBIND11_MAP2_LIST (PYBIND11_FIELD_DESCRIPTOR_EX, Type, __VA_ARGS__)}) + +#endif // __CLION_IDE__ + +class common_iterator { +public: + using container_type = std::vector; + using value_type = container_type::value_type; + using size_type = container_type::size_type; + + common_iterator() : m_strides() {} + + common_iterator(void* ptr, const container_type& strides, const container_type& shape) + : p_ptr(reinterpret_cast(ptr)), m_strides(strides.size()) { + m_strides.back() = static_cast(strides.back()); + for (size_type i = m_strides.size() - 1; i != 0; --i) { + size_type j = i - 1; + auto s = static_cast(shape[i]); + m_strides[j] = strides[j] + m_strides[i] - strides[i] * s; + } + } + + void increment(size_type dim) { + p_ptr += m_strides[dim]; + } + + void* data() const { + return p_ptr; + } + +private: + char *p_ptr{0}; + container_type m_strides; +}; + +template class multi_array_iterator { +public: + using container_type = std::vector; + + multi_array_iterator(const std::array &buffers, + const container_type &shape) + : m_shape(shape.size()), m_index(shape.size(), 0), + m_common_iterator() { + + // Manual copy to avoid conversion warning if using std::copy + for (size_t i = 0; i < shape.size(); ++i) + m_shape[i] = shape[i]; + + container_type strides(shape.size()); + for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) + init_common_iterator(buffers[i], shape, m_common_iterator[i], strides); + } + + multi_array_iterator& operator++() { + for (size_t j = m_index.size(); j != 0; --j) { + size_t i = j - 1; + if (++m_index[i] != m_shape[i]) { + increment_common_iterator(i); + break; + } + m_index[i] = 0; + } + return *this; + } + + template T* data() const { + return reinterpret_cast(m_common_iterator[K].data()); + } + +private: + + using common_iter = common_iterator; + + void init_common_iterator(const buffer_info &buffer, + const container_type &shape, + common_iter &iterator, + container_type &strides) { + auto buffer_shape_iter = buffer.shape.rbegin(); + auto buffer_strides_iter = buffer.strides.rbegin(); + auto shape_iter = shape.rbegin(); + auto strides_iter = strides.rbegin(); + + while (buffer_shape_iter != buffer.shape.rend()) { + if (*shape_iter == *buffer_shape_iter) + *strides_iter = *buffer_strides_iter; + else + *strides_iter = 0; + + ++buffer_shape_iter; + ++buffer_strides_iter; + ++shape_iter; + ++strides_iter; + } + + std::fill(strides_iter, strides.rend(), 0); + iterator = common_iter(buffer.ptr, strides, shape); + } + + void increment_common_iterator(size_t dim) { + for (auto &iter : m_common_iterator) + iter.increment(dim); + } + + container_type m_shape; + container_type m_index; + std::array m_common_iterator; +}; + +enum class broadcast_trivial { non_trivial, c_trivial, f_trivial }; + +// Populates the shape and number of dimensions for the set of buffers. Returns a broadcast_trivial +// enum value indicating whether the broadcast is "trivial"--that is, has each buffer being either a +// singleton or a full-size, C-contiguous (`c_trivial`) or Fortran-contiguous (`f_trivial`) storage +// buffer; returns `non_trivial` otherwise. +template +broadcast_trivial broadcast(const std::array &buffers, ssize_t &ndim, std::vector &shape) { + ndim = std::accumulate(buffers.begin(), buffers.end(), ssize_t(0), [](ssize_t res, const buffer_info &buf) { + return std::max(res, buf.ndim); + }); + + shape.clear(); + shape.resize((size_t) ndim, 1); + + // Figure out the output size, and make sure all input arrays conform (i.e. are either size 1 or + // the full size). + for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) { + auto res_iter = shape.rbegin(); + auto end = buffers[i].shape.rend(); + for (auto shape_iter = buffers[i].shape.rbegin(); shape_iter != end; ++shape_iter, ++res_iter) { + const auto &dim_size_in = *shape_iter; + auto &dim_size_out = *res_iter; + + // Each input dimension can either be 1 or `n`, but `n` values must match across buffers + if (dim_size_out == 1) + dim_size_out = dim_size_in; + else if (dim_size_in != 1 && dim_size_in != dim_size_out) + pybind11_fail("pybind11::vectorize: incompatible size/dimension of inputs!"); + } + } + + bool trivial_broadcast_c = true; + bool trivial_broadcast_f = true; + for (size_t i = 0; i < N && (trivial_broadcast_c || trivial_broadcast_f); ++i) { + if (buffers[i].size == 1) + continue; + + // Require the same number of dimensions: + if (buffers[i].ndim != ndim) + return broadcast_trivial::non_trivial; + + // Require all dimensions be full-size: + if (!std::equal(buffers[i].shape.cbegin(), buffers[i].shape.cend(), shape.cbegin())) + return broadcast_trivial::non_trivial; + + // Check for C contiguity (but only if previous inputs were also C contiguous) + if (trivial_broadcast_c) { + ssize_t expect_stride = buffers[i].itemsize; + auto end = buffers[i].shape.crend(); + for (auto shape_iter = buffers[i].shape.crbegin(), stride_iter = buffers[i].strides.crbegin(); + trivial_broadcast_c && shape_iter != end; ++shape_iter, ++stride_iter) { + if (expect_stride == *stride_iter) + expect_stride *= *shape_iter; + else + trivial_broadcast_c = false; + } + } + + // Check for Fortran contiguity (if previous inputs were also F contiguous) + if (trivial_broadcast_f) { + ssize_t expect_stride = buffers[i].itemsize; + auto end = buffers[i].shape.cend(); + for (auto shape_iter = buffers[i].shape.cbegin(), stride_iter = buffers[i].strides.cbegin(); + trivial_broadcast_f && shape_iter != end; ++shape_iter, ++stride_iter) { + if (expect_stride == *stride_iter) + expect_stride *= *shape_iter; + else + trivial_broadcast_f = false; + } + } + } + + return + trivial_broadcast_c ? broadcast_trivial::c_trivial : + trivial_broadcast_f ? broadcast_trivial::f_trivial : + broadcast_trivial::non_trivial; +} + +template +struct vectorize_arg { + static_assert(!std::is_rvalue_reference::value, "Functions with rvalue reference arguments cannot be vectorized"); + // The wrapped function gets called with this type: + using call_type = remove_reference_t; + // Is this a vectorized argument? + static constexpr bool vectorize = + satisfies_any_of::value && + satisfies_none_of::value && + (!std::is_reference::value || + (std::is_lvalue_reference::value && std::is_const::value)); + // Accept this type: an array for vectorized types, otherwise the type as-is: + using type = conditional_t, array::forcecast>, T>; +}; + + +// py::vectorize when a return type is present +template +struct vectorize_returned_array { + using Type = array_t; + + static Type create(broadcast_trivial trivial, const std::vector &shape) { + if (trivial == broadcast_trivial::f_trivial) + return array_t(shape); + return array_t(shape); + } + + static Return *mutable_data(Type &array) { + return array.mutable_data(); + } + + static Return call(Func &f, Args &... args) { + return f(args...); + } + + static void call(Return *out, size_t i, Func &f, Args &... args) { + out[i] = f(args...); + } +}; + +// py::vectorize when a return type is not present +template +struct vectorize_returned_array { + using Type = none; + + static Type create(broadcast_trivial, const std::vector &) { + return none(); + } + + static void *mutable_data(Type &) { + return nullptr; + } + + static detail::void_type call(Func &f, Args &... args) { + f(args...); + return {}; + } + + static void call(void *, size_t, Func &f, Args &... args) { + f(args...); + } +}; + + +template +struct vectorize_helper { + +// NVCC for some reason breaks if NVectorized is private +#ifdef __CUDACC__ +public: +#else +private: +#endif + + static constexpr size_t N = sizeof...(Args); + static constexpr size_t NVectorized = constexpr_sum(vectorize_arg::vectorize...); + static_assert(NVectorized >= 1, + "pybind11::vectorize(...) requires a function with at least one vectorizable argument"); + +public: + template ::type>::value>> + explicit vectorize_helper(T &&f) : f(std::forward(f)) {} + + object operator()(typename vectorize_arg::type... args) { + return run(args..., + make_index_sequence(), + select_indices::vectorize...>(), + make_index_sequence()); + } + +private: + remove_reference_t f; + + // Internal compiler error in MSVC 19.16.27025.1 (Visual Studio 2017 15.9.4), when compiling with "/permissive-" flag + // when arg_call_types is manually inlined. + using arg_call_types = std::tuple::call_type...>; + template using param_n_t = typename std::tuple_element::type; + + using returned_array = vectorize_returned_array; + + // Runs a vectorized function given arguments tuple and three index sequences: + // - Index is the full set of 0 ... (N-1) argument indices; + // - VIndex is the subset of argument indices with vectorized parameters, letting us access + // vectorized arguments (anything not in this sequence is passed through) + // - BIndex is a incremental sequence (beginning at 0) of the same size as VIndex, so that + // we can store vectorized buffer_infos in an array (argument VIndex has its buffer at + // index BIndex in the array). + template object run( + typename vectorize_arg::type &...args, + index_sequence i_seq, index_sequence vi_seq, index_sequence bi_seq) { + + // Pointers to values the function was called with; the vectorized ones set here will start + // out as array_t pointers, but they will be changed them to T pointers before we make + // call the wrapped function. Non-vectorized pointers are left as-is. + std::array params{{ &args... }}; + + // The array of `buffer_info`s of vectorized arguments: + std::array buffers{{ reinterpret_cast(params[VIndex])->request()... }}; + + /* Determine dimensions parameters of output array */ + ssize_t nd = 0; + std::vector shape(0); + auto trivial = broadcast(buffers, nd, shape); + auto ndim = (size_t) nd; + + size_t size = std::accumulate(shape.begin(), shape.end(), (size_t) 1, std::multiplies()); + + // If all arguments are 0-dimension arrays (i.e. single values) return a plain value (i.e. + // not wrapped in an array). + if (size == 1 && ndim == 0) { + PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS(params[VIndex] = buffers[BIndex].ptr); + return cast(returned_array::call(f, *reinterpret_cast *>(params[Index])...)); + } + + auto result = returned_array::create(trivial, shape); + + if (size == 0) return std::move(result); + + /* Call the function */ + auto mutable_data = returned_array::mutable_data(result); + if (trivial == broadcast_trivial::non_trivial) + apply_broadcast(buffers, params, mutable_data, size, shape, i_seq, vi_seq, bi_seq); + else + apply_trivial(buffers, params, mutable_data, size, i_seq, vi_seq, bi_seq); + + return std::move(result); + } + + template + void apply_trivial(std::array &buffers, + std::array ¶ms, + Return *out, + size_t size, + index_sequence, index_sequence, index_sequence) { + + // Initialize an array of mutable byte references and sizes with references set to the + // appropriate pointer in `params`; as we iterate, we'll increment each pointer by its size + // (except for singletons, which get an increment of 0). + std::array, NVectorized> vecparams{{ + std::pair( + reinterpret_cast(params[VIndex] = buffers[BIndex].ptr), + buffers[BIndex].size == 1 ? 0 : sizeof(param_n_t) + )... + }}; + + for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) { + returned_array::call(out, i, f, *reinterpret_cast *>(params[Index])...); + for (auto &x : vecparams) x.first += x.second; + } + } + + template + void apply_broadcast(std::array &buffers, + std::array ¶ms, + Return *out, + size_t size, + const std::vector &output_shape, + index_sequence, index_sequence, index_sequence) { + + multi_array_iterator input_iter(buffers, output_shape); + + for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i, ++input_iter) { + PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS(( + params[VIndex] = input_iter.template data() + )); + returned_array::call(out, i, f, *reinterpret_cast *>(std::get(params))...); + } + } +}; + +template +vectorize_helper +vectorize_extractor(const Func &f, Return (*) (Args ...)) { + return detail::vectorize_helper(f); +} + +template struct handle_type_name> { + static constexpr auto name = const_name("numpy.ndarray[") + npy_format_descriptor::name + const_name("]"); +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +// Vanilla pointer vectorizer: +template +detail::vectorize_helper +vectorize(Return (*f) (Args ...)) { + return detail::vectorize_helper(f); +} + +// lambda vectorizer: +template ::value, int> = 0> +auto vectorize(Func &&f) -> decltype( + detail::vectorize_extractor(std::forward(f), (detail::function_signature_t *) nullptr)) { + return detail::vectorize_extractor(std::forward(f), (detail::function_signature_t *) nullptr); +} + +// Vectorize a class method (non-const): +template ())), Return, Class *, Args...>> +Helper vectorize(Return (Class::*f)(Args...)) { + return Helper(std::mem_fn(f)); +} + +// Vectorize a class method (const): +template ())), Return, const Class *, Args...>> +Helper vectorize(Return (Class::*f)(Args...) const) { + return Helper(std::mem_fn(f)); +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/operators.h b/include/pybind11/operators.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2a615315 --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/operators.h @@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ +/* + pybind11/operator.h: Metatemplates for operator overloading + + Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "pybind11.h" + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +/// Enumeration with all supported operator types +enum op_id : int { + op_add, op_sub, op_mul, op_div, op_mod, op_divmod, op_pow, op_lshift, + op_rshift, op_and, op_xor, op_or, op_neg, op_pos, op_abs, op_invert, + op_int, op_long, op_float, op_str, op_cmp, op_gt, op_ge, op_lt, op_le, + op_eq, op_ne, op_iadd, op_isub, op_imul, op_idiv, op_imod, op_ilshift, + op_irshift, op_iand, op_ixor, op_ior, op_complex, op_bool, op_nonzero, + op_repr, op_truediv, op_itruediv, op_hash +}; + +enum op_type : int { + op_l, /* base type on left */ + op_r, /* base type on right */ + op_u /* unary operator */ +}; + +struct self_t { }; +static const self_t self = self_t(); + +/// Type for an unused type slot +struct undefined_t { }; + +/// Don't warn about an unused variable +inline self_t __self() { return self; } + +/// base template of operator implementations +template struct op_impl { }; + +/// Operator implementation generator +template struct op_ { + template void execute(Class &cl, const Extra&... extra) const { + using Base = typename Class::type; + using L_type = conditional_t::value, Base, L>; + using R_type = conditional_t::value, Base, R>; + using op = op_impl; + cl.def(op::name(), &op::execute, is_operator(), extra...); + #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 + if (PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(id == op_truediv) || + PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(id == op_itruediv)) + cl.def(id == op_itruediv ? "__idiv__" : ot == op_l ? "__div__" : "__rdiv__", + &op::execute, is_operator(), extra...); + #endif + } + template void execute_cast(Class &cl, const Extra&... extra) const { + using Base = typename Class::type; + using L_type = conditional_t::value, Base, L>; + using R_type = conditional_t::value, Base, R>; + using op = op_impl; + cl.def(op::name(), &op::execute_cast, is_operator(), extra...); + #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 + if (id == op_truediv || id == op_itruediv) + cl.def(id == op_itruediv ? "__idiv__" : ot == op_l ? "__div__" : "__rdiv__", + &op::execute, is_operator(), extra...); + #endif + } +}; + +#define PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(id, rid, op, expr) \ +template struct op_impl { \ + static char const* name() { return "__" #id "__"; } \ + static auto execute(const L &l, const R &r) -> decltype(expr) { return (expr); } \ + static B execute_cast(const L &l, const R &r) { return B(expr); } \ +}; \ +template struct op_impl { \ + static char const* name() { return "__" #rid "__"; } \ + static auto execute(const R &r, const L &l) -> decltype(expr) { return (expr); } \ + static B execute_cast(const R &r, const L &l) { return B(expr); } \ +}; \ +inline op_ op(const self_t &, const self_t &) { \ + return op_(); \ +} \ +template op_ op(const self_t &, const T &) { \ + return op_(); \ +} \ +template op_ op(const T &, const self_t &) { \ + return op_(); \ +} + +#define PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(id, op, expr) \ +template struct op_impl { \ + static char const* name() { return "__" #id "__"; } \ + static auto execute(L &l, const R &r) -> decltype(expr) { return expr; } \ + static B execute_cast(L &l, const R &r) { return B(expr); } \ +}; \ +template op_ op(const self_t &, const T &) { \ + return op_(); \ +} + +#define PYBIND11_UNARY_OPERATOR(id, op, expr) \ +template struct op_impl { \ + static char const* name() { return "__" #id "__"; } \ + static auto execute(const L &l) -> decltype(expr) { return expr; } \ + static B execute_cast(const L &l) { return B(expr); } \ +}; \ +inline op_ op(const self_t &) { \ + return op_(); \ +} + +PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(sub, rsub, operator-, l - r) +PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(add, radd, operator+, l + r) +PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(mul, rmul, operator*, l * r) +PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(truediv, rtruediv, operator/, l / r) +PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(mod, rmod, operator%, l % r) +PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(lshift, rlshift, operator<<, l << r) +PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(rshift, rrshift, operator>>, l >> r) +PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(and, rand, operator&, l & r) +PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(xor, rxor, operator^, l ^ r) +PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(eq, eq, operator==, l == r) +PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(ne, ne, operator!=, l != r) +PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(or, ror, operator|, l | r) +PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(gt, lt, operator>, l > r) +PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(ge, le, operator>=, l >= r) +PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(lt, gt, operator<, l < r) +PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(le, ge, operator<=, l <= r) +//PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR(pow, rpow, pow, std::pow(l, r)) +PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(iadd, operator+=, l += r) +PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(isub, operator-=, l -= r) +PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(imul, operator*=, l *= r) +PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(itruediv, operator/=, l /= r) +PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(imod, operator%=, l %= r) +PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(ilshift, operator<<=, l <<= r) +PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(irshift, operator>>=, l >>= r) +PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(iand, operator&=, l &= r) +PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(ixor, operator^=, l ^= r) +PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR(ior, operator|=, l |= r) +PYBIND11_UNARY_OPERATOR(neg, operator-, -l) +PYBIND11_UNARY_OPERATOR(pos, operator+, +l) +// WARNING: This usage of `abs` should only be done for existing STL overloads. +// Adding overloads directly in to the `std::` namespace is advised against: +// https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/extending_std +PYBIND11_UNARY_OPERATOR(abs, abs, std::abs(l)) +PYBIND11_UNARY_OPERATOR(hash, hash, std::hash()(l)) +PYBIND11_UNARY_OPERATOR(invert, operator~, (~l)) +PYBIND11_UNARY_OPERATOR(bool, operator!, !!l) +PYBIND11_UNARY_OPERATOR(int, int_, (int) l) +PYBIND11_UNARY_OPERATOR(float, float_, (double) l) + +#undef PYBIND11_BINARY_OPERATOR +#undef PYBIND11_INPLACE_OPERATOR +#undef PYBIND11_UNARY_OPERATOR +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +using detail::self; +// Add named operators so that they are accessible via `py::`. +using detail::hash; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/options.h b/include/pybind11/options.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d74db1c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/options.h @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +/* + pybind11/options.h: global settings that are configurable at runtime. + + Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "detail/common.h" + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) + +class options { +public: + + // Default RAII constructor, which leaves settings as they currently are. + options() : previous_state(global_state()) {} + + // Class is non-copyable. + options(const options&) = delete; + options& operator=(const options&) = delete; + + // Destructor, which restores settings that were in effect before. + ~options() { + global_state() = previous_state; + } + + // Setter methods (affect the global state): + + options& disable_user_defined_docstrings() & { global_state().show_user_defined_docstrings = false; return *this; } + + options& enable_user_defined_docstrings() & { global_state().show_user_defined_docstrings = true; return *this; } + + options& disable_function_signatures() & { global_state().show_function_signatures = false; return *this; } + + options& enable_function_signatures() & { global_state().show_function_signatures = true; return *this; } + + // Getter methods (return the global state): + + static bool show_user_defined_docstrings() { return global_state().show_user_defined_docstrings; } + + static bool show_function_signatures() { return global_state().show_function_signatures; } + + // This type is not meant to be allocated on the heap. + void* operator new(size_t) = delete; + +private: + + struct state { + bool show_user_defined_docstrings = true; //< Include user-supplied texts in docstrings. + bool show_function_signatures = true; //< Include auto-generated function signatures in docstrings. + }; + + static state &global_state() { + static state instance; + return instance; + } + + state previous_state; +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/pybind11.h b/include/pybind11/pybind11.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7aa93bb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/pybind11.h @@ -0,0 +1,2573 @@ +/* + pybind11/pybind11.h: Main header file of the C++11 python + binding generator library + + Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "attr.h" +#include "gil.h" +#include "options.h" +#include "detail/class.h" +#include "detail/init.h" + +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#include + +#if defined(__cpp_lib_launder) && !(defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER < 1914)) +# define PYBIND11_STD_LAUNDER std::launder +# define PYBIND11_HAS_STD_LAUNDER 1 +#else +# define PYBIND11_STD_LAUNDER +# define PYBIND11_HAS_STD_LAUNDER 0 +#endif +#if defined(__GNUG__) && !defined(__clang__) +# include +#endif + +/* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/46798456/handling-gccs-noexcept-type-warning + This warning is about ABI compatibility, not code health. + It is only actually needed in a couple places, but apparently GCC 7 "generates this warning if + and only if the first template instantiation ... involves noexcept" [stackoverflow], therefore + it could get triggered from seemingly random places, depending on user code. + No other GCC version generates this warning. + */ +#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ == 7 +# pragma GCC diagnostic push +# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wnoexcept-type" +#endif + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +// Apply all the extensions translators from a list +// Return true if one of the translators completed without raising an exception +// itself. Return of false indicates that if there are other translators +// available, they should be tried. +inline bool apply_exception_translators(std::forward_list& translators) { + auto last_exception = std::current_exception(); + + for (auto &translator : translators) { + try { + translator(last_exception); + return true; + } catch (...) { + last_exception = std::current_exception(); + } + } + return false; +} + +#if defined(_MSC_VER) +# define PYBIND11_COMPAT_STRDUP _strdup +#else +# define PYBIND11_COMPAT_STRDUP strdup +#endif + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +/// Wraps an arbitrary C++ function/method/lambda function/.. into a callable Python object +class cpp_function : public function { +public: + cpp_function() = default; + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + cpp_function(std::nullptr_t) { } + + /// Construct a cpp_function from a vanilla function pointer + template + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + cpp_function(Return (*f)(Args...), const Extra&... extra) { + initialize(f, f, extra...); + } + + /// Construct a cpp_function from a lambda function (possibly with internal state) + template ::value>> + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + cpp_function(Func &&f, const Extra&... extra) { + initialize(std::forward(f), + (detail::function_signature_t *) nullptr, extra...); + } + + /// Construct a cpp_function from a class method (non-const, no ref-qualifier) + template + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + cpp_function(Return (Class::*f)(Arg...), const Extra&... extra) { + initialize([f](Class *c, Arg... args) -> Return { return (c->*f)(std::forward(args)...); }, + (Return (*) (Class *, Arg...)) nullptr, extra...); + } + + /// Construct a cpp_function from a class method (non-const, lvalue ref-qualifier) + /// A copy of the overload for non-const functions without explicit ref-qualifier + /// but with an added `&`. + template + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + cpp_function(Return (Class::*f)(Arg...)&, const Extra&... extra) { + initialize([f](Class *c, Arg... args) -> Return { return (c->*f)(std::forward(args)...); }, + (Return (*) (Class *, Arg...)) nullptr, extra...); + } + + /// Construct a cpp_function from a class method (const, no ref-qualifier) + template + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + cpp_function(Return (Class::*f)(Arg...) const, const Extra&... extra) { + initialize([f](const Class *c, Arg... args) -> Return { return (c->*f)(std::forward(args)...); }, + (Return (*)(const Class *, Arg ...)) nullptr, extra...); + } + + /// Construct a cpp_function from a class method (const, lvalue ref-qualifier) + /// A copy of the overload for const functions without explicit ref-qualifier + /// but with an added `&`. + template + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + cpp_function(Return (Class::*f)(Arg...) const&, const Extra&... extra) { + initialize([f](const Class *c, Arg... args) -> Return { return (c->*f)(std::forward(args)...); }, + (Return (*)(const Class *, Arg ...)) nullptr, extra...); + } + + /// Return the function name + object name() const { return attr("__name__"); } + +protected: + struct InitializingFunctionRecordDeleter { + // `destruct(function_record, false)`: `initialize_generic` copies strings and + // takes care of cleaning up in case of exceptions. So pass `false` to `free_strings`. + void operator()(detail::function_record * rec) { destruct(rec, false); } + }; + using unique_function_record = std::unique_ptr; + + /// Space optimization: don't inline this frequently instantiated fragment + PYBIND11_NOINLINE unique_function_record make_function_record() { + return unique_function_record(new detail::function_record()); + } + + /// Special internal constructor for functors, lambda functions, etc. + template + void initialize(Func &&f, Return (*)(Args...), const Extra&... extra) { + using namespace detail; + struct capture { remove_reference_t f; }; + + /* Store the function including any extra state it might have (e.g. a lambda capture object) */ + // The unique_ptr makes sure nothing is leaked in case of an exception. + auto unique_rec = make_function_record(); + auto rec = unique_rec.get(); + + /* Store the capture object directly in the function record if there is enough space */ + if (PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(sizeof(capture) <= sizeof(rec->data))) { + /* Without these pragmas, GCC warns that there might not be + enough space to use the placement new operator. However, the + 'if' statement above ensures that this is the case. */ +#if defined(__GNUG__) && __GNUC__ >= 6 && !defined(__clang__) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) +# pragma GCC diagnostic push +# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wplacement-new" +#endif + new ((capture *) &rec->data) capture { std::forward(f) }; +#if defined(__GNUG__) && __GNUC__ >= 6 && !defined(__clang__) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) +# pragma GCC diagnostic pop +#endif +#if defined(__GNUG__) && !PYBIND11_HAS_STD_LAUNDER && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) +# pragma GCC diagnostic push +# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wstrict-aliasing" +#endif + // UB without std::launder, but without breaking ABI and/or + // a significant refactoring it's "impossible" to solve. + if (!std::is_trivially_destructible::value) + rec->free_data = [](function_record *r) { + auto data = PYBIND11_STD_LAUNDER((capture *) &r->data); + (void) data; + data->~capture(); + }; +#if defined(__GNUG__) && !PYBIND11_HAS_STD_LAUNDER && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) +# pragma GCC diagnostic pop +#endif + } else { + rec->data[0] = new capture { std::forward(f) }; + rec->free_data = [](function_record *r) { delete ((capture *) r->data[0]); }; + } + + /* Type casters for the function arguments and return value */ + using cast_in = argument_loader; + using cast_out = make_caster< + conditional_t::value, void_type, Return> + >; + + static_assert(expected_num_args(sizeof...(Args), cast_in::args_pos >= 0, cast_in::has_kwargs), + "The number of argument annotations does not match the number of function arguments"); + + /* Dispatch code which converts function arguments and performs the actual function call */ + rec->impl = [](function_call &call) -> handle { + cast_in args_converter; + + /* Try to cast the function arguments into the C++ domain */ + if (!args_converter.load_args(call)) + return PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD; + + /* Invoke call policy pre-call hook */ + process_attributes::precall(call); + + /* Get a pointer to the capture object */ + auto data = (sizeof(capture) <= sizeof(call.func.data) + ? &call.func.data : call.func.data[0]); + auto *cap = const_cast(reinterpret_cast(data)); + + /* Override policy for rvalues -- usually to enforce rvp::move on an rvalue */ + return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy_override::policy(call.func.policy); + + /* Function scope guard -- defaults to the compile-to-nothing `void_type` */ + using Guard = extract_guard_t; + + /* Perform the function call */ + handle result = cast_out::cast( + std::move(args_converter).template call(cap->f), policy, call.parent); + + /* Invoke call policy post-call hook */ + process_attributes::postcall(call, result); + + return result; + }; + + rec->nargs_pos = cast_in::args_pos >= 0 + ? static_cast(cast_in::args_pos) + : sizeof...(Args) - cast_in::has_kwargs; // Will get reduced more if we have a kw_only + rec->has_args = cast_in::args_pos >= 0; + rec->has_kwargs = cast_in::has_kwargs; + + /* Process any user-provided function attributes */ + process_attributes::init(extra..., rec); + + { + constexpr bool has_kw_only_args = any_of...>::value, + has_pos_only_args = any_of...>::value, + has_arg_annotations = any_of...>::value; + static_assert(has_arg_annotations || !has_kw_only_args, "py::kw_only requires the use of argument annotations"); + static_assert(has_arg_annotations || !has_pos_only_args, "py::pos_only requires the use of argument annotations (for docstrings and aligning the annotations to the argument)"); + + static_assert(constexpr_sum(is_kw_only::value...) <= 1, "py::kw_only may be specified only once"); + static_assert(constexpr_sum(is_pos_only::value...) <= 1, "py::pos_only may be specified only once"); + constexpr auto kw_only_pos = constexpr_first(); + constexpr auto pos_only_pos = constexpr_first(); + static_assert(!(has_kw_only_args && has_pos_only_args) || pos_only_pos < kw_only_pos, "py::pos_only must come before py::kw_only"); + } + + /* Generate a readable signature describing the function's arguments and return value types */ + static constexpr auto signature = const_name("(") + cast_in::arg_names + const_name(") -> ") + cast_out::name; + PYBIND11_DESCR_CONSTEXPR auto types = decltype(signature)::types(); + + /* Register the function with Python from generic (non-templated) code */ + // Pass on the ownership over the `unique_rec` to `initialize_generic`. `rec` stays valid. + initialize_generic(std::move(unique_rec), signature.text, types.data(), sizeof...(Args)); + + /* Stash some additional information used by an important optimization in 'functional.h' */ + using FunctionType = Return (*)(Args...); + constexpr bool is_function_ptr = + std::is_convertible::value && + sizeof(capture) == sizeof(void *); + if (is_function_ptr) { + rec->is_stateless = true; + rec->data[1] = const_cast(reinterpret_cast(&typeid(FunctionType))); + } + } + + // Utility class that keeps track of all duplicated strings, and cleans them up in its destructor, + // unless they are released. Basically a RAII-solution to deal with exceptions along the way. + class strdup_guard { + public: + ~strdup_guard() { + for (auto s : strings) + std::free(s); + } + char *operator()(const char *s) { + auto t = PYBIND11_COMPAT_STRDUP(s); + strings.push_back(t); + return t; + } + void release() { + strings.clear(); + } + private: + std::vector strings; + }; + + /// Register a function call with Python (generic non-templated code goes here) + void initialize_generic(unique_function_record &&unique_rec, const char *text, + const std::type_info *const *types, size_t args) { + // Do NOT receive `unique_rec` by value. If this function fails to move out the unique_ptr, + // we do not want this to destuct the pointer. `initialize` (the caller) still relies on the + // pointee being alive after this call. Only move out if a `capsule` is going to keep it alive. + auto rec = unique_rec.get(); + + // Keep track of strdup'ed strings, and clean them up as long as the function's capsule + // has not taken ownership yet (when `unique_rec.release()` is called). + // Note: This cannot easily be fixed by a `unique_ptr` with custom deleter, because the strings + // are only referenced before strdup'ing. So only *after* the following block could `destruct` + // safely be called, but even then, `repr` could still throw in the middle of copying all strings. + strdup_guard guarded_strdup; + + /* Create copies of all referenced C-style strings */ + rec->name = guarded_strdup(rec->name ? rec->name : ""); + if (rec->doc) rec->doc = guarded_strdup(rec->doc); + for (auto &a: rec->args) { + if (a.name) + a.name = guarded_strdup(a.name); + if (a.descr) + a.descr = guarded_strdup(a.descr); + else if (a.value) + a.descr = guarded_strdup(repr(a.value).cast().c_str()); + } + + rec->is_constructor = (std::strcmp(rec->name, "__init__") == 0) + || (std::strcmp(rec->name, "__setstate__") == 0); + +#if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(PYBIND11_DISABLE_NEW_STYLE_INIT_WARNING) + if (rec->is_constructor && !rec->is_new_style_constructor) { + const auto class_name = detail::get_fully_qualified_tp_name((PyTypeObject *) rec->scope.ptr()); + const auto func_name = std::string(rec->name); + PyErr_WarnEx( + PyExc_FutureWarning, + ("pybind11-bound class '" + class_name + "' is using an old-style " + "placement-new '" + func_name + "' which has been deprecated. See " + "the upgrade guide in pybind11's docs. This message is only visible " + "when compiled in debug mode.").c_str(), 0 + ); + } +#endif + + /* Generate a proper function signature */ + std::string signature; + size_t type_index = 0, arg_index = 0; + bool is_starred = false; + for (auto *pc = text; *pc != '\0'; ++pc) { + const auto c = *pc; + + if (c == '{') { + // Write arg name for everything except *args and **kwargs. + is_starred = *(pc + 1) == '*'; + if (is_starred) + continue; + // Separator for keyword-only arguments, placed before the kw + // arguments start (unless we are already putting an *args) + if (!rec->has_args && arg_index == rec->nargs_pos) + signature += "*, "; + if (arg_index < rec->args.size() && rec->args[arg_index].name) { + signature += rec->args[arg_index].name; + } else if (arg_index == 0 && rec->is_method) { + signature += "self"; + } else { + signature += "arg" + std::to_string(arg_index - (rec->is_method ? 1 : 0)); + } + signature += ": "; + } else if (c == '}') { + // Write default value if available. + if (!is_starred && arg_index < rec->args.size() && rec->args[arg_index].descr) { + signature += " = "; + signature += rec->args[arg_index].descr; + } + // Separator for positional-only arguments (placed after the + // argument, rather than before like * + if (rec->nargs_pos_only > 0 && (arg_index + 1) == rec->nargs_pos_only) + signature += ", /"; + if (!is_starred) + arg_index++; + } else if (c == '%') { + const std::type_info *t = types[type_index++]; + if (!t) + pybind11_fail("Internal error while parsing type signature (1)"); + if (auto tinfo = detail::get_type_info(*t)) { + handle th((PyObject *) tinfo->type); + signature += + th.attr("__module__").cast() + "." + + th.attr("__qualname__").cast(); // Python 3.3+, but we backport it to earlier versions + } else if (rec->is_new_style_constructor && arg_index == 0) { + // A new-style `__init__` takes `self` as `value_and_holder`. + // Rewrite it to the proper class type. + signature += + rec->scope.attr("__module__").cast() + "." + + rec->scope.attr("__qualname__").cast(); + } else { + std::string tname(t->name()); + detail::clean_type_id(tname); + signature += tname; + } + } else { + signature += c; + } + } + + if (arg_index != args - rec->has_args - rec->has_kwargs || types[type_index] != nullptr) + pybind11_fail("Internal error while parsing type signature (2)"); + +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 + if (std::strcmp(rec->name, "__next__") == 0) { + std::free(rec->name); + rec->name = guarded_strdup("next"); + } else if (std::strcmp(rec->name, "__bool__") == 0) { + std::free(rec->name); + rec->name = guarded_strdup("__nonzero__"); + } +#endif + rec->signature = guarded_strdup(signature.c_str()); + rec->args.shrink_to_fit(); + rec->nargs = (std::uint16_t) args; + + if (rec->sibling && PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_CHECK(rec->sibling.ptr())) + rec->sibling = PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_GET_FUNCTION(rec->sibling.ptr()); + + detail::function_record *chain = nullptr, *chain_start = rec; + if (rec->sibling) { + if (PyCFunction_Check(rec->sibling.ptr())) { + auto *self = PyCFunction_GET_SELF(rec->sibling.ptr()); + capsule rec_capsule = isinstance(self) ? reinterpret_borrow(self) : capsule(self); + chain = (detail::function_record *) rec_capsule; + /* Never append a method to an overload chain of a parent class; + instead, hide the parent's overloads in this case */ + if (!chain->scope.is(rec->scope)) + chain = nullptr; + } + // Don't trigger for things like the default __init__, which are wrapper_descriptors that we are intentionally replacing + else if (!rec->sibling.is_none() && rec->name[0] != '_') + pybind11_fail("Cannot overload existing non-function object \"" + std::string(rec->name) + + "\" with a function of the same name"); + } + + if (!chain) { + /* No existing overload was found, create a new function object */ + rec->def = new PyMethodDef(); + std::memset(rec->def, 0, sizeof(PyMethodDef)); + rec->def->ml_name = rec->name; + rec->def->ml_meth + = reinterpret_cast(reinterpret_cast(dispatcher)); + rec->def->ml_flags = METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS; + + capsule rec_capsule(unique_rec.release(), [](void *ptr) { + destruct((detail::function_record *) ptr); + }); + guarded_strdup.release(); + + object scope_module; + if (rec->scope) { + if (hasattr(rec->scope, "__module__")) { + scope_module = rec->scope.attr("__module__"); + } else if (hasattr(rec->scope, "__name__")) { + scope_module = rec->scope.attr("__name__"); + } + } + + m_ptr = PyCFunction_NewEx(rec->def, rec_capsule.ptr(), scope_module.ptr()); + if (!m_ptr) + pybind11_fail("cpp_function::cpp_function(): Could not allocate function object"); + } else { + /* Append at the beginning or end of the overload chain */ + m_ptr = rec->sibling.ptr(); + inc_ref(); + if (chain->is_method != rec->is_method) + pybind11_fail("overloading a method with both static and instance methods is not supported; " + #if defined(NDEBUG) + "compile in debug mode for more details" + #else + "error while attempting to bind " + std::string(rec->is_method ? "instance" : "static") + " method " + + std::string(pybind11::str(rec->scope.attr("__name__"))) + "." + std::string(rec->name) + signature + #endif + ); + + if (rec->prepend) { + // Beginning of chain; we need to replace the capsule's current head-of-the-chain + // pointer with this one, then make this one point to the previous head of the + // chain. + chain_start = rec; + rec->next = chain; + auto rec_capsule = reinterpret_borrow(((PyCFunctionObject *) m_ptr)->m_self); + rec_capsule.set_pointer(unique_rec.release()); + guarded_strdup.release(); + } else { + // Or end of chain (normal behavior) + chain_start = chain; + while (chain->next) + chain = chain->next; + chain->next = unique_rec.release(); + guarded_strdup.release(); + } + } + + std::string signatures; + int index = 0; + /* Create a nice pydoc rec including all signatures and + docstrings of the functions in the overload chain */ + if (chain && options::show_function_signatures()) { + // First a generic signature + signatures += rec->name; + signatures += "(*args, **kwargs)\n"; + signatures += "Overloaded function.\n\n"; + } + // Then specific overload signatures + bool first_user_def = true; + for (auto it = chain_start; it != nullptr; it = it->next) { + if (options::show_function_signatures()) { + if (index > 0) signatures += "\n"; + if (chain) + signatures += std::to_string(++index) + ". "; + signatures += rec->name; + signatures += it->signature; + signatures += "\n"; + } + if (it->doc && it->doc[0] != '\0' && options::show_user_defined_docstrings()) { + // If we're appending another docstring, and aren't printing function signatures, we + // need to append a newline first: + if (!options::show_function_signatures()) { + if (first_user_def) first_user_def = false; + else signatures += "\n"; + } + if (options::show_function_signatures()) signatures += "\n"; + signatures += it->doc; + if (options::show_function_signatures()) signatures += "\n"; + } + } + + /* Install docstring */ + auto *func = (PyCFunctionObject *) m_ptr; + std::free(const_cast(func->m_ml->ml_doc)); + // Install docstring if it's non-empty (when at least one option is enabled) + func->m_ml->ml_doc + = signatures.empty() ? nullptr : PYBIND11_COMPAT_STRDUP(signatures.c_str()); + + if (rec->is_method) { + m_ptr = PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_NEW(m_ptr, rec->scope.ptr()); + if (!m_ptr) + pybind11_fail("cpp_function::cpp_function(): Could not allocate instance method object"); + Py_DECREF(func); + } + } + + /// When a cpp_function is GCed, release any memory allocated by pybind11 + static void destruct(detail::function_record *rec, bool free_strings = true) { + // If on Python 3.9, check the interpreter "MICRO" (patch) version. + // If this is running on 3.9.0, we have to work around a bug. + #if !defined(PYPY_VERSION) && PY_MAJOR_VERSION == 3 && PY_MINOR_VERSION == 9 + static bool is_zero = Py_GetVersion()[4] == '0'; + #endif + + while (rec) { + detail::function_record *next = rec->next; + if (rec->free_data) + rec->free_data(rec); + // During initialization, these strings might not have been copied yet, + // so they cannot be freed. Once the function has been created, they can. + // Check `make_function_record` for more details. + if (free_strings) { + std::free((char *) rec->name); + std::free((char *) rec->doc); + std::free((char *) rec->signature); + for (auto &arg: rec->args) { + std::free(const_cast(arg.name)); + std::free(const_cast(arg.descr)); + } + } + for (auto &arg: rec->args) + arg.value.dec_ref(); + if (rec->def) { + std::free(const_cast(rec->def->ml_doc)); + // Python 3.9.0 decref's these in the wrong order; rec->def + // If loaded on 3.9.0, let these leak (use Python 3.9.1 at runtime to fix) + // See https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/22670 + #if !defined(PYPY_VERSION) && PY_MAJOR_VERSION == 3 && PY_MINOR_VERSION == 9 + if (!is_zero) + delete rec->def; + #else + delete rec->def; + #endif + } + delete rec; + rec = next; + } + } + + + /// Main dispatch logic for calls to functions bound using pybind11 + static PyObject *dispatcher(PyObject *self, PyObject *args_in, PyObject *kwargs_in) { + using namespace detail; + + /* Iterator over the list of potentially admissible overloads */ + const function_record *overloads = (function_record *) PyCapsule_GetPointer(self, nullptr), + *it = overloads; + + /* Need to know how many arguments + keyword arguments there are to pick the right overload */ + const auto n_args_in = (size_t) PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args_in); + + handle parent = n_args_in > 0 ? PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_in, 0) : nullptr, + result = PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD; + + auto self_value_and_holder = value_and_holder(); + if (overloads->is_constructor) { + if (!parent || !PyObject_TypeCheck(parent.ptr(), (PyTypeObject *) overloads->scope.ptr())) { + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "__init__(self, ...) called with invalid or missing `self` argument"); + return nullptr; + } + + const auto tinfo = get_type_info((PyTypeObject *) overloads->scope.ptr()); + const auto pi = reinterpret_cast(parent.ptr()); + self_value_and_holder = pi->get_value_and_holder(tinfo, true); + + // If this value is already registered it must mean __init__ is invoked multiple times; + // we really can't support that in C++, so just ignore the second __init__. + if (self_value_and_holder.instance_registered()) + return none().release().ptr(); + } + + try { + // We do this in two passes: in the first pass, we load arguments with `convert=false`; + // in the second, we allow conversion (except for arguments with an explicit + // py::arg().noconvert()). This lets us prefer calls without conversion, with + // conversion as a fallback. + std::vector second_pass; + + // However, if there are no overloads, we can just skip the no-convert pass entirely + const bool overloaded = it != nullptr && it->next != nullptr; + + for (; it != nullptr; it = it->next) { + + /* For each overload: + 1. Copy all positional arguments we were given, also checking to make sure that + named positional arguments weren't *also* specified via kwarg. + 2. If we weren't given enough, try to make up the omitted ones by checking + whether they were provided by a kwarg matching the `py::arg("name")` name. If + so, use it (and remove it from kwargs); if not, see if the function binding + provided a default that we can use. + 3. Ensure that either all keyword arguments were "consumed", or that the function + takes a kwargs argument to accept unconsumed kwargs. + 4. Any positional arguments still left get put into a tuple (for args), and any + leftover kwargs get put into a dict. + 5. Pack everything into a vector; if we have py::args or py::kwargs, they are an + extra tuple or dict at the end of the positional arguments. + 6. Call the function call dispatcher (function_record::impl) + + If one of these fail, move on to the next overload and keep trying until we get a + result other than PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD. + */ + + const function_record &func = *it; + size_t num_args = func.nargs; // Number of positional arguments that we need + if (func.has_args) --num_args; // (but don't count py::args + if (func.has_kwargs) --num_args; // or py::kwargs) + size_t pos_args = func.nargs_pos; + + if (!func.has_args && n_args_in > pos_args) + continue; // Too many positional arguments for this overload + + if (n_args_in < pos_args && func.args.size() < pos_args) + continue; // Not enough positional arguments given, and not enough defaults to fill in the blanks + + function_call call(func, parent); + + size_t args_to_copy = (std::min)(pos_args, n_args_in); // Protect std::min with parentheses + size_t args_copied = 0; + + // 0. Inject new-style `self` argument + if (func.is_new_style_constructor) { + // The `value` may have been preallocated by an old-style `__init__` + // if it was a preceding candidate for overload resolution. + if (self_value_and_holder) + self_value_and_holder.type->dealloc(self_value_and_holder); + + call.init_self = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_in, 0); + call.args.emplace_back(reinterpret_cast(&self_value_and_holder)); + call.args_convert.push_back(false); + ++args_copied; + } + + // 1. Copy any position arguments given. + bool bad_arg = false; + for (; args_copied < args_to_copy; ++args_copied) { + const argument_record *arg_rec = args_copied < func.args.size() ? &func.args[args_copied] : nullptr; + if (kwargs_in && arg_rec && arg_rec->name && dict_getitemstring(kwargs_in, arg_rec->name)) { + bad_arg = true; + break; + } + + handle arg(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_in, args_copied)); + if (arg_rec && !arg_rec->none && arg.is_none()) { + bad_arg = true; + break; + } + call.args.push_back(arg); + call.args_convert.push_back(arg_rec ? arg_rec->convert : true); + } + if (bad_arg) + continue; // Maybe it was meant for another overload (issue #688) + + // Keep track of how many position args we copied out in case we need to come back + // to copy the rest into a py::args argument. + size_t positional_args_copied = args_copied; + + // We'll need to copy this if we steal some kwargs for defaults + dict kwargs = reinterpret_borrow(kwargs_in); + + // 1.5. Fill in any missing pos_only args from defaults if they exist + if (args_copied < func.nargs_pos_only) { + for (; args_copied < func.nargs_pos_only; ++args_copied) { + const auto &arg_rec = func.args[args_copied]; + handle value; + + if (arg_rec.value) { + value = arg_rec.value; + } + if (value) { + call.args.push_back(value); + call.args_convert.push_back(arg_rec.convert); + } else + break; + } + + if (args_copied < func.nargs_pos_only) + continue; // Not enough defaults to fill the positional arguments + } + + // 2. Check kwargs and, failing that, defaults that may help complete the list + if (args_copied < num_args) { + bool copied_kwargs = false; + + for (; args_copied < num_args; ++args_copied) { + const auto &arg_rec = func.args[args_copied]; + + handle value; + if (kwargs_in && arg_rec.name) + value = dict_getitemstring(kwargs.ptr(), arg_rec.name); + + if (value) { + // Consume a kwargs value + if (!copied_kwargs) { + kwargs = reinterpret_steal(PyDict_Copy(kwargs.ptr())); + copied_kwargs = true; + } + if (PyDict_DelItemString(kwargs.ptr(), arg_rec.name) == -1) { + throw error_already_set(); + } + } else if (arg_rec.value) { + value = arg_rec.value; + } + + if (!arg_rec.none && value.is_none()) { + break; + } + + if (value) { + // If we're at the py::args index then first insert a stub for it to be replaced later + if (func.has_args && call.args.size() == func.nargs_pos) + call.args.push_back(none()); + + call.args.push_back(value); + call.args_convert.push_back(arg_rec.convert); + } + else + break; + } + + if (args_copied < num_args) + continue; // Not enough arguments, defaults, or kwargs to fill the positional arguments + } + + // 3. Check everything was consumed (unless we have a kwargs arg) + if (kwargs && !kwargs.empty() && !func.has_kwargs) + continue; // Unconsumed kwargs, but no py::kwargs argument to accept them + + // 4a. If we have a py::args argument, create a new tuple with leftovers + if (func.has_args) { + tuple extra_args; + if (args_to_copy == 0) { + // We didn't copy out any position arguments from the args_in tuple, so we + // can reuse it directly without copying: + extra_args = reinterpret_borrow(args_in); + } else if (positional_args_copied >= n_args_in) { + extra_args = tuple(0); + } else { + size_t args_size = n_args_in - positional_args_copied; + extra_args = tuple(args_size); + for (size_t i = 0; i < args_size; ++i) { + extra_args[i] = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_in, positional_args_copied + i); + } + } + if (call.args.size() <= func.nargs_pos) + call.args.push_back(extra_args); + else + call.args[func.nargs_pos] = extra_args; + call.args_convert.push_back(false); + call.args_ref = std::move(extra_args); + } + + // 4b. If we have a py::kwargs, pass on any remaining kwargs + if (func.has_kwargs) { + if (!kwargs.ptr()) + kwargs = dict(); // If we didn't get one, send an empty one + call.args.push_back(kwargs); + call.args_convert.push_back(false); + call.kwargs_ref = std::move(kwargs); + } + + // 5. Put everything in a vector. Not technically step 5, we've been building it + // in `call.args` all along. + #if !defined(NDEBUG) + if (call.args.size() != func.nargs || call.args_convert.size() != func.nargs) + pybind11_fail("Internal error: function call dispatcher inserted wrong number of arguments!"); + #endif + + std::vector second_pass_convert; + if (overloaded) { + // We're in the first no-convert pass, so swap out the conversion flags for a + // set of all-false flags. If the call fails, we'll swap the flags back in for + // the conversion-allowed call below. + second_pass_convert.resize(func.nargs, false); + call.args_convert.swap(second_pass_convert); + } + + // 6. Call the function. + try { + loader_life_support guard{}; + result = func.impl(call); + } catch (reference_cast_error &) { + result = PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD; + } + + if (result.ptr() != PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD) + break; + + if (overloaded) { + // The (overloaded) call failed; if the call has at least one argument that + // permits conversion (i.e. it hasn't been explicitly specified `.noconvert()`) + // then add this call to the list of second pass overloads to try. + for (size_t i = func.is_method ? 1 : 0; i < pos_args; i++) { + if (second_pass_convert[i]) { + // Found one: swap the converting flags back in and store the call for + // the second pass. + call.args_convert.swap(second_pass_convert); + second_pass.push_back(std::move(call)); + break; + } + } + } + } + + if (overloaded && !second_pass.empty() && result.ptr() == PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD) { + // The no-conversion pass finished without success, try again with conversion allowed + for (auto &call : second_pass) { + try { + loader_life_support guard{}; + result = call.func.impl(call); + } catch (reference_cast_error &) { + result = PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD; + } + + if (result.ptr() != PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD) { + // The error reporting logic below expects 'it' to be valid, as it would be + // if we'd encountered this failure in the first-pass loop. + if (!result) + it = &call.func; + break; + } + } + } + } catch (error_already_set &e) { + e.restore(); + return nullptr; +#ifdef __GLIBCXX__ + } catch ( abi::__forced_unwind& ) { + throw; +#endif + } catch (...) { + /* When an exception is caught, give each registered exception + translator a chance to translate it to a Python exception. First + all module-local translators will be tried in reverse order of + registration. If none of the module-locale translators handle + the exception (or there are no module-locale translators) then + the global translators will be tried, also in reverse order of + registration. + + A translator may choose to do one of the following: + + - catch the exception and call PyErr_SetString or PyErr_SetObject + to set a standard (or custom) Python exception, or + - do nothing and let the exception fall through to the next translator, or + - delegate translation to the next translator by throwing a new type of exception. */ + + auto &local_exception_translators = get_local_internals().registered_exception_translators; + if (detail::apply_exception_translators(local_exception_translators)) { + return nullptr; + } + auto &exception_translators = get_internals().registered_exception_translators; + if (detail::apply_exception_translators(exception_translators)) { + return nullptr; + } + + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "Exception escaped from default exception translator!"); + return nullptr; + } + + auto append_note_if_missing_header_is_suspected = [](std::string &msg) { + if (msg.find("std::") != std::string::npos) { + msg += "\n\n" + "Did you forget to `#include `? Or ,\n" + ", , etc. Some automatic\n" + "conversions are optional and require extra headers to be included\n" + "when compiling your pybind11 module."; + } + }; + + if (result.ptr() == PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD) { + if (overloads->is_operator) + return handle(Py_NotImplemented).inc_ref().ptr(); + + std::string msg = std::string(overloads->name) + "(): incompatible " + + std::string(overloads->is_constructor ? "constructor" : "function") + + " arguments. The following argument types are supported:\n"; + + int ctr = 0; + for (const function_record *it2 = overloads; it2 != nullptr; it2 = it2->next) { + msg += " "+ std::to_string(++ctr) + ". "; + + bool wrote_sig = false; + if (overloads->is_constructor) { + // For a constructor, rewrite `(self: Object, arg0, ...) -> NoneType` as `Object(arg0, ...)` + std::string sig = it2->signature; + size_t start = sig.find('(') + 7; // skip "(self: " + if (start < sig.size()) { + // End at the , for the next argument + size_t end = sig.find(", "), next = end + 2; + size_t ret = sig.rfind(" -> "); + // Or the ), if there is no comma: + if (end >= sig.size()) next = end = sig.find(')'); + if (start < end && next < sig.size()) { + msg.append(sig, start, end - start); + msg += '('; + msg.append(sig, next, ret - next); + wrote_sig = true; + } + } + } + if (!wrote_sig) msg += it2->signature; + + msg += "\n"; + } + msg += "\nInvoked with: "; + auto args_ = reinterpret_borrow(args_in); + bool some_args = false; + for (size_t ti = overloads->is_constructor ? 1 : 0; ti < args_.size(); ++ti) { + if (!some_args) some_args = true; + else msg += ", "; + try { + msg += pybind11::repr(args_[ti]); + } catch (const error_already_set&) { + msg += ""; + } + } + if (kwargs_in) { + auto kwargs = reinterpret_borrow(kwargs_in); + if (!kwargs.empty()) { + if (some_args) msg += "; "; + msg += "kwargs: "; + bool first = true; + for (auto kwarg : kwargs) { + if (first) first = false; + else msg += ", "; + msg += pybind11::str("{}=").format(kwarg.first); + try { + msg += pybind11::repr(kwarg.second); + } catch (const error_already_set&) { + msg += ""; + } + } + } + } + + append_note_if_missing_header_is_suspected(msg); +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03030000 + // Attach additional error info to the exception if supported + if (PyErr_Occurred()) { + // #HelpAppreciated: unit test coverage for this branch. + raise_from(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str()); + return nullptr; + } +#endif + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str()); + return nullptr; + } + if (!result) { + std::string msg = "Unable to convert function return value to a " + "Python type! The signature was\n\t"; + msg += it->signature; + append_note_if_missing_header_is_suspected(msg); +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03030000 + // Attach additional error info to the exception if supported + if (PyErr_Occurred()) { + raise_from(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str()); + return nullptr; + } +#endif + PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str()); + return nullptr; + } + if (overloads->is_constructor && !self_value_and_holder.holder_constructed()) { + auto *pi = reinterpret_cast(parent.ptr()); + self_value_and_holder.type->init_instance(pi, nullptr); + } + return result.ptr(); + } +}; + + +/// Wrapper for Python extension modules +class module_ : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(module_, object, PyModule_Check) + + /// Create a new top-level Python module with the given name and docstring + PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use PYBIND11_MODULE or module_::create_extension_module instead") + explicit module_(const char *name, const char *doc = nullptr) { +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 + *this = create_extension_module(name, doc, new PyModuleDef()); +#else + *this = create_extension_module(name, doc, nullptr); +#endif + } + + /** \rst + Create Python binding for a new function within the module scope. ``Func`` + can be a plain C++ function, a function pointer, or a lambda function. For + details on the ``Extra&& ... extra`` argument, see section :ref:`extras`. + \endrst */ + template + module_ &def(const char *name_, Func &&f, const Extra& ... extra) { + cpp_function func(std::forward(f), name(name_), scope(*this), + sibling(getattr(*this, name_, none())), extra...); + // NB: allow overwriting here because cpp_function sets up a chain with the intention of + // overwriting (and has already checked internally that it isn't overwriting non-functions). + add_object(name_, func, true /* overwrite */); + return *this; + } + + /** \rst + Create and return a new Python submodule with the given name and docstring. + This also works recursively, i.e. + + .. code-block:: cpp + + py::module_ m("example", "pybind11 example plugin"); + py::module_ m2 = m.def_submodule("sub", "A submodule of 'example'"); + py::module_ m3 = m2.def_submodule("subsub", "A submodule of 'example.sub'"); + \endrst */ + module_ def_submodule(const char *name, const char *doc = nullptr) { + std::string full_name = std::string(PyModule_GetName(m_ptr)) + + std::string(".") + std::string(name); + auto result = reinterpret_borrow(PyImport_AddModule(full_name.c_str())); + if (doc && options::show_user_defined_docstrings()) + result.attr("__doc__") = pybind11::str(doc); + attr(name) = result; + return result; + } + + /// Import and return a module or throws `error_already_set`. + static module_ import(const char *name) { + PyObject *obj = PyImport_ImportModule(name); + if (!obj) + throw error_already_set(); + return reinterpret_steal(obj); + } + + /// Reload the module or throws `error_already_set`. + void reload() { + PyObject *obj = PyImport_ReloadModule(ptr()); + if (!obj) + throw error_already_set(); + *this = reinterpret_steal(obj); + } + + /** \rst + Adds an object to the module using the given name. Throws if an object with the given name + already exists. + + ``overwrite`` should almost always be false: attempting to overwrite objects that pybind11 has + established will, in most cases, break things. + \endrst */ + PYBIND11_NOINLINE void add_object(const char *name, handle obj, bool overwrite = false) { + if (!overwrite && hasattr(*this, name)) + pybind11_fail("Error during initialization: multiple incompatible definitions with name \"" + + std::string(name) + "\""); + + PyModule_AddObject(ptr(), name, obj.inc_ref().ptr() /* steals a reference */); + } + +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 + using module_def = PyModuleDef; +#else + struct module_def {}; +#endif + + /** \rst + Create a new top-level module that can be used as the main module of a C extension. + + For Python 3, ``def`` should point to a statically allocated module_def. + For Python 2, ``def`` can be a nullptr and is completely ignored. + \endrst */ + static module_ create_extension_module(const char *name, const char *doc, module_def *def) { +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 + // module_def is PyModuleDef + def = new (def) PyModuleDef { // Placement new (not an allocation). + /* m_base */ PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT, + /* m_name */ name, + /* m_doc */ options::show_user_defined_docstrings() ? doc : nullptr, + /* m_size */ -1, + /* m_methods */ nullptr, + /* m_slots */ nullptr, + /* m_traverse */ nullptr, + /* m_clear */ nullptr, + /* m_free */ nullptr + }; + auto m = PyModule_Create(def); +#else + // Ignore module_def *def; only necessary for Python 3 + (void) def; + auto m = Py_InitModule3(name, nullptr, options::show_user_defined_docstrings() ? doc : nullptr); +#endif + if (m == nullptr) { + if (PyErr_Occurred()) + throw error_already_set(); + pybind11_fail("Internal error in module_::create_extension_module()"); + } + // TODO: Should be reinterpret_steal for Python 3, but Python also steals it again when returned from PyInit_... + // For Python 2, reinterpret_borrow is correct. + return reinterpret_borrow(m); + } +}; + +// When inside a namespace (or anywhere as long as it's not the first item on a line), +// C++20 allows "module" to be used. This is provided for backward compatibility, and for +// simplicity, if someone wants to use py::module for example, that is perfectly safe. +using module = module_; + +/// \ingroup python_builtins +/// Return a dictionary representing the global variables in the current execution frame, +/// or ``__main__.__dict__`` if there is no frame (usually when the interpreter is embedded). +inline dict globals() { + PyObject *p = PyEval_GetGlobals(); + return reinterpret_borrow(p ? p : module_::import("__main__").attr("__dict__").ptr()); +} + +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03030000 +template ()>> +PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("make_simple_namespace should be replaced with py::module_::import(\"types\").attr(\"SimpleNamespace\") ") +object make_simple_namespace(Args&&... args_) { + return module_::import("types").attr("SimpleNamespace")(std::forward(args_)...); +} +#endif + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) +/// Generic support for creating new Python heap types +class generic_type : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(generic_type, object, PyType_Check) +protected: + void initialize(const type_record &rec) { + if (rec.scope && hasattr(rec.scope, "__dict__") && rec.scope.attr("__dict__").contains(rec.name)) + pybind11_fail("generic_type: cannot initialize type \"" + std::string(rec.name) + + "\": an object with that name is already defined"); + + if ((rec.module_local ? get_local_type_info(*rec.type) : get_global_type_info(*rec.type)) + != nullptr) + pybind11_fail("generic_type: type \"" + std::string(rec.name) + + "\" is already registered!"); + + m_ptr = make_new_python_type(rec); + + /* Register supplemental type information in C++ dict */ + auto *tinfo = new detail::type_info(); + tinfo->type = (PyTypeObject *) m_ptr; + tinfo->cpptype = rec.type; + tinfo->type_size = rec.type_size; + tinfo->type_align = rec.type_align; + tinfo->operator_new = rec.operator_new; + tinfo->holder_size_in_ptrs = size_in_ptrs(rec.holder_size); + tinfo->init_instance = rec.init_instance; + tinfo->dealloc = rec.dealloc; + tinfo->simple_type = true; + tinfo->simple_ancestors = true; + tinfo->default_holder = rec.default_holder; + tinfo->module_local = rec.module_local; + + auto &internals = get_internals(); + auto tindex = std::type_index(*rec.type); + tinfo->direct_conversions = &internals.direct_conversions[tindex]; + if (rec.module_local) + get_local_internals().registered_types_cpp[tindex] = tinfo; + else + internals.registered_types_cpp[tindex] = tinfo; + internals.registered_types_py[(PyTypeObject *) m_ptr] = { tinfo }; + + if (rec.bases.size() > 1 || rec.multiple_inheritance) { + mark_parents_nonsimple(tinfo->type); + tinfo->simple_ancestors = false; + } + else if (rec.bases.size() == 1) { + auto *parent_tinfo = get_type_info((PyTypeObject *) rec.bases[0].ptr()); + assert(parent_tinfo != nullptr); + bool parent_simple_ancestors = parent_tinfo->simple_ancestors; + tinfo->simple_ancestors = parent_simple_ancestors; + // The parent can no longer be a simple type if it has MI and has a child + parent_tinfo->simple_type = parent_tinfo->simple_type && parent_simple_ancestors; + } + + if (rec.module_local) { + // Stash the local typeinfo and loader so that external modules can access it. + tinfo->module_local_load = &type_caster_generic::local_load; + setattr(m_ptr, PYBIND11_MODULE_LOCAL_ID, capsule(tinfo)); + } + } + + /// Helper function which tags all parents of a type using mult. inheritance + void mark_parents_nonsimple(PyTypeObject *value) { + auto t = reinterpret_borrow(value->tp_bases); + for (handle h : t) { + auto tinfo2 = get_type_info((PyTypeObject *) h.ptr()); + if (tinfo2) + tinfo2->simple_type = false; + mark_parents_nonsimple((PyTypeObject *) h.ptr()); + } + } + + void install_buffer_funcs( + buffer_info *(*get_buffer)(PyObject *, void *), + void *get_buffer_data) { + auto *type = (PyHeapTypeObject*) m_ptr; + auto tinfo = detail::get_type_info(&type->ht_type); + + if (!type->ht_type.tp_as_buffer) + pybind11_fail( + "To be able to register buffer protocol support for the type '" + + get_fully_qualified_tp_name(tinfo->type) + + "' the associated class<>(..) invocation must " + "include the pybind11::buffer_protocol() annotation!"); + + tinfo->get_buffer = get_buffer; + tinfo->get_buffer_data = get_buffer_data; + } + + // rec_func must be set for either fget or fset. + void def_property_static_impl(const char *name, + handle fget, handle fset, + detail::function_record *rec_func) { + const auto is_static = (rec_func != nullptr) && !(rec_func->is_method && rec_func->scope); + const auto has_doc = (rec_func != nullptr) && (rec_func->doc != nullptr) + && pybind11::options::show_user_defined_docstrings(); + auto property = handle((PyObject *) (is_static ? get_internals().static_property_type + : &PyProperty_Type)); + attr(name) = property(fget.ptr() ? fget : none(), + fset.ptr() ? fset : none(), + /*deleter*/none(), + pybind11::str(has_doc ? rec_func->doc : "")); + } +}; + +/// Set the pointer to operator new if it exists. The cast is needed because it can be overloaded. +template (T::operator new))>> +void set_operator_new(type_record *r) { r->operator_new = &T::operator new; } + +template void set_operator_new(...) { } + +template struct has_operator_delete : std::false_type { }; +template struct has_operator_delete(T::operator delete))>> + : std::true_type { }; +template struct has_operator_delete_size : std::false_type { }; +template struct has_operator_delete_size(T::operator delete))>> + : std::true_type { }; +/// Call class-specific delete if it exists or global otherwise. Can also be an overload set. +template ::value, int> = 0> +void call_operator_delete(T *p, size_t, size_t) { T::operator delete(p); } +template ::value && has_operator_delete_size::value, int> = 0> +void call_operator_delete(T *p, size_t s, size_t) { T::operator delete(p, s); } + +inline void call_operator_delete(void *p, size_t s, size_t a) { + (void)s; (void)a; + #if defined(__cpp_aligned_new) && (!defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER >= 1912) + if (a > __STDCPP_DEFAULT_NEW_ALIGNMENT__) { + #ifdef __cpp_sized_deallocation + ::operator delete(p, s, std::align_val_t(a)); + #else + ::operator delete(p, std::align_val_t(a)); + #endif + return; + } + #endif + #ifdef __cpp_sized_deallocation + ::operator delete(p, s); + #else + ::operator delete(p); + #endif +} + +inline void add_class_method(object& cls, const char *name_, const cpp_function &cf) { + cls.attr(cf.name()) = cf; + if (std::strcmp(name_, "__eq__") == 0 && !cls.attr("__dict__").contains("__hash__")) { + cls.attr("__hash__") = none(); + } +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +/// Given a pointer to a member function, cast it to its `Derived` version. +/// Forward everything else unchanged. +template +auto method_adaptor(F &&f) -> decltype(std::forward(f)) { return std::forward(f); } + +template +auto method_adaptor(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...)) -> Return (Derived::*)(Args...) { + static_assert(detail::is_accessible_base_of::value, + "Cannot bind an inaccessible base class method; use a lambda definition instead"); + return pmf; +} + +template +auto method_adaptor(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...) const) -> Return (Derived::*)(Args...) const { + static_assert(detail::is_accessible_base_of::value, + "Cannot bind an inaccessible base class method; use a lambda definition instead"); + return pmf; +} + +template +class class_ : public detail::generic_type { + template using is_holder = detail::is_holder_type; + template using is_subtype = detail::is_strict_base_of; + template using is_base = detail::is_strict_base_of; + // struct instead of using here to help MSVC: + template struct is_valid_class_option : + detail::any_of, is_subtype, is_base> {}; + +public: + using type = type_; + using type_alias = detail::exactly_one_t; + constexpr static bool has_alias = !std::is_void::value; + using holder_type = detail::exactly_one_t, options...>; + + static_assert(detail::all_of...>::value, + "Unknown/invalid class_ template parameters provided"); + + static_assert(!has_alias || std::is_polymorphic::value, + "Cannot use an alias class with a non-polymorphic type"); + + PYBIND11_OBJECT(class_, generic_type, PyType_Check) + + template + class_(handle scope, const char *name, const Extra &... extra) { + using namespace detail; + + // MI can only be specified via class_ template options, not constructor parameters + static_assert( + none_of...>::value || // no base class arguments, or: + ( constexpr_sum(is_pyobject::value...) == 1 && // Exactly one base + constexpr_sum(is_base::value...) == 0 && // no template option bases + none_of...>::value), // no multiple_inheritance attr + "Error: multiple inheritance bases must be specified via class_ template options"); + + type_record record; + record.scope = scope; + record.name = name; + record.type = &typeid(type); + record.type_size = sizeof(conditional_t); + record.type_align = alignof(conditional_t&); + record.holder_size = sizeof(holder_type); + record.init_instance = init_instance; + record.dealloc = dealloc; + record.default_holder = detail::is_instantiation::value; + + set_operator_new(&record); + + /* Register base classes specified via template arguments to class_, if any */ + PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS(add_base(record)); + + /* Process optional arguments, if any */ + process_attributes::init(extra..., &record); + + generic_type::initialize(record); + + if (has_alias) { + auto &instances = record.module_local ? get_local_internals().registered_types_cpp : get_internals().registered_types_cpp; + instances[std::type_index(typeid(type_alias))] = instances[std::type_index(typeid(type))]; + } + } + + template ::value, int> = 0> + static void add_base(detail::type_record &rec) { + rec.add_base(typeid(Base), [](void *src) -> void * { + return static_cast(reinterpret_cast(src)); + }); + } + + template ::value, int> = 0> + static void add_base(detail::type_record &) { } + + template + class_ &def(const char *name_, Func&& f, const Extra&... extra) { + cpp_function cf(method_adaptor(std::forward(f)), name(name_), is_method(*this), + sibling(getattr(*this, name_, none())), extra...); + add_class_method(*this, name_, cf); + return *this; + } + + template class_ & + def_static(const char *name_, Func &&f, const Extra&... extra) { + static_assert(!std::is_member_function_pointer::value, + "def_static(...) called with a non-static member function pointer"); + cpp_function cf(std::forward(f), name(name_), scope(*this), + sibling(getattr(*this, name_, none())), extra...); + attr(cf.name()) = staticmethod(cf); + return *this; + } + + template + class_ &def(const detail::op_ &op, const Extra&... extra) { + op.execute(*this, extra...); + return *this; + } + + template + class_ & def_cast(const detail::op_ &op, const Extra&... extra) { + op.execute_cast(*this, extra...); + return *this; + } + + template + class_ &def(const detail::initimpl::constructor &init, const Extra&... extra) { + PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(init); + init.execute(*this, extra...); + return *this; + } + + template + class_ &def(const detail::initimpl::alias_constructor &init, const Extra&... extra) { + PYBIND11_WORKAROUND_INCORRECT_MSVC_C4100(init); + init.execute(*this, extra...); + return *this; + } + + template + class_ &def(detail::initimpl::factory &&init, const Extra&... extra) { + std::move(init).execute(*this, extra...); + return *this; + } + + template + class_ &def(detail::initimpl::pickle_factory &&pf, const Extra &...extra) { + std::move(pf).execute(*this, extra...); + return *this; + } + + template + class_& def_buffer(Func &&func) { + struct capture { Func func; }; + auto *ptr = new capture { std::forward(func) }; + install_buffer_funcs([](PyObject *obj, void *ptr) -> buffer_info* { + detail::make_caster caster; + if (!caster.load(obj, false)) + return nullptr; + return new buffer_info(((capture *) ptr)->func(caster)); + }, ptr); + weakref(m_ptr, cpp_function([ptr](handle wr) { + delete ptr; + wr.dec_ref(); + })).release(); + return *this; + } + + template + class_ &def_buffer(Return (Class::*func)(Args...)) { + return def_buffer([func] (type &obj) { return (obj.*func)(); }); + } + + template + class_ &def_buffer(Return (Class::*func)(Args...) const) { + return def_buffer([func] (const type &obj) { return (obj.*func)(); }); + } + + template + class_ &def_readwrite(const char *name, D C::*pm, const Extra&... extra) { + static_assert(std::is_same::value || std::is_base_of::value, "def_readwrite() requires a class member (or base class member)"); + cpp_function fget([pm](const type &c) -> const D &{ return c.*pm; }, is_method(*this)), + fset([pm](type &c, const D &value) { c.*pm = value; }, is_method(*this)); + def_property(name, fget, fset, return_value_policy::reference_internal, extra...); + return *this; + } + + template + class_ &def_readonly(const char *name, const D C::*pm, const Extra& ...extra) { + static_assert(std::is_same::value || std::is_base_of::value, "def_readonly() requires a class member (or base class member)"); + cpp_function fget([pm](const type &c) -> const D &{ return c.*pm; }, is_method(*this)); + def_property_readonly(name, fget, return_value_policy::reference_internal, extra...); + return *this; + } + + template + class_ &def_readwrite_static(const char *name, D *pm, const Extra& ...extra) { + cpp_function fget([pm](const object &) -> const D & { return *pm; }, scope(*this)), + fset([pm](const object &, const D &value) { *pm = value; }, scope(*this)); + def_property_static(name, fget, fset, return_value_policy::reference, extra...); + return *this; + } + + template + class_ &def_readonly_static(const char *name, const D *pm, const Extra& ...extra) { + cpp_function fget([pm](const object &) -> const D & { return *pm; }, scope(*this)); + def_property_readonly_static(name, fget, return_value_policy::reference, extra...); + return *this; + } + + /// Uses return_value_policy::reference_internal by default + template + class_ &def_property_readonly(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const Extra& ...extra) { + return def_property_readonly(name, cpp_function(method_adaptor(fget)), + return_value_policy::reference_internal, extra...); + } + + /// Uses cpp_function's return_value_policy by default + template + class_ &def_property_readonly(const char *name, const cpp_function &fget, const Extra& ...extra) { + return def_property(name, fget, nullptr, extra...); + } + + /// Uses return_value_policy::reference by default + template + class_ &def_property_readonly_static(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const Extra& ...extra) { + return def_property_readonly_static(name, cpp_function(fget), return_value_policy::reference, extra...); + } + + /// Uses cpp_function's return_value_policy by default + template + class_ &def_property_readonly_static(const char *name, const cpp_function &fget, const Extra& ...extra) { + return def_property_static(name, fget, nullptr, extra...); + } + + /// Uses return_value_policy::reference_internal by default + template + class_ &def_property(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const Setter &fset, const Extra& ...extra) { + return def_property(name, fget, cpp_function(method_adaptor(fset)), extra...); + } + template + class_ &def_property(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const cpp_function &fset, const Extra& ...extra) { + return def_property(name, cpp_function(method_adaptor(fget)), fset, + return_value_policy::reference_internal, extra...); + } + + /// Uses cpp_function's return_value_policy by default + template + class_ &def_property(const char *name, const cpp_function &fget, const cpp_function &fset, const Extra& ...extra) { + return def_property_static(name, fget, fset, is_method(*this), extra...); + } + + /// Uses return_value_policy::reference by default + template + class_ &def_property_static(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const cpp_function &fset, const Extra& ...extra) { + return def_property_static(name, cpp_function(fget), fset, return_value_policy::reference, extra...); + } + + /// Uses cpp_function's return_value_policy by default + template + class_ &def_property_static(const char *name, const cpp_function &fget, const cpp_function &fset, const Extra& ...extra) { + static_assert( 0 == detail::constexpr_sum(std::is_base_of::value...), + "Argument annotations are not allowed for properties"); + auto rec_fget = get_function_record(fget), rec_fset = get_function_record(fset); + auto *rec_active = rec_fget; + if (rec_fget) { + char *doc_prev = rec_fget->doc; /* 'extra' field may include a property-specific documentation string */ + detail::process_attributes::init(extra..., rec_fget); + if (rec_fget->doc && rec_fget->doc != doc_prev) { + std::free(doc_prev); + rec_fget->doc = PYBIND11_COMPAT_STRDUP(rec_fget->doc); + } + } + if (rec_fset) { + char *doc_prev = rec_fset->doc; + detail::process_attributes::init(extra..., rec_fset); + if (rec_fset->doc && rec_fset->doc != doc_prev) { + std::free(doc_prev); + rec_fset->doc = PYBIND11_COMPAT_STRDUP(rec_fset->doc); + } + if (! rec_active) rec_active = rec_fset; + } + def_property_static_impl(name, fget, fset, rec_active); + return *this; + } + +private: + /// Initialize holder object, variant 1: object derives from enable_shared_from_this + template + static void init_holder(detail::instance *inst, detail::value_and_holder &v_h, + const holder_type * /* unused */, const std::enable_shared_from_this * /* dummy */) { + + auto sh = std::dynamic_pointer_cast( + detail::try_get_shared_from_this(v_h.value_ptr())); + if (sh) { + new (std::addressof(v_h.holder())) holder_type(std::move(sh)); + v_h.set_holder_constructed(); + } + + if (!v_h.holder_constructed() && inst->owned) { + new (std::addressof(v_h.holder())) holder_type(v_h.value_ptr()); + v_h.set_holder_constructed(); + } + } + + static void init_holder_from_existing(const detail::value_and_holder &v_h, + const holder_type *holder_ptr, std::true_type /*is_copy_constructible*/) { + new (std::addressof(v_h.holder())) holder_type(*reinterpret_cast(holder_ptr)); + } + + static void init_holder_from_existing(const detail::value_and_holder &v_h, + const holder_type *holder_ptr, std::false_type /*is_copy_constructible*/) { + new (std::addressof(v_h.holder())) holder_type(std::move(*const_cast(holder_ptr))); + } + + /// Initialize holder object, variant 2: try to construct from existing holder object, if possible + static void init_holder(detail::instance *inst, detail::value_and_holder &v_h, + const holder_type *holder_ptr, const void * /* dummy -- not enable_shared_from_this) */) { + if (holder_ptr) { + init_holder_from_existing(v_h, holder_ptr, std::is_copy_constructible()); + v_h.set_holder_constructed(); + } else if (inst->owned || detail::always_construct_holder::value) { + new (std::addressof(v_h.holder())) holder_type(v_h.value_ptr()); + v_h.set_holder_constructed(); + } + } + + /// Performs instance initialization including constructing a holder and registering the known + /// instance. Should be called as soon as the `type` value_ptr is set for an instance. Takes an + /// optional pointer to an existing holder to use; if not specified and the instance is + /// `.owned`, a new holder will be constructed to manage the value pointer. + static void init_instance(detail::instance *inst, const void *holder_ptr) { + auto v_h = inst->get_value_and_holder(detail::get_type_info(typeid(type))); + if (!v_h.instance_registered()) { + register_instance(inst, v_h.value_ptr(), v_h.type); + v_h.set_instance_registered(); + } + init_holder(inst, v_h, (const holder_type *) holder_ptr, v_h.value_ptr()); + } + + /// Deallocates an instance; via holder, if constructed; otherwise via operator delete. + static void dealloc(detail::value_and_holder &v_h) { + // We could be deallocating because we are cleaning up after a Python exception. + // If so, the Python error indicator will be set. We need to clear that before + // running the destructor, in case the destructor code calls more Python. + // If we don't, the Python API will exit with an exception, and pybind11 will + // throw error_already_set from the C++ destructor which is forbidden and triggers + // std::terminate(). + error_scope scope; + if (v_h.holder_constructed()) { + v_h.holder().~holder_type(); + v_h.set_holder_constructed(false); + } + else { + detail::call_operator_delete(v_h.value_ptr(), + v_h.type->type_size, + v_h.type->type_align + ); + } + v_h.value_ptr() = nullptr; + } + + static detail::function_record *get_function_record(handle h) { + h = detail::get_function(h); + return h ? (detail::function_record *) reinterpret_borrow(PyCFunction_GET_SELF(h.ptr())) + : nullptr; + } +}; + +/// Binds an existing constructor taking arguments Args... +template detail::initimpl::constructor init() { return {}; } +/// Like `init()`, but the instance is always constructed through the alias class (even +/// when not inheriting on the Python side). +template detail::initimpl::alias_constructor init_alias() { return {}; } + +/// Binds a factory function as a constructor +template > +Ret init(Func &&f) { return {std::forward(f)}; } + +/// Dual-argument factory function: the first function is called when no alias is needed, the second +/// when an alias is needed (i.e. due to python-side inheritance). Arguments must be identical. +template > +Ret init(CFunc &&c, AFunc &&a) { + return {std::forward(c), std::forward(a)}; +} + +/// Binds pickling functions `__getstate__` and `__setstate__` and ensures that the type +/// returned by `__getstate__` is the same as the argument accepted by `__setstate__`. +template +detail::initimpl::pickle_factory pickle(GetState &&g, SetState &&s) { + return {std::forward(g), std::forward(s)}; +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +inline str enum_name(handle arg) { + dict entries = arg.get_type().attr("__entries"); + for (auto kv : entries) { + if (handle(kv.second[int_(0)]).equal(arg)) + return pybind11::str(kv.first); + } + return "???"; +} + +struct enum_base { + enum_base(const handle &base, const handle &parent) : m_base(base), m_parent(parent) { } + + PYBIND11_NOINLINE void init(bool is_arithmetic, bool is_convertible) { + m_base.attr("__entries") = dict(); + auto property = handle((PyObject *) &PyProperty_Type); + auto static_property = handle((PyObject *) get_internals().static_property_type); + + m_base.attr("__repr__") = cpp_function( + [](const object &arg) -> str { + handle type = type::handle_of(arg); + object type_name = type.attr("__name__"); + return pybind11::str("<{}.{}: {}>").format(type_name, enum_name(arg), int_(arg)); + }, + name("__repr__"), + is_method(m_base)); + + m_base.attr("name") = property(cpp_function(&enum_name, name("name"), is_method(m_base))); + + m_base.attr("__str__") = cpp_function( + [](handle arg) -> str { + object type_name = type::handle_of(arg).attr("__name__"); + return pybind11::str("{}.{}").format(type_name, enum_name(arg)); + }, name("name"), is_method(m_base) + ); + + m_base.attr("__doc__") = static_property(cpp_function( + [](handle arg) -> std::string { + std::string docstring; + dict entries = arg.attr("__entries"); + if (((PyTypeObject *) arg.ptr())->tp_doc) + docstring += std::string(((PyTypeObject *) arg.ptr())->tp_doc) + "\n\n"; + docstring += "Members:"; + for (auto kv : entries) { + auto key = std::string(pybind11::str(kv.first)); + auto comment = kv.second[int_(1)]; + docstring += "\n\n " + key; + if (!comment.is_none()) + docstring += " : " + (std::string) pybind11::str(comment); + } + return docstring; + }, name("__doc__") + ), none(), none(), ""); + + m_base.attr("__members__") = static_property(cpp_function( + [](handle arg) -> dict { + dict entries = arg.attr("__entries"), m; + for (auto kv : entries) + m[kv.first] = kv.second[int_(0)]; + return m; + }, name("__members__")), none(), none(), "" + ); + +#define PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT(op, expr, strict_behavior) \ + m_base.attr(op) = cpp_function( \ + [](const object &a, const object &b) { \ + if (!type::handle_of(a).is(type::handle_of(b))) \ + strict_behavior; /* NOLINT(bugprone-macro-parentheses) */ \ + return expr; \ + }, \ + name(op), \ + is_method(m_base), \ + arg("other")) + +#define PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV(op, expr) \ + m_base.attr(op) = cpp_function( \ + [](const object &a_, const object &b_) { \ + int_ a(a_), b(b_); \ + return expr; \ + }, \ + name(op), \ + is_method(m_base), \ + arg("other")) + +#define PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV_LHS(op, expr) \ + m_base.attr(op) = cpp_function( \ + [](const object &a_, const object &b) { \ + int_ a(a_); \ + return expr; \ + }, \ + name(op), \ + is_method(m_base), \ + arg("other")) + + if (is_convertible) { + PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV_LHS("__eq__", !b.is_none() && a.equal(b)); + PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV_LHS("__ne__", b.is_none() || !a.equal(b)); + + if (is_arithmetic) { + PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__lt__", a < b); + PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__gt__", a > b); + PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__le__", a <= b); + PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__ge__", a >= b); + PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__and__", a & b); + PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__rand__", a & b); + PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__or__", a | b); + PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__ror__", a | b); + PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__xor__", a ^ b); + PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV("__rxor__", a ^ b); + m_base.attr("__invert__") + = cpp_function([](const object &arg) { return ~(int_(arg)); }, + name("__invert__"), + is_method(m_base)); + } + } else { + PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT("__eq__", int_(a).equal(int_(b)), return false); + PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT("__ne__", !int_(a).equal(int_(b)), return true); + + if (is_arithmetic) { + #define PYBIND11_THROW throw type_error("Expected an enumeration of matching type!"); + PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT("__lt__", int_(a) < int_(b), PYBIND11_THROW); + PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT("__gt__", int_(a) > int_(b), PYBIND11_THROW); + PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT("__le__", int_(a) <= int_(b), PYBIND11_THROW); + PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT("__ge__", int_(a) >= int_(b), PYBIND11_THROW); + #undef PYBIND11_THROW + } + } + + #undef PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV_LHS + #undef PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_CONV + #undef PYBIND11_ENUM_OP_STRICT + + m_base.attr("__getstate__") = cpp_function( + [](const object &arg) { return int_(arg); }, name("__getstate__"), is_method(m_base)); + + m_base.attr("__hash__") = cpp_function( + [](const object &arg) { return int_(arg); }, name("__hash__"), is_method(m_base)); + } + + PYBIND11_NOINLINE void value(char const* name_, object value, const char *doc = nullptr) { + dict entries = m_base.attr("__entries"); + str name(name_); + if (entries.contains(name)) { + std::string type_name = (std::string) str(m_base.attr("__name__")); + throw value_error(type_name + ": element \"" + std::string(name_) + "\" already exists!"); + } + + entries[name] = std::make_pair(value, doc); + m_base.attr(name) = value; + } + + PYBIND11_NOINLINE void export_values() { + dict entries = m_base.attr("__entries"); + for (auto kv : entries) + m_parent.attr(kv.first) = kv.second[int_(0)]; + } + + handle m_base; + handle m_parent; +}; + +template struct equivalent_integer {}; +template <> struct equivalent_integer { using type = int8_t; }; +template <> struct equivalent_integer { using type = uint8_t; }; +template <> struct equivalent_integer { using type = int16_t; }; +template <> struct equivalent_integer { using type = uint16_t; }; +template <> struct equivalent_integer { using type = int32_t; }; +template <> struct equivalent_integer { using type = uint32_t; }; +template <> struct equivalent_integer { using type = int64_t; }; +template <> struct equivalent_integer { using type = uint64_t; }; + +template +using equivalent_integer_t = typename equivalent_integer::value, sizeof(IntLike)>::type; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +/// Binds C++ enumerations and enumeration classes to Python +template class enum_ : public class_ { +public: + using Base = class_; + using Base::def; + using Base::attr; + using Base::def_property_readonly; + using Base::def_property_readonly_static; + using Underlying = typename std::underlying_type::type; + // Scalar is the integer representation of underlying type + using Scalar = detail::conditional_t, std::is_same + >::value, detail::equivalent_integer_t, Underlying>; + + template + enum_(const handle &scope, const char *name, const Extra&... extra) + : class_(scope, name, extra...), m_base(*this, scope) { + constexpr bool is_arithmetic = detail::any_of...>::value; + constexpr bool is_convertible = std::is_convertible::value; + m_base.init(is_arithmetic, is_convertible); + + def(init([](Scalar i) { return static_cast(i); }), arg("value")); + def_property_readonly("value", [](Type value) { return (Scalar) value; }); + def("__int__", [](Type value) { return (Scalar) value; }); + #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 + def("__long__", [](Type value) { return (Scalar) value; }); + #endif + #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION > 3 || (PY_MAJOR_VERSION == 3 && PY_MINOR_VERSION >= 8) + def("__index__", [](Type value) { return (Scalar) value; }); + #endif + + attr("__setstate__") = cpp_function( + [](detail::value_and_holder &v_h, Scalar arg) { + detail::initimpl::setstate(v_h, static_cast(arg), + Py_TYPE(v_h.inst) != v_h.type->type); }, + detail::is_new_style_constructor(), + pybind11::name("__setstate__"), is_method(*this), arg("state")); + } + + /// Export enumeration entries into the parent scope + enum_& export_values() { + m_base.export_values(); + return *this; + } + + /// Add an enumeration entry + enum_& value(char const* name, Type value, const char *doc = nullptr) { + m_base.value(name, pybind11::cast(value, return_value_policy::copy), doc); + return *this; + } + +private: + detail::enum_base m_base; +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + + +PYBIND11_NOINLINE void keep_alive_impl(handle nurse, handle patient) { + if (!nurse || !patient) + pybind11_fail("Could not activate keep_alive!"); + + if (patient.is_none() || nurse.is_none()) + return; /* Nothing to keep alive or nothing to be kept alive by */ + + auto tinfo = all_type_info(Py_TYPE(nurse.ptr())); + if (!tinfo.empty()) { + /* It's a pybind-registered type, so we can store the patient in the + * internal list. */ + add_patient(nurse.ptr(), patient.ptr()); + } + else { + /* Fall back to clever approach based on weak references taken from + * Boost.Python. This is not used for pybind-registered types because + * the objects can be destroyed out-of-order in a GC pass. */ + cpp_function disable_lifesupport( + [patient](handle weakref) { patient.dec_ref(); weakref.dec_ref(); }); + + weakref wr(nurse, disable_lifesupport); + + patient.inc_ref(); /* reference patient and leak the weak reference */ + (void) wr.release(); + } +} + +PYBIND11_NOINLINE void keep_alive_impl(size_t Nurse, size_t Patient, function_call &call, handle ret) { + auto get_arg = [&](size_t n) { + if (n == 0) + return ret; + if (n == 1 && call.init_self) + return call.init_self; + if (n <= call.args.size()) + return call.args[n - 1]; + return handle(); + }; + + keep_alive_impl(get_arg(Nurse), get_arg(Patient)); +} + +inline std::pair all_type_info_get_cache(PyTypeObject *type) { + auto res = get_internals().registered_types_py +#ifdef __cpp_lib_unordered_map_try_emplace + .try_emplace(type); +#else + .emplace(type, std::vector()); +#endif + if (res.second) { + // New cache entry created; set up a weak reference to automatically remove it if the type + // gets destroyed: + weakref((PyObject *) type, cpp_function([type](handle wr) { + get_internals().registered_types_py.erase(type); + + // TODO consolidate the erasure code in pybind11_meta_dealloc() in class.h + auto &cache = get_internals().inactive_override_cache; + for (auto it = cache.begin(), last = cache.end(); it != last; ) { + if (it->first == reinterpret_cast(type)) + it = cache.erase(it); + else + ++it; + } + + wr.dec_ref(); + })).release(); + } + + return res; +} + +/* There are a large number of apparently unused template arguments because + * each combination requires a separate py::class_ registration. + */ +template +struct iterator_state { + Iterator it; + Sentinel end; + bool first_or_done; +}; + +// Note: these helpers take the iterator by non-const reference because some +// iterators in the wild can't be dereferenced when const. The & after Iterator +// is required for MSVC < 16.9. SFINAE cannot be reused for result_type due to +// bugs in ICC, NVCC, and PGI compilers. See PR #3293. +template ())> +struct iterator_access { + using result_type = decltype(*std::declval()); + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-const-return-type) // PR #3263 + result_type operator()(Iterator &it) const { + return *it; + } +}; + +template ()).first) > +class iterator_key_access { +private: + using pair_type = decltype(*std::declval()); + +public: + /* If either the pair itself or the element of the pair is a reference, we + * want to return a reference, otherwise a value. When the decltype + * expression is parenthesized it is based on the value category of the + * expression; otherwise it is the declared type of the pair member. + * The use of declval in the second branch rather than directly + * using *std::declval() is a workaround for nvcc + * (it's not used in the first branch because going via decltype and back + * through declval does not perfectly preserve references). + */ + using result_type = conditional_t< + std::is_reference())>::value, + decltype(((*std::declval()).first)), + decltype(std::declval().first) + >; + result_type operator()(Iterator &it) const { + return (*it).first; + } +}; + +template ()).second)> +class iterator_value_access { +private: + using pair_type = decltype(*std::declval()); + +public: + using result_type = conditional_t< + std::is_reference())>::value, + decltype(((*std::declval()).second)), + decltype(std::declval().second) + >; + result_type operator()(Iterator &it) const { + return (*it).second; + } +}; + +template +iterator make_iterator_impl(Iterator first, Sentinel last, Extra &&... extra) { + using state = detail::iterator_state; + // TODO: state captures only the types of Extra, not the values + + if (!detail::get_type_info(typeid(state), false)) { + class_(handle(), "iterator", pybind11::module_local()) + .def("__iter__", [](state &s) -> state& { return s; }) + .def("__next__", [](state &s) -> ValueType { + if (!s.first_or_done) + ++s.it; + else + s.first_or_done = false; + if (s.it == s.end) { + s.first_or_done = true; + throw stop_iteration(); + } + return Access()(s.it); + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-const-return-type) // PR #3263 + }, std::forward(extra)..., Policy); + } + + return cast(state{first, last, true}); +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +/// Makes a python iterator from a first and past-the-end C++ InputIterator. +template ::result_type, + typename... Extra> +iterator make_iterator(Iterator first, Sentinel last, Extra &&... extra) { + return detail::make_iterator_impl< + detail::iterator_access, + Policy, + Iterator, + Sentinel, + ValueType, + Extra...>(first, last, std::forward(extra)...); +} + +/// Makes a python iterator over the keys (`.first`) of a iterator over pairs from a +/// first and past-the-end InputIterator. +template ::result_type, + typename... Extra> +iterator make_key_iterator(Iterator first, Sentinel last, Extra &&...extra) { + return detail::make_iterator_impl< + detail::iterator_key_access, + Policy, + Iterator, + Sentinel, + KeyType, + Extra...>(first, last, std::forward(extra)...); +} + +/// Makes a python iterator over the values (`.second`) of a iterator over pairs from a +/// first and past-the-end InputIterator. +template ::result_type, + typename... Extra> +iterator make_value_iterator(Iterator first, Sentinel last, Extra &&...extra) { + return detail::make_iterator_impl< + detail::iterator_value_access, + Policy, Iterator, + Sentinel, + ValueType, + Extra...>(first, last, std::forward(extra)...); +} + +/// Makes an iterator over values of an stl container or other container supporting +/// `std::begin()`/`std::end()` +template iterator make_iterator(Type &value, Extra&&... extra) { + return make_iterator(std::begin(value), std::end(value), extra...); +} + +/// Makes an iterator over the keys (`.first`) of a stl map-like container supporting +/// `std::begin()`/`std::end()` +template iterator make_key_iterator(Type &value, Extra&&... extra) { + return make_key_iterator(std::begin(value), std::end(value), extra...); +} + +/// Makes an iterator over the values (`.second`) of a stl map-like container supporting +/// `std::begin()`/`std::end()` +template iterator make_value_iterator(Type &value, Extra&&... extra) { + return make_value_iterator(std::begin(value), std::end(value), extra...); +} + +template void implicitly_convertible() { + struct set_flag { + bool &flag; + explicit set_flag(bool &flag_) : flag(flag_) { flag_ = true; } + ~set_flag() { flag = false; } + }; + auto implicit_caster = [](PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type) -> PyObject * { + static bool currently_used = false; + if (currently_used) // implicit conversions are non-reentrant + return nullptr; + set_flag flag_helper(currently_used); + if (!detail::make_caster().load(obj, false)) + return nullptr; + tuple args(1); + args[0] = obj; + PyObject *result = PyObject_Call((PyObject *) type, args.ptr(), nullptr); + if (result == nullptr) + PyErr_Clear(); + return result; + }; + + if (auto tinfo = detail::get_type_info(typeid(OutputType))) + tinfo->implicit_conversions.push_back(implicit_caster); + else + pybind11_fail("implicitly_convertible: Unable to find type " + type_id()); +} + + +inline void register_exception_translator(ExceptionTranslator &&translator) { + detail::get_internals().registered_exception_translators.push_front( + std::forward(translator)); +} + + +/** + * Add a new module-local exception translator. Locally registered functions + * will be tried before any globally registered exception translators, which + * will only be invoked if the module-local handlers do not deal with + * the exception. + */ +inline void register_local_exception_translator(ExceptionTranslator &&translator) { + detail::get_local_internals().registered_exception_translators.push_front( + std::forward(translator)); +} + +/** + * Wrapper to generate a new Python exception type. + * + * This should only be used with PyErr_SetString for now. + * It is not (yet) possible to use as a py::base. + * Template type argument is reserved for future use. + */ +template +class exception : public object { +public: + exception() = default; + exception(handle scope, const char *name, handle base = PyExc_Exception) { + std::string full_name = scope.attr("__name__").cast() + + std::string(".") + name; + m_ptr = PyErr_NewException(const_cast(full_name.c_str()), base.ptr(), NULL); + if (hasattr(scope, "__dict__") && scope.attr("__dict__").contains(name)) + pybind11_fail("Error during initialization: multiple incompatible " + "definitions with name \"" + std::string(name) + "\""); + scope.attr(name) = *this; + } + + // Sets the current python exception to this exception object with the given message + void operator()(const char *message) { + PyErr_SetString(m_ptr, message); + } +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) +// Returns a reference to a function-local static exception object used in the simple +// register_exception approach below. (It would be simpler to have the static local variable +// directly in register_exception, but that makes clang <3.5 segfault - issue #1349). +template +exception &get_exception_object() { static exception ex; return ex; } + +// Helper function for register_exception and register_local_exception +template +exception ®ister_exception_impl(handle scope, + const char *name, + handle base, + bool isLocal) { + auto &ex = detail::get_exception_object(); + if (!ex) ex = exception(scope, name, base); + + auto register_func = isLocal ? ®ister_local_exception_translator + : ®ister_exception_translator; + + register_func([](std::exception_ptr p) { + if (!p) return; + try { + std::rethrow_exception(p); + } catch (const CppException &e) { + detail::get_exception_object()(e.what()); + } + }); + return ex; +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +/** + * Registers a Python exception in `m` of the given `name` and installs a translator to + * translate the C++ exception to the created Python exception using the what() method. + * This is intended for simple exception translations; for more complex translation, register the + * exception object and translator directly. + */ +template +exception ®ister_exception(handle scope, + const char *name, + handle base = PyExc_Exception) { + return detail::register_exception_impl(scope, name, base, false /* isLocal */); +} + +/** + * Registers a Python exception in `m` of the given `name` and installs a translator to + * translate the C++ exception to the created Python exception using the what() method. + * This translator will only be used for exceptions that are thrown in this module and will be + * tried before global exception translators, including those registered with register_exception. + * This is intended for simple exception translations; for more complex translation, register the + * exception object and translator directly. + */ +template +exception ®ister_local_exception(handle scope, + const char *name, + handle base = PyExc_Exception) { + return detail::register_exception_impl(scope, name, base, true /* isLocal */); +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) +PYBIND11_NOINLINE void print(const tuple &args, const dict &kwargs) { + auto strings = tuple(args.size()); + for (size_t i = 0; i < args.size(); ++i) { + strings[i] = str(args[i]); + } + auto sep = kwargs.contains("sep") ? kwargs["sep"] : cast(" "); + auto line = sep.attr("join")(strings); + + object file; + if (kwargs.contains("file")) { + file = kwargs["file"].cast(); + } else { + try { + file = module_::import("sys").attr("stdout"); + } catch (const error_already_set &) { + /* If print() is called from code that is executed as + part of garbage collection during interpreter shutdown, + importing 'sys' can fail. Give up rather than crashing the + interpreter in this case. */ + return; + } + } + + auto write = file.attr("write"); + write(line); + write(kwargs.contains("end") ? kwargs["end"] : cast("\n")); + + if (kwargs.contains("flush") && kwargs["flush"].cast()) + file.attr("flush")(); +} +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +template +void print(Args &&...args) { + auto c = detail::collect_arguments(std::forward(args)...); + detail::print(c.args(), c.kwargs()); +} + +error_already_set::~error_already_set() { + if (m_type) { + gil_scoped_acquire gil; + error_scope scope; + m_type.release().dec_ref(); + m_value.release().dec_ref(); + m_trace.release().dec_ref(); + } +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) +inline function get_type_override(const void *this_ptr, const type_info *this_type, const char *name) { + handle self = get_object_handle(this_ptr, this_type); + if (!self) + return function(); + handle type = type::handle_of(self); + auto key = std::make_pair(type.ptr(), name); + + /* Cache functions that aren't overridden in Python to avoid + many costly Python dictionary lookups below */ + auto &cache = get_internals().inactive_override_cache; + if (cache.find(key) != cache.end()) + return function(); + + function override = getattr(self, name, function()); + if (override.is_cpp_function()) { + cache.insert(key); + return function(); + } + + /* Don't call dispatch code if invoked from overridden function. + Unfortunately this doesn't work on PyPy. */ +#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION) && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030B0000 + // TODO: Remove PyPy workaround for Python 3.11. + // Current API fails on 3.11 since co_varnames can be null. +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03090000 + PyFrameObject *frame = PyThreadState_GetFrame(PyThreadState_Get()); + if (frame != nullptr) { + PyCodeObject *f_code = PyFrame_GetCode(frame); + // f_code is guaranteed to not be NULL + if ((std::string) str(f_code->co_name) == name && f_code->co_argcount > 0) { + PyObject* locals = PyEval_GetLocals(); + if (locals != nullptr && f_code->co_varnames != nullptr) { + PyObject *self_caller = dict_getitem( + locals, PyTuple_GET_ITEM(f_code->co_varnames, 0) + ); + if (self_caller == self.ptr()) { + Py_DECREF(f_code); + Py_DECREF(frame); + return function(); + } + } + } + Py_DECREF(f_code); + Py_DECREF(frame); + } +#else + PyFrameObject *frame = PyThreadState_Get()->frame; + if (frame != nullptr && (std::string) str(frame->f_code->co_name) == name + && frame->f_code->co_argcount > 0) { + PyFrame_FastToLocals(frame); + PyObject *self_caller = dict_getitem( + frame->f_locals, PyTuple_GET_ITEM(frame->f_code->co_varnames, 0)); + if (self_caller == self.ptr()) + return function(); + } +#endif + +#else + /* PyPy currently doesn't provide a detailed cpyext emulation of + frame objects, so we have to emulate this using Python. This + is going to be slow..*/ + dict d; d["self"] = self; d["name"] = pybind11::str(name); + PyObject *result = PyRun_String( + "import inspect\n" + "frame = inspect.currentframe()\n" + "if frame is not None:\n" + " frame = frame.f_back\n" + " if frame is not None and str(frame.f_code.co_name) == name and " + "frame.f_code.co_argcount > 0:\n" + " self_caller = frame.f_locals[frame.f_code.co_varnames[0]]\n" + " if self_caller == self:\n" + " self = None\n", + Py_file_input, d.ptr(), d.ptr()); + if (result == nullptr) + throw error_already_set(); + if (d["self"].is_none()) + return function(); + Py_DECREF(result); +#endif + + return override; +} +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +/** \rst + Try to retrieve a python method by the provided name from the instance pointed to by the this_ptr. + + :this_ptr: The pointer to the object the overridden method should be retrieved for. This should be + the first non-trampoline class encountered in the inheritance chain. + :name: The name of the overridden Python method to retrieve. + :return: The Python method by this name from the object or an empty function wrapper. + \endrst */ +template function get_override(const T *this_ptr, const char *name) { + auto tinfo = detail::get_type_info(typeid(T)); + return tinfo ? detail::get_type_override(this_ptr, tinfo, name) : function(); +} + +#define PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_IMPL(ret_type, cname, name, ...) \ + do { \ + pybind11::gil_scoped_acquire gil; \ + pybind11::function override \ + = pybind11::get_override(static_cast(this), name); \ + if (override) { \ + auto o = override(__VA_ARGS__); \ + if (pybind11::detail::cast_is_temporary_value_reference::value) { \ + static pybind11::detail::override_caster_t caster; \ + return pybind11::detail::cast_ref(std::move(o), caster); \ + } \ + return pybind11::detail::cast_safe(std::move(o)); \ + } \ + } while (false) + +/** \rst + Macro to populate the virtual method in the trampoline class. This macro tries to look up a method named 'fn' + from the Python side, deals with the :ref:`gil` and necessary argument conversions to call this method and return + the appropriate type. See :ref:`overriding_virtuals` for more information. This macro should be used when the method + name in C is not the same as the method name in Python. For example with `__str__`. + + .. code-block:: cpp + + std::string toString() override { + PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_NAME( + std::string, // Return type (ret_type) + Animal, // Parent class (cname) + "__str__", // Name of method in Python (name) + toString, // Name of function in C++ (fn) + ); + } +\endrst */ +#define PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_NAME(ret_type, cname, name, fn, ...) \ + do { \ + PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_IMPL(PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), name, __VA_ARGS__); \ + return cname::fn(__VA_ARGS__); \ + } while (false) + +/** \rst + Macro for pure virtual functions, this function is identical to :c:macro:`PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_NAME`, except that it + throws if no override can be found. +\endrst */ +#define PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_PURE_NAME(ret_type, cname, name, fn, ...) \ + do { \ + PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_IMPL(PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), name, __VA_ARGS__); \ + pybind11::pybind11_fail("Tried to call pure virtual function \"" PYBIND11_STRINGIFY(cname) "::" name "\""); \ + } while (false) + +/** \rst + Macro to populate the virtual method in the trampoline class. This macro tries to look up the method + from the Python side, deals with the :ref:`gil` and necessary argument conversions to call this method and return + the appropriate type. This macro should be used if the method name in C and in Python are identical. + See :ref:`overriding_virtuals` for more information. + + .. code-block:: cpp + + class PyAnimal : public Animal { + public: + // Inherit the constructors + using Animal::Animal; + + // Trampoline (need one for each virtual function) + std::string go(int n_times) override { + PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_PURE( + std::string, // Return type (ret_type) + Animal, // Parent class (cname) + go, // Name of function in C++ (must match Python name) (fn) + n_times // Argument(s) (...) + ); + } + }; +\endrst */ +#define PYBIND11_OVERRIDE(ret_type, cname, fn, ...) \ + PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_NAME(PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), #fn, fn, __VA_ARGS__) + +/** \rst + Macro for pure virtual functions, this function is identical to :c:macro:`PYBIND11_OVERRIDE`, except that it throws + if no override can be found. +\endrst */ +#define PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_PURE(ret_type, cname, fn, ...) \ + PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_PURE_NAME(PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), #fn, fn, __VA_ARGS__) + + +// Deprecated versions + +PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("get_type_overload has been deprecated") +inline function get_type_overload(const void *this_ptr, const detail::type_info *this_type, const char *name) { + return detail::get_type_override(this_ptr, this_type, name); +} + +template +inline function get_overload(const T *this_ptr, const char *name) { + return get_override(this_ptr, name); +} + +#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_INT(ret_type, cname, name, ...) \ + PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_IMPL(PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), name, __VA_ARGS__) +#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_NAME(ret_type, cname, name, fn, ...) \ + PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_NAME(PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), name, fn, __VA_ARGS__) +#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE_NAME(ret_type, cname, name, fn, ...) \ + PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_PURE_NAME(PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), name, fn, __VA_ARGS__); +#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(ret_type, cname, fn, ...) \ + PYBIND11_OVERRIDE(PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), fn, __VA_ARGS__) +#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(ret_type, cname, fn, ...) \ + PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_PURE(PYBIND11_TYPE(ret_type), PYBIND11_TYPE(cname), fn, __VA_ARGS__); + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) + +#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ == 7 +# pragma GCC diagnostic pop // -Wnoexcept-type +#endif diff --git a/include/pybind11/pytypes.h b/include/pybind11/pytypes.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..902fb1f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/pytypes.h @@ -0,0 +1,1924 @@ +/* + pybind11/pytypes.h: Convenience wrapper classes for basic Python types + + Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "detail/common.h" +#include "buffer_info.h" +#include +#include + +#if defined(PYBIND11_HAS_OPTIONAL) +# include +#endif + +#ifdef PYBIND11_HAS_STRING_VIEW +# include +#endif + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) + +/* A few forward declarations */ +class handle; class object; +class str; class iterator; +class type; +struct arg; struct arg_v; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) +class args_proxy; +bool isinstance_generic(handle obj, const std::type_info &tp); + +// Accessor forward declarations +template class accessor; +namespace accessor_policies { + struct obj_attr; + struct str_attr; + struct generic_item; + struct sequence_item; + struct list_item; + struct tuple_item; +} // namespace accessor_policies +using obj_attr_accessor = accessor; +using str_attr_accessor = accessor; +using item_accessor = accessor; +using sequence_accessor = accessor; +using list_accessor = accessor; +using tuple_accessor = accessor; + +/// Tag and check to identify a class which implements the Python object API +class pyobject_tag { }; +template using is_pyobject = std::is_base_of>; + +/** \rst + A mixin class which adds common functions to `handle`, `object` and various accessors. + The only requirement for `Derived` is to implement ``PyObject *Derived::ptr() const``. +\endrst */ +template +class object_api : public pyobject_tag { + const Derived &derived() const { return static_cast(*this); } + +public: + /** \rst + Return an iterator equivalent to calling ``iter()`` in Python. The object + must be a collection which supports the iteration protocol. + \endrst */ + iterator begin() const; + /// Return a sentinel which ends iteration. + iterator end() const; + + /** \rst + Return an internal functor to invoke the object's sequence protocol. Casting + the returned ``detail::item_accessor`` instance to a `handle` or `object` + subclass causes a corresponding call to ``__getitem__``. Assigning a `handle` + or `object` subclass causes a call to ``__setitem__``. + \endrst */ + item_accessor operator[](handle key) const; + /// See above (the only difference is that they key is provided as a string literal) + item_accessor operator[](const char *key) const; + + /** \rst + Return an internal functor to access the object's attributes. Casting the + returned ``detail::obj_attr_accessor`` instance to a `handle` or `object` + subclass causes a corresponding call to ``getattr``. Assigning a `handle` + or `object` subclass causes a call to ``setattr``. + \endrst */ + obj_attr_accessor attr(handle key) const; + /// See above (the only difference is that they key is provided as a string literal) + str_attr_accessor attr(const char *key) const; + + /** \rst + Matches * unpacking in Python, e.g. to unpack arguments out of a ``tuple`` + or ``list`` for a function call. Applying another * to the result yields + ** unpacking, e.g. to unpack a dict as function keyword arguments. + See :ref:`calling_python_functions`. + \endrst */ + args_proxy operator*() const; + + /// Check if the given item is contained within this object, i.e. ``item in obj``. + template bool contains(T &&item) const; + + /** \rst + Assuming the Python object is a function or implements the ``__call__`` + protocol, ``operator()`` invokes the underlying function, passing an + arbitrary set of parameters. The result is returned as a `object` and + may need to be converted back into a Python object using `handle::cast()`. + + When some of the arguments cannot be converted to Python objects, the + function will throw a `cast_error` exception. When the Python function + call fails, a `error_already_set` exception is thrown. + \endrst */ + template + object operator()(Args &&...args) const; + template + PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("call(...) was deprecated in favor of operator()(...)") + object call(Args&&... args) const; + + /// Equivalent to ``obj is other`` in Python. + bool is(object_api const& other) const { return derived().ptr() == other.derived().ptr(); } + /// Equivalent to ``obj is None`` in Python. + bool is_none() const { return derived().ptr() == Py_None; } + /// Equivalent to obj == other in Python + bool equal(object_api const &other) const { return rich_compare(other, Py_EQ); } + bool not_equal(object_api const &other) const { return rich_compare(other, Py_NE); } + bool operator<(object_api const &other) const { return rich_compare(other, Py_LT); } + bool operator<=(object_api const &other) const { return rich_compare(other, Py_LE); } + bool operator>(object_api const &other) const { return rich_compare(other, Py_GT); } + bool operator>=(object_api const &other) const { return rich_compare(other, Py_GE); } + + object operator-() const; + object operator~() const; + object operator+(object_api const &other) const; + object operator+=(object_api const &other) const; + object operator-(object_api const &other) const; + object operator-=(object_api const &other) const; + object operator*(object_api const &other) const; + object operator*=(object_api const &other) const; + object operator/(object_api const &other) const; + object operator/=(object_api const &other) const; + object operator|(object_api const &other) const; + object operator|=(object_api const &other) const; + object operator&(object_api const &other) const; + object operator&=(object_api const &other) const; + object operator^(object_api const &other) const; + object operator^=(object_api const &other) const; + object operator<<(object_api const &other) const; + object operator<<=(object_api const &other) const; + object operator>>(object_api const &other) const; + object operator>>=(object_api const &other) const; + + PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use py::str(obj) instead") + pybind11::str str() const; + + /// Get or set the object's docstring, i.e. ``obj.__doc__``. + str_attr_accessor doc() const; + + /// Return the object's current reference count + int ref_count() const { return static_cast(Py_REFCNT(derived().ptr())); } + + // TODO PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Call py::type::handle_of(h) or py::type::of(h) instead of h.get_type()") + handle get_type() const; + +private: + bool rich_compare(object_api const &other, int value) const; +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +/** \rst + Holds a reference to a Python object (no reference counting) + + The `handle` class is a thin wrapper around an arbitrary Python object (i.e. a + ``PyObject *`` in Python's C API). It does not perform any automatic reference + counting and merely provides a basic C++ interface to various Python API functions. + + .. seealso:: + The `object` class inherits from `handle` and adds automatic reference + counting features. +\endrst */ +class handle : public detail::object_api { +public: + /// The default constructor creates a handle with a ``nullptr``-valued pointer + handle() = default; + /// Creates a ``handle`` from the given raw Python object pointer + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + handle(PyObject *ptr) : m_ptr(ptr) { } // Allow implicit conversion from PyObject* + + /// Return the underlying ``PyObject *`` pointer + PyObject *ptr() const { return m_ptr; } + PyObject *&ptr() { return m_ptr; } + + /** \rst + Manually increase the reference count of the Python object. Usually, it is + preferable to use the `object` class which derives from `handle` and calls + this function automatically. Returns a reference to itself. + \endrst */ + const handle& inc_ref() const & { Py_XINCREF(m_ptr); return *this; } + + /** \rst + Manually decrease the reference count of the Python object. Usually, it is + preferable to use the `object` class which derives from `handle` and calls + this function automatically. Returns a reference to itself. + \endrst */ + const handle& dec_ref() const & { Py_XDECREF(m_ptr); return *this; } + + /** \rst + Attempt to cast the Python object into the given C++ type. A `cast_error` + will be throw upon failure. + \endrst */ + template T cast() const; + /// Return ``true`` when the `handle` wraps a valid Python object + explicit operator bool() const { return m_ptr != nullptr; } + /** \rst + Deprecated: Check that the underlying pointers are the same. + Equivalent to ``obj1 is obj2`` in Python. + \endrst */ + PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use obj1.is(obj2) instead") + bool operator==(const handle &h) const { return m_ptr == h.m_ptr; } + PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use !obj1.is(obj2) instead") + bool operator!=(const handle &h) const { return m_ptr != h.m_ptr; } + PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use handle::operator bool() instead") + bool check() const { return m_ptr != nullptr; } +protected: + PyObject *m_ptr = nullptr; +}; + +/** \rst + Holds a reference to a Python object (with reference counting) + + Like `handle`, the `object` class is a thin wrapper around an arbitrary Python + object (i.e. a ``PyObject *`` in Python's C API). In contrast to `handle`, it + optionally increases the object's reference count upon construction, and it + *always* decreases the reference count when the `object` instance goes out of + scope and is destructed. When using `object` instances consistently, it is much + easier to get reference counting right at the first attempt. +\endrst */ +class object : public handle { +public: + object() = default; + PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use reinterpret_borrow() or reinterpret_steal()") + object(handle h, bool is_borrowed) : handle(h) { if (is_borrowed) inc_ref(); } + /// Copy constructor; always increases the reference count + object(const object &o) : handle(o) { inc_ref(); } + /// Move constructor; steals the object from ``other`` and preserves its reference count + object(object &&other) noexcept { m_ptr = other.m_ptr; other.m_ptr = nullptr; } + /// Destructor; automatically calls `handle::dec_ref()` + ~object() { dec_ref(); } + + /** \rst + Resets the internal pointer to ``nullptr`` without decreasing the + object's reference count. The function returns a raw handle to the original + Python object. + \endrst */ + handle release() { + PyObject *tmp = m_ptr; + m_ptr = nullptr; + return handle(tmp); + } + + object& operator=(const object &other) { + other.inc_ref(); + // Use temporary variable to ensure `*this` remains valid while + // `Py_XDECREF` executes, in case `*this` is accessible from Python. + handle temp(m_ptr); + m_ptr = other.m_ptr; + temp.dec_ref(); + return *this; + } + + object& operator=(object &&other) noexcept { + if (this != &other) { + handle temp(m_ptr); + m_ptr = other.m_ptr; + other.m_ptr = nullptr; + temp.dec_ref(); + } + return *this; + } + + // Calling cast() on an object lvalue just copies (via handle::cast) + template T cast() const &; + // Calling on an object rvalue does a move, if needed and/or possible + template T cast() &&; + +protected: + // Tags for choosing constructors from raw PyObject * + struct borrowed_t { }; + struct stolen_t { }; + + /// @cond BROKEN + template friend T reinterpret_borrow(handle); + template friend T reinterpret_steal(handle); + /// @endcond + +public: + // Only accessible from derived classes and the reinterpret_* functions + object(handle h, borrowed_t) : handle(h) { inc_ref(); } + object(handle h, stolen_t) : handle(h) { } +}; + +/** \rst + Declare that a `handle` or ``PyObject *`` is a certain type and borrow the reference. + The target type ``T`` must be `object` or one of its derived classes. The function + doesn't do any conversions or checks. It's up to the user to make sure that the + target type is correct. + + .. code-block:: cpp + + PyObject *p = PyList_GetItem(obj, index); + py::object o = reinterpret_borrow(p); + // or + py::tuple t = reinterpret_borrow(p); // <-- `p` must be already be a `tuple` +\endrst */ +template T reinterpret_borrow(handle h) { return {h, object::borrowed_t{}}; } + +/** \rst + Like `reinterpret_borrow`, but steals the reference. + + .. code-block:: cpp + + PyObject *p = PyObject_Str(obj); + py::str s = reinterpret_steal(p); // <-- `p` must be already be a `str` +\endrst */ +template T reinterpret_steal(handle h) { return {h, object::stolen_t{}}; } + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) +std::string error_string(); +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +#if defined(_MSC_VER) +# pragma warning(push) +# pragma warning(disable: 4275 4251) // warning C4275: An exported class was derived from a class that wasn't exported. Can be ignored when derived from a STL class. +#endif +/// Fetch and hold an error which was already set in Python. An instance of this is typically +/// thrown to propagate python-side errors back through C++ which can either be caught manually or +/// else falls back to the function dispatcher (which then raises the captured error back to +/// python). +class PYBIND11_EXPORT_EXCEPTION error_already_set : public std::runtime_error { +public: + /// Constructs a new exception from the current Python error indicator, if any. The current + /// Python error indicator will be cleared. + error_already_set() : std::runtime_error(detail::error_string()) { + PyErr_Fetch(&m_type.ptr(), &m_value.ptr(), &m_trace.ptr()); + } + + error_already_set(const error_already_set &) = default; + error_already_set(error_already_set &&) = default; + + inline ~error_already_set() override; + + /// Give the currently-held error back to Python, if any. If there is currently a Python error + /// already set it is cleared first. After this call, the current object no longer stores the + /// error variables (but the `.what()` string is still available). + void restore() { PyErr_Restore(m_type.release().ptr(), m_value.release().ptr(), m_trace.release().ptr()); } + + /// If it is impossible to raise the currently-held error, such as in a destructor, we can write + /// it out using Python's unraisable hook (`sys.unraisablehook`). The error context should be + /// some object whose `repr()` helps identify the location of the error. Python already knows the + /// type and value of the error, so there is no need to repeat that. After this call, the current + /// object no longer stores the error variables, and neither does Python. + void discard_as_unraisable(object err_context) { + restore(); + PyErr_WriteUnraisable(err_context.ptr()); + } + /// An alternate version of `discard_as_unraisable()`, where a string provides information on the + /// location of the error. For example, `__func__` could be helpful. + void discard_as_unraisable(const char *err_context) { + discard_as_unraisable(reinterpret_steal(PYBIND11_FROM_STRING(err_context))); + } + + // Does nothing; provided for backwards compatibility. + PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use of error_already_set.clear() is deprecated") + void clear() {} + + /// Check if the currently trapped error type matches the given Python exception class (or a + /// subclass thereof). May also be passed a tuple to search for any exception class matches in + /// the given tuple. + bool matches(handle exc) const { + return (PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(m_type.ptr(), exc.ptr()) != 0); + } + + const object& type() const { return m_type; } + const object& value() const { return m_value; } + const object& trace() const { return m_trace; } + +private: + object m_type, m_value, m_trace; +}; +#if defined(_MSC_VER) +# pragma warning(pop) +#endif + +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03030000 + +/// Replaces the current Python error indicator with the chosen error, performing a +/// 'raise from' to indicate that the chosen error was caused by the original error. +inline void raise_from(PyObject *type, const char *message) { + // Based on _PyErr_FormatVFromCause: + // https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/467ab194fc6189d9f7310c89937c51abeac56839/Python/errors.c#L405 + // See https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/2112 for details. + PyObject *exc = nullptr, *val = nullptr, *val2 = nullptr, *tb = nullptr; + + assert(PyErr_Occurred()); + PyErr_Fetch(&exc, &val, &tb); + PyErr_NormalizeException(&exc, &val, &tb); + if (tb != nullptr) { + PyException_SetTraceback(val, tb); + Py_DECREF(tb); + } + Py_DECREF(exc); + assert(!PyErr_Occurred()); + + PyErr_SetString(type, message); + + PyErr_Fetch(&exc, &val2, &tb); + PyErr_NormalizeException(&exc, &val2, &tb); + Py_INCREF(val); + PyException_SetCause(val2, val); + PyException_SetContext(val2, val); + PyErr_Restore(exc, val2, tb); +} + +/// Sets the current Python error indicator with the chosen error, performing a 'raise from' +/// from the error contained in error_already_set to indicate that the chosen error was +/// caused by the original error. After this function is called error_already_set will +/// no longer contain an error. +inline void raise_from(error_already_set& err, PyObject *type, const char *message) { + err.restore(); + raise_from(type, message); +} + +#endif + +/** \defgroup python_builtins const_name + Unless stated otherwise, the following C++ functions behave the same + as their Python counterparts. + */ + +/** \ingroup python_builtins + \rst + Return true if ``obj`` is an instance of ``T``. Type ``T`` must be a subclass of + `object` or a class which was exposed to Python as ``py::class_``. +\endrst */ +template ::value, int> = 0> +bool isinstance(handle obj) { return T::check_(obj); } + +template ::value, int> = 0> +bool isinstance(handle obj) { return detail::isinstance_generic(obj, typeid(T)); } + +template <> inline bool isinstance(handle) = delete; +template <> inline bool isinstance(handle obj) { return obj.ptr() != nullptr; } + +/// \ingroup python_builtins +/// Return true if ``obj`` is an instance of the ``type``. +inline bool isinstance(handle obj, handle type) { + const auto result = PyObject_IsInstance(obj.ptr(), type.ptr()); + if (result == -1) + throw error_already_set(); + return result != 0; +} + +/// \addtogroup python_builtins +/// @{ +inline bool hasattr(handle obj, handle name) { + return PyObject_HasAttr(obj.ptr(), name.ptr()) == 1; +} + +inline bool hasattr(handle obj, const char *name) { + return PyObject_HasAttrString(obj.ptr(), name) == 1; +} + +inline void delattr(handle obj, handle name) { + if (PyObject_DelAttr(obj.ptr(), name.ptr()) != 0) { throw error_already_set(); } +} + +inline void delattr(handle obj, const char *name) { + if (PyObject_DelAttrString(obj.ptr(), name) != 0) { throw error_already_set(); } +} + +inline object getattr(handle obj, handle name) { + PyObject *result = PyObject_GetAttr(obj.ptr(), name.ptr()); + if (!result) { throw error_already_set(); } + return reinterpret_steal(result); +} + +inline object getattr(handle obj, const char *name) { + PyObject *result = PyObject_GetAttrString(obj.ptr(), name); + if (!result) { throw error_already_set(); } + return reinterpret_steal(result); +} + +inline object getattr(handle obj, handle name, handle default_) { + if (PyObject *result = PyObject_GetAttr(obj.ptr(), name.ptr())) { + return reinterpret_steal(result); + } + PyErr_Clear(); + return reinterpret_borrow(default_); +} + +inline object getattr(handle obj, const char *name, handle default_) { + if (PyObject *result = PyObject_GetAttrString(obj.ptr(), name)) { + return reinterpret_steal(result); + } + PyErr_Clear(); + return reinterpret_borrow(default_); +} + +inline void setattr(handle obj, handle name, handle value) { + if (PyObject_SetAttr(obj.ptr(), name.ptr(), value.ptr()) != 0) { throw error_already_set(); } +} + +inline void setattr(handle obj, const char *name, handle value) { + if (PyObject_SetAttrString(obj.ptr(), name, value.ptr()) != 0) { throw error_already_set(); } +} + +inline ssize_t hash(handle obj) { + auto h = PyObject_Hash(obj.ptr()); + if (h == -1) { throw error_already_set(); } + return h; +} + +/// @} python_builtins + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) +inline handle get_function(handle value) { + if (value) { +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 + if (PyInstanceMethod_Check(value.ptr())) + value = PyInstanceMethod_GET_FUNCTION(value.ptr()); + else +#endif + if (PyMethod_Check(value.ptr())) + value = PyMethod_GET_FUNCTION(value.ptr()); + } + return value; +} + +// Reimplementation of python's dict helper functions to ensure that exceptions +// aren't swallowed (see #2862) + +// copied from cpython _PyDict_GetItemStringWithError +inline PyObject * dict_getitemstring(PyObject *v, const char *key) +{ +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 + PyObject *kv = nullptr, *rv = nullptr; + kv = PyUnicode_FromString(key); + if (kv == NULL) { + throw error_already_set(); + } + + rv = PyDict_GetItemWithError(v, kv); + Py_DECREF(kv); + if (rv == NULL && PyErr_Occurred()) { + throw error_already_set(); + } + return rv; +#else + return PyDict_GetItemString(v, key); +#endif +} + +inline PyObject * dict_getitem(PyObject *v, PyObject *key) +{ +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 + PyObject *rv = PyDict_GetItemWithError(v, key); + if (rv == NULL && PyErr_Occurred()) { + throw error_already_set(); + } + return rv; +#else + return PyDict_GetItem(v, key); +#endif +} + +// Helper aliases/functions to support implicit casting of values given to python accessors/methods. +// When given a pyobject, this simply returns the pyobject as-is; for other C++ type, the value goes +// through pybind11::cast(obj) to convert it to an `object`. +template ::value, int> = 0> +auto object_or_cast(T &&o) -> decltype(std::forward(o)) { return std::forward(o); } +// The following casting version is implemented in cast.h: +template ::value, int> = 0> +object object_or_cast(T &&o); +// Match a PyObject*, which we want to convert directly to handle via its converting constructor +inline handle object_or_cast(PyObject *ptr) { return ptr; } + +#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1920 +# pragma warning(push) +# pragma warning(disable: 4522) // warning C4522: multiple assignment operators specified +#endif +template +class accessor : public object_api> { + using key_type = typename Policy::key_type; + +public: + accessor(handle obj, key_type key) : obj(obj), key(std::move(key)) { } + accessor(const accessor &) = default; + accessor(accessor &&) noexcept = default; + + // accessor overload required to override default assignment operator (templates are not allowed + // to replace default compiler-generated assignments). + void operator=(const accessor &a) && { std::move(*this).operator=(handle(a)); } + void operator=(const accessor &a) & { operator=(handle(a)); } + + template void operator=(T &&value) && { + Policy::set(obj, key, object_or_cast(std::forward(value))); + } + template void operator=(T &&value) & { + get_cache() = reinterpret_borrow(object_or_cast(std::forward(value))); + } + + template + PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use of obj.attr(...) as bool is deprecated in favor of pybind11::hasattr(obj, ...)") + explicit operator enable_if_t::value || + std::is_same::value, bool>() const { + return hasattr(obj, key); + } + template + PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use of obj[key] as bool is deprecated in favor of obj.contains(key)") + explicit operator enable_if_t::value, bool>() const { + return obj.contains(key); + } + + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + operator object() const { return get_cache(); } + PyObject *ptr() const { return get_cache().ptr(); } + template T cast() const { return get_cache().template cast(); } + +private: + object &get_cache() const { + if (!cache) { cache = Policy::get(obj, key); } + return cache; + } + +private: + handle obj; + key_type key; + mutable object cache; +}; +#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1920 +# pragma warning(pop) +#endif + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(accessor_policies) +struct obj_attr { + using key_type = object; + static object get(handle obj, handle key) { return getattr(obj, key); } + static void set(handle obj, handle key, handle val) { setattr(obj, key, val); } +}; + +struct str_attr { + using key_type = const char *; + static object get(handle obj, const char *key) { return getattr(obj, key); } + static void set(handle obj, const char *key, handle val) { setattr(obj, key, val); } +}; + +struct generic_item { + using key_type = object; + + static object get(handle obj, handle key) { + PyObject *result = PyObject_GetItem(obj.ptr(), key.ptr()); + if (!result) { throw error_already_set(); } + return reinterpret_steal(result); + } + + static void set(handle obj, handle key, handle val) { + if (PyObject_SetItem(obj.ptr(), key.ptr(), val.ptr()) != 0) { throw error_already_set(); } + } +}; + +struct sequence_item { + using key_type = size_t; + + template ::value, int> = 0> + static object get(handle obj, const IdxType &index) { + PyObject *result = PySequence_GetItem(obj.ptr(), ssize_t_cast(index)); + if (!result) { throw error_already_set(); } + return reinterpret_steal(result); + } + + template ::value, int> = 0> + static void set(handle obj, const IdxType &index, handle val) { + // PySequence_SetItem does not steal a reference to 'val' + if (PySequence_SetItem(obj.ptr(), ssize_t_cast(index), val.ptr()) != 0) { + throw error_already_set(); + } + } +}; + +struct list_item { + using key_type = size_t; + + template ::value, int> = 0> + static object get(handle obj, const IdxType &index) { + PyObject *result = PyList_GetItem(obj.ptr(), ssize_t_cast(index)); + if (!result) { throw error_already_set(); } + return reinterpret_borrow(result); + } + + template ::value, int> = 0> + static void set(handle obj, const IdxType &index, handle val) { + // PyList_SetItem steals a reference to 'val' + if (PyList_SetItem(obj.ptr(), ssize_t_cast(index), val.inc_ref().ptr()) != 0) { + throw error_already_set(); + } + } +}; + +struct tuple_item { + using key_type = size_t; + + template ::value, int> = 0> + static object get(handle obj, const IdxType &index) { + PyObject *result = PyTuple_GetItem(obj.ptr(), ssize_t_cast(index)); + if (!result) { throw error_already_set(); } + return reinterpret_borrow(result); + } + + template ::value, int> = 0> + static void set(handle obj, const IdxType &index, handle val) { + // PyTuple_SetItem steals a reference to 'val' + if (PyTuple_SetItem(obj.ptr(), ssize_t_cast(index), val.inc_ref().ptr()) != 0) { + throw error_already_set(); + } + } +}; +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(accessor_policies) + +/// STL iterator template used for tuple, list, sequence and dict +template +class generic_iterator : public Policy { + using It = generic_iterator; + +public: + using difference_type = ssize_t; + using iterator_category = typename Policy::iterator_category; + using value_type = typename Policy::value_type; + using reference = typename Policy::reference; + using pointer = typename Policy::pointer; + + generic_iterator() = default; + generic_iterator(handle seq, ssize_t index) : Policy(seq, index) { } + + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-const-return-type) // PR #3263 + reference operator*() const { return Policy::dereference(); } + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-const-return-type) // PR #3263 + reference operator[](difference_type n) const { return *(*this + n); } + pointer operator->() const { return **this; } + + It &operator++() { Policy::increment(); return *this; } + It operator++(int) { auto copy = *this; Policy::increment(); return copy; } + It &operator--() { Policy::decrement(); return *this; } + It operator--(int) { auto copy = *this; Policy::decrement(); return copy; } + It &operator+=(difference_type n) { Policy::advance(n); return *this; } + It &operator-=(difference_type n) { Policy::advance(-n); return *this; } + + friend It operator+(const It &a, difference_type n) { auto copy = a; return copy += n; } + friend It operator+(difference_type n, const It &b) { return b + n; } + friend It operator-(const It &a, difference_type n) { auto copy = a; return copy -= n; } + friend difference_type operator-(const It &a, const It &b) { return a.distance_to(b); } + + friend bool operator==(const It &a, const It &b) { return a.equal(b); } + friend bool operator!=(const It &a, const It &b) { return !(a == b); } + friend bool operator< (const It &a, const It &b) { return b - a > 0; } + friend bool operator> (const It &a, const It &b) { return b < a; } + friend bool operator>=(const It &a, const It &b) { return !(a < b); } + friend bool operator<=(const It &a, const It &b) { return !(a > b); } +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(iterator_policies) +/// Quick proxy class needed to implement ``operator->`` for iterators which can't return pointers +template +struct arrow_proxy { + T value; + + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + arrow_proxy(T &&value) noexcept : value(std::move(value)) { } + T *operator->() const { return &value; } +}; + +/// Lightweight iterator policy using just a simple pointer: see ``PySequence_Fast_ITEMS`` +class sequence_fast_readonly { +protected: + using iterator_category = std::random_access_iterator_tag; + using value_type = handle; + using reference = const handle; // PR #3263 + using pointer = arrow_proxy; + + sequence_fast_readonly(handle obj, ssize_t n) : ptr(PySequence_Fast_ITEMS(obj.ptr()) + n) { } + + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-const-return-type) // PR #3263 + reference dereference() const { return *ptr; } + void increment() { ++ptr; } + void decrement() { --ptr; } + void advance(ssize_t n) { ptr += n; } + bool equal(const sequence_fast_readonly &b) const { return ptr == b.ptr; } + ssize_t distance_to(const sequence_fast_readonly &b) const { return ptr - b.ptr; } + +private: + PyObject **ptr; +}; + +/// Full read and write access using the sequence protocol: see ``detail::sequence_accessor`` +class sequence_slow_readwrite { +protected: + using iterator_category = std::random_access_iterator_tag; + using value_type = object; + using reference = sequence_accessor; + using pointer = arrow_proxy; + + sequence_slow_readwrite(handle obj, ssize_t index) : obj(obj), index(index) { } + + reference dereference() const { return {obj, static_cast(index)}; } + void increment() { ++index; } + void decrement() { --index; } + void advance(ssize_t n) { index += n; } + bool equal(const sequence_slow_readwrite &b) const { return index == b.index; } + ssize_t distance_to(const sequence_slow_readwrite &b) const { return index - b.index; } + +private: + handle obj; + ssize_t index; +}; + +/// Python's dictionary protocol permits this to be a forward iterator +class dict_readonly { +protected: + using iterator_category = std::forward_iterator_tag; + using value_type = std::pair; + using reference = const value_type; // PR #3263 + using pointer = arrow_proxy; + + dict_readonly() = default; + dict_readonly(handle obj, ssize_t pos) : obj(obj), pos(pos) { increment(); } + + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-const-return-type) // PR #3263 + reference dereference() const { return {key, value}; } + void increment() { + if (PyDict_Next(obj.ptr(), &pos, &key, &value) == 0) { + pos = -1; + } + } + bool equal(const dict_readonly &b) const { return pos == b.pos; } + +private: + handle obj; + PyObject *key = nullptr, *value = nullptr; + ssize_t pos = -1; +}; +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(iterator_policies) + +#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION) +using tuple_iterator = generic_iterator; +using list_iterator = generic_iterator; +#else +using tuple_iterator = generic_iterator; +using list_iterator = generic_iterator; +#endif + +using sequence_iterator = generic_iterator; +using dict_iterator = generic_iterator; + +inline bool PyIterable_Check(PyObject *obj) { + PyObject *iter = PyObject_GetIter(obj); + if (iter) { + Py_DECREF(iter); + return true; + } + PyErr_Clear(); + return false; +} + +inline bool PyNone_Check(PyObject *o) { return o == Py_None; } +inline bool PyEllipsis_Check(PyObject *o) { return o == Py_Ellipsis; } + +#ifdef PYBIND11_STR_LEGACY_PERMISSIVE +inline bool PyUnicode_Check_Permissive(PyObject *o) { return PyUnicode_Check(o) || PYBIND11_BYTES_CHECK(o); } +#define PYBIND11_STR_CHECK_FUN detail::PyUnicode_Check_Permissive +#else +#define PYBIND11_STR_CHECK_FUN PyUnicode_Check +#endif + +inline bool PyStaticMethod_Check(PyObject *o) { return o->ob_type == &PyStaticMethod_Type; } + +class kwargs_proxy : public handle { +public: + explicit kwargs_proxy(handle h) : handle(h) { } +}; + +class args_proxy : public handle { +public: + explicit args_proxy(handle h) : handle(h) { } + kwargs_proxy operator*() const { return kwargs_proxy(*this); } +}; + +/// Python argument categories (using PEP 448 terms) +template using is_keyword = std::is_base_of; +template using is_s_unpacking = std::is_same; // * unpacking +template using is_ds_unpacking = std::is_same; // ** unpacking +template using is_positional = satisfies_none_of; +template using is_keyword_or_ds = satisfies_any_of; + +// Call argument collector forward declarations +template +class simple_collector; +template +class unpacking_collector; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +// TODO: After the deprecated constructors are removed, this macro can be simplified by +// inheriting ctors: `using Parent::Parent`. It's not an option right now because +// the `using` statement triggers the parent deprecation warning even if the ctor +// isn't even used. +#define PYBIND11_OBJECT_COMMON(Name, Parent, CheckFun) \ + public: \ + PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use reinterpret_borrow<"#Name">() or reinterpret_steal<"#Name">()") \ + Name(handle h, bool is_borrowed) : Parent(is_borrowed ? Parent(h, borrowed_t{}) : Parent(h, stolen_t{})) { } \ + Name(handle h, borrowed_t) : Parent(h, borrowed_t{}) { } \ + Name(handle h, stolen_t) : Parent(h, stolen_t{}) { } \ + PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use py::isinstance(obj) instead") \ + bool check() const { return m_ptr != nullptr && (CheckFun(m_ptr) != 0); } \ + static bool check_(handle h) { return h.ptr() != nullptr && CheckFun(h.ptr()); } \ + template \ + /* NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) */ \ + Name(const ::pybind11::detail::accessor &a) : Name(object(a)) { } + +#define PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(Name, Parent, CheckFun, ConvertFun) \ + PYBIND11_OBJECT_COMMON(Name, Parent, CheckFun) \ + /* This is deliberately not 'explicit' to allow implicit conversion from object: */ \ + /* NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) */ \ + Name(const object &o) \ + : Parent(check_(o) ? o.inc_ref().ptr() : ConvertFun(o.ptr()), stolen_t{}) \ + { if (!m_ptr) throw error_already_set(); } \ + /* NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) */ \ + Name(object &&o) \ + : Parent(check_(o) ? o.release().ptr() : ConvertFun(o.ptr()), stolen_t{}) \ + { if (!m_ptr) throw error_already_set(); } + +#define PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT_DEFAULT(Name, Parent, CheckFun, ConvertFun) \ + PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(Name, Parent, CheckFun, ConvertFun) \ + Name() : Parent() { } + +#define PYBIND11_OBJECT_CHECK_FAILED(Name, o_ptr) \ + ::pybind11::type_error("Object of type '" + \ + ::pybind11::detail::get_fully_qualified_tp_name(Py_TYPE(o_ptr)) + \ + "' is not an instance of '" #Name "'") + +#define PYBIND11_OBJECT(Name, Parent, CheckFun) \ + PYBIND11_OBJECT_COMMON(Name, Parent, CheckFun) \ + /* This is deliberately not 'explicit' to allow implicit conversion from object: */ \ + /* NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) */ \ + Name(const object &o) : Parent(o) \ + { if (m_ptr && !check_(m_ptr)) throw PYBIND11_OBJECT_CHECK_FAILED(Name, m_ptr); } \ + /* NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) */ \ + Name(object &&o) : Parent(std::move(o)) \ + { if (m_ptr && !check_(m_ptr)) throw PYBIND11_OBJECT_CHECK_FAILED(Name, m_ptr); } + +#define PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(Name, Parent, CheckFun) \ + PYBIND11_OBJECT(Name, Parent, CheckFun) \ + Name() : Parent() { } + +/// \addtogroup pytypes +/// @{ + +/** \rst + Wraps a Python iterator so that it can also be used as a C++ input iterator + + Caveat: copying an iterator does not (and cannot) clone the internal + state of the Python iterable. This also applies to the post-increment + operator. This iterator should only be used to retrieve the current + value using ``operator*()``. +\endrst */ +class iterator : public object { +public: + using iterator_category = std::input_iterator_tag; + using difference_type = ssize_t; + using value_type = handle; + using reference = const handle; // PR #3263 + using pointer = const handle *; + + PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(iterator, object, PyIter_Check) + + iterator& operator++() { + advance(); + return *this; + } + + iterator operator++(int) { + auto rv = *this; + advance(); + return rv; + } + + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-const-return-type) // PR #3263 + reference operator*() const { + if (m_ptr && !value.ptr()) { + auto& self = const_cast(*this); + self.advance(); + } + return value; + } + + pointer operator->() const { operator*(); return &value; } + + /** \rst + The value which marks the end of the iteration. ``it == iterator::sentinel()`` + is equivalent to catching ``StopIteration`` in Python. + + .. code-block:: cpp + + void foo(py::iterator it) { + while (it != py::iterator::sentinel()) { + // use `*it` + ++it; + } + } + \endrst */ + static iterator sentinel() { return {}; } + + friend bool operator==(const iterator &a, const iterator &b) { return a->ptr() == b->ptr(); } + friend bool operator!=(const iterator &a, const iterator &b) { return a->ptr() != b->ptr(); } + +private: + void advance() { + value = reinterpret_steal(PyIter_Next(m_ptr)); + if (PyErr_Occurred()) { throw error_already_set(); } + } + +private: + object value = {}; +}; + + + +class type : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT(type, object, PyType_Check) + + /// Return a type handle from a handle or an object + static handle handle_of(handle h) { return handle((PyObject*) Py_TYPE(h.ptr())); } + + /// Return a type object from a handle or an object + static type of(handle h) { return type(type::handle_of(h), borrowed_t{}); } + + // Defined in pybind11/cast.h + /// Convert C++ type to handle if previously registered. Does not convert + /// standard types, like int, float. etc. yet. + /// See https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/issues/2486 + template + static handle handle_of(); + + /// Convert C++ type to type if previously registered. Does not convert + /// standard types, like int, float. etc. yet. + /// See https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/issues/2486 + template + static type of() {return type(type::handle_of(), borrowed_t{}); } +}; + +class iterable : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(iterable, object, detail::PyIterable_Check) +}; + +class bytes; + +class str : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(str, object, PYBIND11_STR_CHECK_FUN, raw_str) + + template ::value, int> = 0> + str(const char *c, const SzType &n) + : object(PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c, ssize_t_cast(n)), stolen_t{}) { + if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate string object!"); + } + + // 'explicit' is explicitly omitted from the following constructors to allow implicit conversion to py::str from C++ string-like objects + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + str(const char *c = "") + : object(PyUnicode_FromString(c), stolen_t{}) { + if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate string object!"); + } + + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + str(const std::string &s) : str(s.data(), s.size()) { } + +#ifdef PYBIND11_HAS_STRING_VIEW + // enable_if is needed to avoid "ambiguous conversion" errors (see PR #3521). + template ::value, int> = 0> + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + str(T s) : str(s.data(), s.size()) { } + +# ifdef PYBIND11_HAS_U8STRING + // reinterpret_cast here is safe (C++20 guarantees char8_t has the same size/alignment as char) + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + str(std::u8string_view s) : str(reinterpret_cast(s.data()), s.size()) { } +# endif + +#endif + + explicit str(const bytes &b); + + /** \rst + Return a string representation of the object. This is analogous to + the ``str()`` function in Python. + \endrst */ + explicit str(handle h) : object(raw_str(h.ptr()), stolen_t{}) { if (!m_ptr) throw error_already_set(); } + + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + operator std::string() const { + object temp = *this; + if (PyUnicode_Check(m_ptr)) { + temp = reinterpret_steal(PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(m_ptr)); + if (!temp) + throw error_already_set(); + } + char *buffer = nullptr; + ssize_t length = 0; + if (PYBIND11_BYTES_AS_STRING_AND_SIZE(temp.ptr(), &buffer, &length)) + pybind11_fail("Unable to extract string contents! (invalid type)"); + return std::string(buffer, (size_t) length); + } + + template + str format(Args &&...args) const { + return attr("format")(std::forward(args)...); + } + +private: + /// Return string representation -- always returns a new reference, even if already a str + static PyObject *raw_str(PyObject *op) { + PyObject *str_value = PyObject_Str(op); +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 + if (!str_value) throw error_already_set(); + PyObject *unicode = PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(str_value, "utf-8", nullptr); + Py_XDECREF(str_value); str_value = unicode; +#endif + return str_value; + } +}; +/// @} pytypes + +inline namespace literals { +/** \rst + String literal version of `str` + \endrst */ +inline str operator"" _s(const char *s, size_t size) { return {s, size}; } +} // namespace literals + +/// \addtogroup pytypes +/// @{ +class bytes : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT(bytes, object, PYBIND11_BYTES_CHECK) + + // Allow implicit conversion: + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + bytes(const char *c = "") + : object(PYBIND11_BYTES_FROM_STRING(c), stolen_t{}) { + if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate bytes object!"); + } + + template ::value, int> = 0> + bytes(const char *c, const SzType &n) + : object(PYBIND11_BYTES_FROM_STRING_AND_SIZE(c, ssize_t_cast(n)), stolen_t{}) { + if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate bytes object!"); + } + + // Allow implicit conversion: + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + bytes(const std::string &s) : bytes(s.data(), s.size()) { } + + explicit bytes(const pybind11::str &s); + + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + operator std::string() const { + char *buffer = nullptr; + ssize_t length = 0; + if (PYBIND11_BYTES_AS_STRING_AND_SIZE(m_ptr, &buffer, &length)) + pybind11_fail("Unable to extract bytes contents!"); + return std::string(buffer, (size_t) length); + } + +#ifdef PYBIND11_HAS_STRING_VIEW + // enable_if is needed to avoid "ambiguous conversion" errors (see PR #3521). + template ::value, int> = 0> + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + bytes(T s) : bytes(s.data(), s.size()) { } + + // Obtain a string view that views the current `bytes` buffer value. Note that this is only + // valid so long as the `bytes` instance remains alive and so generally should not outlive the + // lifetime of the `bytes` instance. + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + operator std::string_view() const { + char *buffer = nullptr; + ssize_t length = 0; + if (PYBIND11_BYTES_AS_STRING_AND_SIZE(m_ptr, &buffer, &length)) + pybind11_fail("Unable to extract bytes contents!"); + return {buffer, static_cast(length)}; + } +#endif + +}; +// Note: breathe >= 4.17.0 will fail to build docs if the below two constructors +// are included in the doxygen group; close here and reopen after as a workaround +/// @} pytypes + +inline bytes::bytes(const pybind11::str &s) { + object temp = s; + if (PyUnicode_Check(s.ptr())) { + temp = reinterpret_steal(PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(s.ptr())); + if (!temp) + pybind11_fail("Unable to extract string contents! (encoding issue)"); + } + char *buffer = nullptr; + ssize_t length = 0; + if (PYBIND11_BYTES_AS_STRING_AND_SIZE(temp.ptr(), &buffer, &length)) + pybind11_fail("Unable to extract string contents! (invalid type)"); + auto obj = reinterpret_steal(PYBIND11_BYTES_FROM_STRING_AND_SIZE(buffer, length)); + if (!obj) + pybind11_fail("Could not allocate bytes object!"); + m_ptr = obj.release().ptr(); +} + +inline str::str(const bytes& b) { + char *buffer = nullptr; + ssize_t length = 0; + if (PYBIND11_BYTES_AS_STRING_AND_SIZE(b.ptr(), &buffer, &length)) + pybind11_fail("Unable to extract bytes contents!"); + auto obj = reinterpret_steal(PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(buffer, length)); + if (!obj) + pybind11_fail("Could not allocate string object!"); + m_ptr = obj.release().ptr(); +} + +/// \addtogroup pytypes +/// @{ +class bytearray : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(bytearray, object, PyByteArray_Check, PyByteArray_FromObject) + + template ::value, int> = 0> + bytearray(const char *c, const SzType &n) + : object(PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize(c, ssize_t_cast(n)), stolen_t{}) { + if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate bytearray object!"); + } + + bytearray() + : bytearray("", 0) {} + + explicit bytearray(const std::string &s) : bytearray(s.data(), s.size()) { } + + size_t size() const { return static_cast(PyByteArray_Size(m_ptr)); } + + explicit operator std::string() const { + char *buffer = PyByteArray_AS_STRING(m_ptr); + ssize_t size = PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(m_ptr); + return std::string(buffer, static_cast(size)); + } +}; +// Note: breathe >= 4.17.0 will fail to build docs if the below two constructors +// are included in the doxygen group; close here and reopen after as a workaround +/// @} pytypes + +/// \addtogroup pytypes +/// @{ +class none : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT(none, object, detail::PyNone_Check) + none() : object(Py_None, borrowed_t{}) { } +}; + +class ellipsis : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT(ellipsis, object, detail::PyEllipsis_Check) + ellipsis() : object(Py_Ellipsis, borrowed_t{}) { } +}; + +class bool_ : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(bool_, object, PyBool_Check, raw_bool) + bool_() : object(Py_False, borrowed_t{}) { } + // Allow implicit conversion from and to `bool`: + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + bool_(bool value) : object(value ? Py_True : Py_False, borrowed_t{}) { } + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + operator bool() const { return (m_ptr != nullptr) && PyLong_AsLong(m_ptr) != 0; } + +private: + /// Return the truth value of an object -- always returns a new reference + static PyObject *raw_bool(PyObject *op) { + const auto value = PyObject_IsTrue(op); + if (value == -1) return nullptr; + return handle(value != 0 ? Py_True : Py_False).inc_ref().ptr(); + } +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) +// Converts a value to the given unsigned type. If an error occurs, you get back (Unsigned) -1; +// otherwise you get back the unsigned long or unsigned long long value cast to (Unsigned). +// (The distinction is critically important when casting a returned -1 error value to some other +// unsigned type: (A)-1 != (B)-1 when A and B are unsigned types of different sizes). +template +Unsigned as_unsigned(PyObject *o) { + if (PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(sizeof(Unsigned) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) +#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03000000 + || PyInt_Check(o) +#endif + ) { + unsigned long v = PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(o); + return v == (unsigned long) -1 && PyErr_Occurred() ? (Unsigned) -1 : (Unsigned) v; + } + unsigned long long v = PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(o); + return v == (unsigned long long) -1 && PyErr_Occurred() ? (Unsigned) -1 : (Unsigned) v; +} +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +class int_ : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(int_, object, PYBIND11_LONG_CHECK, PyNumber_Long) + int_() : object(PyLong_FromLong(0), stolen_t{}) { } + // Allow implicit conversion from C++ integral types: + template ::value, int> = 0> + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + int_(T value) { + if (PYBIND11_SILENCE_MSVC_C4127(sizeof(T) <= sizeof(long))) { + if (std::is_signed::value) + m_ptr = PyLong_FromLong((long) value); + else + m_ptr = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) value); + } else { + if (std::is_signed::value) + m_ptr = PyLong_FromLongLong((long long) value); + else + m_ptr = PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned long long) value); + } + if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate int object!"); + } + + template ::value, int> = 0> + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + operator T() const { + return std::is_unsigned::value + ? detail::as_unsigned(m_ptr) + : sizeof(T) <= sizeof(long) + ? (T) PyLong_AsLong(m_ptr) + : (T) PYBIND11_LONG_AS_LONGLONG(m_ptr); + } +}; + +class float_ : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(float_, object, PyFloat_Check, PyNumber_Float) + // Allow implicit conversion from float/double: + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + float_(float value) : object(PyFloat_FromDouble((double) value), stolen_t{}) { + if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate float object!"); + } + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + float_(double value = .0) : object(PyFloat_FromDouble((double) value), stolen_t{}) { + if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate float object!"); + } + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + operator float() const { return (float) PyFloat_AsDouble(m_ptr); } + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + operator double() const { return (double) PyFloat_AsDouble(m_ptr); } +}; + +class weakref : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT_DEFAULT(weakref, object, PyWeakref_Check, raw_weakref) + explicit weakref(handle obj, handle callback = {}) + : object(PyWeakref_NewRef(obj.ptr(), callback.ptr()), stolen_t{}) { + if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate weak reference!"); + } + +private: + static PyObject *raw_weakref(PyObject *o) { + return PyWeakref_NewRef(o, nullptr); + } +}; + +class slice : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(slice, object, PySlice_Check) + slice(handle start, handle stop, handle step) { + m_ptr = PySlice_New(start.ptr(), stop.ptr(), step.ptr()); + if (!m_ptr) + pybind11_fail("Could not allocate slice object!"); + } + +#ifdef PYBIND11_HAS_OPTIONAL + slice(std::optional start, std::optional stop, std::optional step) + : slice(index_to_object(start), index_to_object(stop), index_to_object(step)) {} +#else + slice(ssize_t start_, ssize_t stop_, ssize_t step_) + : slice(int_(start_), int_(stop_), int_(step_)) {} +#endif + + bool compute(size_t length, size_t *start, size_t *stop, size_t *step, + size_t *slicelength) const { + return PySlice_GetIndicesEx((PYBIND11_SLICE_OBJECT *) m_ptr, + (ssize_t) length, (ssize_t *) start, + (ssize_t *) stop, (ssize_t *) step, + (ssize_t *) slicelength) == 0; + } + bool compute(ssize_t length, ssize_t *start, ssize_t *stop, ssize_t *step, + ssize_t *slicelength) const { + return PySlice_GetIndicesEx((PYBIND11_SLICE_OBJECT *) m_ptr, + length, start, + stop, step, + slicelength) == 0; + } + +private: + template + static object index_to_object(T index) { + return index ? object(int_(*index)) : object(none()); + } +}; + +class capsule : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(capsule, object, PyCapsule_CheckExact) + PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Use reinterpret_borrow() or reinterpret_steal()") + capsule(PyObject *ptr, bool is_borrowed) : object(is_borrowed ? object(ptr, borrowed_t{}) : object(ptr, stolen_t{})) { } + + explicit capsule(const void *value, const char *name = nullptr, void (*destructor)(PyObject *) = nullptr) + : object(PyCapsule_New(const_cast(value), name, destructor), stolen_t{}) { + if (!m_ptr) + pybind11_fail("Could not allocate capsule object!"); + } + + PYBIND11_DEPRECATED("Please pass a destructor that takes a void pointer as input") + capsule(const void *value, void (*destruct)(PyObject *)) + : object(PyCapsule_New(const_cast(value), nullptr, destruct), stolen_t{}) { + if (!m_ptr) + pybind11_fail("Could not allocate capsule object!"); + } + + capsule(const void *value, void (*destructor)(void *)) { + m_ptr = PyCapsule_New(const_cast(value), nullptr, [](PyObject *o) { + auto destructor = reinterpret_cast(PyCapsule_GetContext(o)); + void *ptr = PyCapsule_GetPointer(o, nullptr); + destructor(ptr); + }); + + if (!m_ptr) + pybind11_fail("Could not allocate capsule object!"); + + if (PyCapsule_SetContext(m_ptr, (void *) destructor) != 0) + pybind11_fail("Could not set capsule context!"); + } + + explicit capsule(void (*destructor)()) { + m_ptr = PyCapsule_New(reinterpret_cast(destructor), nullptr, [](PyObject *o) { + auto destructor = reinterpret_cast(PyCapsule_GetPointer(o, nullptr)); + destructor(); + }); + + if (!m_ptr) + pybind11_fail("Could not allocate capsule object!"); + } + + // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor) + template operator T *() const { + return get_pointer(); + } + + /// Get the pointer the capsule holds. + template + T* get_pointer() const { + auto name = this->name(); + T *result = static_cast(PyCapsule_GetPointer(m_ptr, name)); + if (!result) { + PyErr_Clear(); + pybind11_fail("Unable to extract capsule contents!"); + } + return result; + } + + /// Replaces a capsule's pointer *without* calling the destructor on the existing one. + void set_pointer(const void *value) { + if (PyCapsule_SetPointer(m_ptr, const_cast(value)) != 0) { + PyErr_Clear(); + pybind11_fail("Could not set capsule pointer"); + } + } + + const char *name() const { return PyCapsule_GetName(m_ptr); } +}; + +class tuple : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(tuple, object, PyTuple_Check, PySequence_Tuple) + template ::value, int> = 0> + // Some compilers generate link errors when using `const SzType &` here: + explicit tuple(SzType size = 0) : object(PyTuple_New(ssize_t_cast(size)), stolen_t{}) { + if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate tuple object!"); + } + size_t size() const { return (size_t) PyTuple_Size(m_ptr); } + bool empty() const { return size() == 0; } + detail::tuple_accessor operator[](size_t index) const { return {*this, index}; } + detail::item_accessor operator[](handle h) const { return object::operator[](h); } + detail::tuple_iterator begin() const { return {*this, 0}; } + detail::tuple_iterator end() const { return {*this, PyTuple_GET_SIZE(m_ptr)}; } +}; + +// We need to put this into a separate function because the Intel compiler +// fails to compile enable_if_t...>::value> part below +// (tested with ICC 2021.1 Beta 20200827). +template +constexpr bool args_are_all_keyword_or_ds() +{ + return detail::all_of...>::value; +} + +class dict : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(dict, object, PyDict_Check, raw_dict) + dict() : object(PyDict_New(), stolen_t{}) { + if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate dict object!"); + } + template ()>, + // MSVC workaround: it can't compile an out-of-line definition, so defer the collector + typename collector = detail::deferred_t, Args...>> + explicit dict(Args &&...args) : dict(collector(std::forward(args)...).kwargs()) { } + + size_t size() const { return (size_t) PyDict_Size(m_ptr); } + bool empty() const { return size() == 0; } + detail::dict_iterator begin() const { return {*this, 0}; } + detail::dict_iterator end() const { return {}; } + void clear() /* py-non-const */ { PyDict_Clear(ptr()); } + template bool contains(T &&key) const { + return PyDict_Contains(m_ptr, detail::object_or_cast(std::forward(key)).ptr()) == 1; + } + +private: + /// Call the `dict` Python type -- always returns a new reference + static PyObject *raw_dict(PyObject *op) { + if (PyDict_Check(op)) + return handle(op).inc_ref().ptr(); + return PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs((PyObject *) &PyDict_Type, op, nullptr); + } +}; + +class sequence : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(sequence, object, PySequence_Check) + size_t size() const { + ssize_t result = PySequence_Size(m_ptr); + if (result == -1) + throw error_already_set(); + return (size_t) result; + } + bool empty() const { return size() == 0; } + detail::sequence_accessor operator[](size_t index) const { return {*this, index}; } + detail::item_accessor operator[](handle h) const { return object::operator[](h); } + detail::sequence_iterator begin() const { return {*this, 0}; } + detail::sequence_iterator end() const { return {*this, PySequence_Size(m_ptr)}; } +}; + +class list : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(list, object, PyList_Check, PySequence_List) + template ::value, int> = 0> + // Some compilers generate link errors when using `const SzType &` here: + explicit list(SzType size = 0) : object(PyList_New(ssize_t_cast(size)), stolen_t{}) { + if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate list object!"); + } + size_t size() const { return (size_t) PyList_Size(m_ptr); } + bool empty() const { return size() == 0; } + detail::list_accessor operator[](size_t index) const { return {*this, index}; } + detail::item_accessor operator[](handle h) const { return object::operator[](h); } + detail::list_iterator begin() const { return {*this, 0}; } + detail::list_iterator end() const { return {*this, PyList_GET_SIZE(m_ptr)}; } + template void append(T &&val) /* py-non-const */ { + PyList_Append(m_ptr, detail::object_or_cast(std::forward(val)).ptr()); + } + template ::value, int> = 0> + void insert(const IdxType &index, ValType &&val) /* py-non-const */ { + PyList_Insert( + m_ptr, ssize_t_cast(index), detail::object_or_cast(std::forward(val)).ptr()); + } +}; + +class args : public tuple { PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(args, tuple, PyTuple_Check) }; +class kwargs : public dict { PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(kwargs, dict, PyDict_Check) }; + +class set : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(set, object, PySet_Check, PySet_New) + set() : object(PySet_New(nullptr), stolen_t{}) { + if (!m_ptr) pybind11_fail("Could not allocate set object!"); + } + size_t size() const { return (size_t) PySet_Size(m_ptr); } + bool empty() const { return size() == 0; } + template bool add(T &&val) /* py-non-const */ { + return PySet_Add(m_ptr, detail::object_or_cast(std::forward(val)).ptr()) == 0; + } + void clear() /* py-non-const */ { PySet_Clear(m_ptr); } + template bool contains(T &&val) const { + return PySet_Contains(m_ptr, detail::object_or_cast(std::forward(val)).ptr()) == 1; + } +}; + +class function : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(function, object, PyCallable_Check) + handle cpp_function() const { + handle fun = detail::get_function(m_ptr); + if (fun && PyCFunction_Check(fun.ptr())) + return fun; + return handle(); + } + bool is_cpp_function() const { return (bool) cpp_function(); } +}; + +class staticmethod : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(staticmethod, object, detail::PyStaticMethod_Check, PyStaticMethod_New) +}; + +class buffer : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(buffer, object, PyObject_CheckBuffer) + + buffer_info request(bool writable = false) const { + int flags = PyBUF_STRIDES | PyBUF_FORMAT; + if (writable) flags |= PyBUF_WRITABLE; + auto *view = new Py_buffer(); + if (PyObject_GetBuffer(m_ptr, view, flags) != 0) { + delete view; + throw error_already_set(); + } + return buffer_info(view); + } +}; + +class memoryview : public object { +public: + PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT(memoryview, object, PyMemoryView_Check, PyMemoryView_FromObject) + + /** \rst + Creates ``memoryview`` from ``buffer_info``. + + ``buffer_info`` must be created from ``buffer::request()``. Otherwise + throws an exception. + + For creating a ``memoryview`` from objects that support buffer protocol, + use ``memoryview(const object& obj)`` instead of this constructor. + \endrst */ + explicit memoryview(const buffer_info& info) { + if (!info.view()) + pybind11_fail("Prohibited to create memoryview without Py_buffer"); + // Note: PyMemoryView_FromBuffer never increments obj reference. + m_ptr = (info.view()->obj) ? + PyMemoryView_FromObject(info.view()->obj) : + PyMemoryView_FromBuffer(info.view()); + if (!m_ptr) + pybind11_fail("Unable to create memoryview from buffer descriptor"); + } + + /** \rst + Creates ``memoryview`` from static buffer. + + This method is meant for providing a ``memoryview`` for C/C++ buffer not + managed by Python. The caller is responsible for managing the lifetime + of ``ptr`` and ``format``, which MUST outlive the memoryview constructed + here. + + See also: Python C API documentation for `PyMemoryView_FromBuffer`_. + + .. _PyMemoryView_FromBuffer: https://docs.python.org/c-api/memoryview.html#c.PyMemoryView_FromBuffer + + :param ptr: Pointer to the buffer. + :param itemsize: Byte size of an element. + :param format: Pointer to the null-terminated format string. For + homogeneous Buffers, this should be set to + ``format_descriptor::value``. + :param shape: Shape of the tensor (1 entry per dimension). + :param strides: Number of bytes between adjacent entries (for each + per dimension). + :param readonly: Flag to indicate if the underlying storage may be + written to. + \endrst */ + static memoryview from_buffer( + void *ptr, ssize_t itemsize, const char *format, + detail::any_container shape, + detail::any_container strides, bool readonly = false); + + static memoryview from_buffer( + const void *ptr, ssize_t itemsize, const char *format, + detail::any_container shape, + detail::any_container strides) { + return memoryview::from_buffer( + const_cast(ptr), itemsize, format, std::move(shape), std::move(strides), true); + } + + template + static memoryview from_buffer( + T *ptr, detail::any_container shape, + detail::any_container strides, bool readonly = false) { + return memoryview::from_buffer( + reinterpret_cast(ptr), sizeof(T), + format_descriptor::value, shape, strides, readonly); + } + + template + static memoryview from_buffer( + const T *ptr, detail::any_container shape, + detail::any_container strides) { + return memoryview::from_buffer( + const_cast(ptr), shape, strides, true); + } + +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 + /** \rst + Creates ``memoryview`` from static memory. + + This method is meant for providing a ``memoryview`` for C/C++ buffer not + managed by Python. The caller is responsible for managing the lifetime + of ``mem``, which MUST outlive the memoryview constructed here. + + This method is not available in Python 2. + + See also: Python C API documentation for `PyMemoryView_FromBuffer`_. + + .. _PyMemoryView_FromMemory: https://docs.python.org/c-api/memoryview.html#c.PyMemoryView_FromMemory + \endrst */ + static memoryview from_memory(void *mem, ssize_t size, bool readonly = false) { + PyObject* ptr = PyMemoryView_FromMemory( + reinterpret_cast(mem), size, + (readonly) ? PyBUF_READ : PyBUF_WRITE); + if (!ptr) + pybind11_fail("Could not allocate memoryview object!"); + return memoryview(object(ptr, stolen_t{})); + } + + static memoryview from_memory(const void *mem, ssize_t size) { + return memoryview::from_memory(const_cast(mem), size, true); + } + +#ifdef PYBIND11_HAS_STRING_VIEW + static memoryview from_memory(std::string_view mem) { + return from_memory(const_cast(mem.data()), static_cast(mem.size()), true); + } +#endif + +#endif +}; + +/// @cond DUPLICATE +inline memoryview memoryview::from_buffer( + void *ptr, ssize_t itemsize, const char* format, + detail::any_container shape, + detail::any_container strides, bool readonly) { + size_t ndim = shape->size(); + if (ndim != strides->size()) + pybind11_fail("memoryview: shape length doesn't match strides length"); + ssize_t size = ndim != 0u ? 1 : 0; + for (size_t i = 0; i < ndim; ++i) + size *= (*shape)[i]; + Py_buffer view; + view.buf = ptr; + view.obj = nullptr; + view.len = size * itemsize; + view.readonly = static_cast(readonly); + view.itemsize = itemsize; + view.format = const_cast(format); + view.ndim = static_cast(ndim); + view.shape = shape->data(); + view.strides = strides->data(); + view.suboffsets = nullptr; + view.internal = nullptr; + PyObject* obj = PyMemoryView_FromBuffer(&view); + if (!obj) + throw error_already_set(); + return memoryview(object(obj, stolen_t{})); +} +/// @endcond +/// @} pytypes + +/// \addtogroup python_builtins +/// @{ + +/// Get the length of a Python object. +inline size_t len(handle h) { + ssize_t result = PyObject_Length(h.ptr()); + if (result < 0) + throw error_already_set(); + return (size_t) result; +} + +/// Get the length hint of a Python object. +/// Returns 0 when this cannot be determined. +inline size_t len_hint(handle h) { +#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03040000 + ssize_t result = PyObject_LengthHint(h.ptr(), 0); +#else + ssize_t result = PyObject_Length(h.ptr()); +#endif + if (result < 0) { + // Sometimes a length can't be determined at all (eg generators) + // In which case simply return 0 + PyErr_Clear(); + return 0; + } + return (size_t) result; +} + +inline str repr(handle h) { + PyObject *str_value = PyObject_Repr(h.ptr()); + if (!str_value) throw error_already_set(); +#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 + PyObject *unicode = PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(str_value, "utf-8", nullptr); + Py_XDECREF(str_value); str_value = unicode; + if (!str_value) throw error_already_set(); +#endif + return reinterpret_steal(str_value); +} + +inline iterator iter(handle obj) { + PyObject *result = PyObject_GetIter(obj.ptr()); + if (!result) { throw error_already_set(); } + return reinterpret_steal(result); +} +/// @} python_builtins + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) +template iterator object_api::begin() const { return iter(derived()); } +template iterator object_api::end() const { return iterator::sentinel(); } +template item_accessor object_api::operator[](handle key) const { + return {derived(), reinterpret_borrow(key)}; +} +template item_accessor object_api::operator[](const char *key) const { + return {derived(), pybind11::str(key)}; +} +template obj_attr_accessor object_api::attr(handle key) const { + return {derived(), reinterpret_borrow(key)}; +} +template str_attr_accessor object_api::attr(const char *key) const { + return {derived(), key}; +} +template args_proxy object_api::operator*() const { + return args_proxy(derived().ptr()); +} +template template bool object_api::contains(T &&item) const { + return attr("__contains__")(std::forward(item)).template cast(); +} + +template +pybind11::str object_api::str() const { return pybind11::str(derived()); } + +template +str_attr_accessor object_api::doc() const { return attr("__doc__"); } + +template +handle object_api::get_type() const { return type::handle_of(derived()); } + +template +bool object_api::rich_compare(object_api const &other, int value) const { + int rv = PyObject_RichCompareBool(derived().ptr(), other.derived().ptr(), value); + if (rv == -1) + throw error_already_set(); + return rv == 1; +} + +#define PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_UNARY(op, fn) \ + template object object_api::op() const { \ + object result = reinterpret_steal(fn(derived().ptr())); \ + if (!result.ptr()) \ + throw error_already_set(); \ + return result; \ + } + +#define PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_BINARY(op, fn) \ + template \ + object object_api::op(object_api const &other) const { \ + object result = reinterpret_steal( \ + fn(derived().ptr(), other.derived().ptr())); \ + if (!result.ptr()) \ + throw error_already_set(); \ + return result; \ + } + +PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_UNARY (operator~, PyNumber_Invert) +PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_UNARY (operator-, PyNumber_Negative) +PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_BINARY(operator+, PyNumber_Add) +PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_BINARY(operator+=, PyNumber_InPlaceAdd) +PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_BINARY(operator-, PyNumber_Subtract) +PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_BINARY(operator-=, PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract) +PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_BINARY(operator*, PyNumber_Multiply) +PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_BINARY(operator*=, PyNumber_InPlaceMultiply) +PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_BINARY(operator/, PyNumber_TrueDivide) +PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_BINARY(operator/=, PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide) +PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_BINARY(operator|, PyNumber_Or) +PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_BINARY(operator|=, PyNumber_InPlaceOr) +PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_BINARY(operator&, PyNumber_And) +PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_BINARY(operator&=, PyNumber_InPlaceAnd) +PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_BINARY(operator^, PyNumber_Xor) +PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_BINARY(operator^=, PyNumber_InPlaceXor) +PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_BINARY(operator<<, PyNumber_Lshift) +PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_BINARY(operator<<=, PyNumber_InPlaceLshift) +PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_BINARY(operator>>, PyNumber_Rshift) +PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_BINARY(operator>>=, PyNumber_InPlaceRshift) + +#undef PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_UNARY +#undef PYBIND11_MATH_OPERATOR_BINARY + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/stl.h b/include/pybind11/stl.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..43034948 --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/stl.h @@ -0,0 +1,375 @@ +/* + pybind11/stl.h: Transparent conversion for STL data types + + Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "detail/common.h" +#include "pybind11.h" +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +// See `detail/common.h` for implementation of these guards. +#if defined(PYBIND11_HAS_OPTIONAL) +# include +#elif defined(PYBIND11_HAS_EXP_OPTIONAL) +# include +#endif + +#if defined(PYBIND11_HAS_VARIANT) +# include +#endif + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +/// Extracts an const lvalue reference or rvalue reference for U based on the type of T (e.g. for +/// forwarding a container element). Typically used indirect via forwarded_type(), below. +template +using forwarded_type = conditional_t< + std::is_lvalue_reference::value, remove_reference_t &, remove_reference_t &&>; + +/// Forwards a value U as rvalue or lvalue according to whether T is rvalue or lvalue; typically +/// used for forwarding a container's elements. +template +forwarded_type forward_like(U &&u) { + return std::forward>(std::forward(u)); +} + +template struct set_caster { + using type = Type; + using key_conv = make_caster; + + bool load(handle src, bool convert) { + if (!isinstance(src)) + return false; + auto s = reinterpret_borrow(src); + value.clear(); + for (auto entry : s) { + key_conv conv; + if (!conv.load(entry, convert)) + return false; + value.insert(cast_op(std::move(conv))); + } + return true; + } + + template + static handle cast(T &&src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { + if (!std::is_lvalue_reference::value) + policy = return_value_policy_override::policy(policy); + pybind11::set s; + for (auto &&value : src) { + auto value_ = reinterpret_steal(key_conv::cast(forward_like(value), policy, parent)); + if (!value_ || !s.add(value_)) + return handle(); + } + return s.release(); + } + + PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(type, const_name("Set[") + key_conv::name + const_name("]")); +}; + +template struct map_caster { + using key_conv = make_caster; + using value_conv = make_caster; + + bool load(handle src, bool convert) { + if (!isinstance(src)) + return false; + auto d = reinterpret_borrow(src); + value.clear(); + for (auto it : d) { + key_conv kconv; + value_conv vconv; + if (!kconv.load(it.first.ptr(), convert) || + !vconv.load(it.second.ptr(), convert)) + return false; + value.emplace(cast_op(std::move(kconv)), cast_op(std::move(vconv))); + } + return true; + } + + template + static handle cast(T &&src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { + dict d; + return_value_policy policy_key = policy; + return_value_policy policy_value = policy; + if (!std::is_lvalue_reference::value) { + policy_key = return_value_policy_override::policy(policy_key); + policy_value = return_value_policy_override::policy(policy_value); + } + for (auto &&kv : src) { + auto key = reinterpret_steal(key_conv::cast(forward_like(kv.first), policy_key, parent)); + auto value = reinterpret_steal(value_conv::cast(forward_like(kv.second), policy_value, parent)); + if (!key || !value) + return handle(); + d[key] = value; + } + return d.release(); + } + + PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(Type, const_name("Dict[") + key_conv::name + const_name(", ") + value_conv::name + const_name("]")); +}; + +template struct list_caster { + using value_conv = make_caster; + + bool load(handle src, bool convert) { + if (!isinstance(src) || isinstance(src) || isinstance(src)) + return false; + auto s = reinterpret_borrow(src); + value.clear(); + reserve_maybe(s, &value); + for (auto it : s) { + value_conv conv; + if (!conv.load(it, convert)) + return false; + value.push_back(cast_op(std::move(conv))); + } + return true; + } + +private: + template < + typename T = Type, + enable_if_t().reserve(0)), void>::value, int> = 0> + void reserve_maybe(const sequence &s, Type *) { + value.reserve(s.size()); + } + void reserve_maybe(const sequence &, void *) {} + +public: + template + static handle cast(T &&src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { + if (!std::is_lvalue_reference::value) + policy = return_value_policy_override::policy(policy); + list l(src.size()); + ssize_t index = 0; + for (auto &&value : src) { + auto value_ = reinterpret_steal(value_conv::cast(forward_like(value), policy, parent)); + if (!value_) + return handle(); + PyList_SET_ITEM(l.ptr(), index++, value_.release().ptr()); // steals a reference + } + return l.release(); + } + + PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(Type, const_name("List[") + value_conv::name + const_name("]")); +}; + +template struct type_caster> + : list_caster, Type> { }; + +template struct type_caster> + : list_caster, Type> { }; + +template struct type_caster> + : list_caster, Type> { }; + +template struct array_caster { + using value_conv = make_caster; + +private: + template + bool require_size(enable_if_t size) { + if (value.size() != size) + value.resize(size); + return true; + } + template + bool require_size(enable_if_t size) { + return size == Size; + } + +public: + bool load(handle src, bool convert) { + if (!isinstance(src)) + return false; + auto l = reinterpret_borrow(src); + if (!require_size(l.size())) + return false; + size_t ctr = 0; + for (auto it : l) { + value_conv conv; + if (!conv.load(it, convert)) + return false; + value[ctr++] = cast_op(std::move(conv)); + } + return true; + } + + template + static handle cast(T &&src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { + list l(src.size()); + ssize_t index = 0; + for (auto &&value : src) { + auto value_ = reinterpret_steal(value_conv::cast(forward_like(value), policy, parent)); + if (!value_) + return handle(); + PyList_SET_ITEM(l.ptr(), index++, value_.release().ptr()); // steals a reference + } + return l.release(); + } + + PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(ArrayType, const_name("List[") + value_conv::name + const_name(const_name(""), const_name("[") + const_name() + const_name("]")) + const_name("]")); +}; + +template struct type_caster> + : array_caster, Type, false, Size> { }; + +template struct type_caster> + : array_caster, Type, true> { }; + +template struct type_caster> + : set_caster, Key> { }; + +template struct type_caster> + : set_caster, Key> { }; + +template struct type_caster> + : map_caster, Key, Value> { }; + +template struct type_caster> + : map_caster, Key, Value> { }; + +// This type caster is intended to be used for std::optional and std::experimental::optional +template struct optional_caster { + using value_conv = make_caster; + + template + static handle cast(T &&src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { + if (!src) + return none().inc_ref(); + if (!std::is_lvalue_reference::value) { + policy = return_value_policy_override::policy(policy); + } + return value_conv::cast(*std::forward(src), policy, parent); + } + + bool load(handle src, bool convert) { + if (!src) { + return false; + } + if (src.is_none()) { + return true; // default-constructed value is already empty + } + value_conv inner_caster; + if (!inner_caster.load(src, convert)) + return false; + + value.emplace(cast_op(std::move(inner_caster))); + return true; + } + + PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(Type, const_name("Optional[") + value_conv::name + const_name("]")); +}; + +#if defined(PYBIND11_HAS_OPTIONAL) +template struct type_caster> + : public optional_caster> {}; + +template<> struct type_caster + : public void_caster {}; +#endif + +#if defined(PYBIND11_HAS_EXP_OPTIONAL) +template struct type_caster> + : public optional_caster> {}; + +template<> struct type_caster + : public void_caster {}; +#endif + +/// Visit a variant and cast any found type to Python +struct variant_caster_visitor { + return_value_policy policy; + handle parent; + + using result_type = handle; // required by boost::variant in C++11 + + template + result_type operator()(T &&src) const { + return make_caster::cast(std::forward(src), policy, parent); + } +}; + +/// Helper class which abstracts away variant's `visit` function. `std::variant` and similar +/// `namespace::variant` types which provide a `namespace::visit()` function are handled here +/// automatically using argument-dependent lookup. Users can provide specializations for other +/// variant-like classes, e.g. `boost::variant` and `boost::apply_visitor`. +template class Variant> +struct visit_helper { + template + static auto call(Args &&...args) -> decltype(visit(std::forward(args)...)) { + return visit(std::forward(args)...); + } +}; + +/// Generic variant caster +template struct variant_caster; + +template class V, typename... Ts> +struct variant_caster> { + static_assert(sizeof...(Ts) > 0, "Variant must consist of at least one alternative."); + + template + bool load_alternative(handle src, bool convert, type_list) { + auto caster = make_caster(); + if (caster.load(src, convert)) { + value = cast_op(caster); + return true; + } + return load_alternative(src, convert, type_list{}); + } + + bool load_alternative(handle, bool, type_list<>) { return false; } + + bool load(handle src, bool convert) { + // Do a first pass without conversions to improve constructor resolution. + // E.g. `py::int_(1).cast>()` needs to fill the `int` + // slot of the variant. Without two-pass loading `double` would be filled + // because it appears first and a conversion is possible. + if (convert && load_alternative(src, false, type_list{})) + return true; + return load_alternative(src, convert, type_list{}); + } + + template + static handle cast(Variant &&src, return_value_policy policy, handle parent) { + return visit_helper::call(variant_caster_visitor{policy, parent}, + std::forward(src)); + } + + using Type = V; + PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(Type, const_name("Union[") + detail::concat(make_caster::name...) + const_name("]")); +}; + +#if defined(PYBIND11_HAS_VARIANT) +template +struct type_caster> : variant_caster> { }; +#endif + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +inline std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const handle &obj) { +#ifdef PYBIND11_HAS_STRING_VIEW + os << str(obj).cast(); +#else + os << (std::string) str(obj); +#endif + return os; +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/stl/filesystem.h b/include/pybind11/stl/filesystem.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a9a6c851 --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/stl/filesystem.h @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +// Copyright (c) 2021 The Pybind Development Team. +// All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a +// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. + +#pragma once + +#include "../cast.h" +#include "../pybind11.h" +#include "../pytypes.h" + +#include "../detail/common.h" +#include "../detail/descr.h" + +#include + +#ifdef __has_include +# if defined(PYBIND11_CPP17) && __has_include() && \ + PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03060000 +# include +# define PYBIND11_HAS_FILESYSTEM 1 +# endif +#endif + +#if !defined(PYBIND11_HAS_FILESYSTEM) && !defined(PYBIND11_HAS_FILESYSTEM_IS_OPTIONAL) +# error \ + "#include is not available. (Use -DPYBIND11_HAS_FILESYSTEM_IS_OPTIONAL to ignore.)" +#endif + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +#if defined(PYBIND11_HAS_FILESYSTEM) +template struct path_caster { + +private: + static PyObject* unicode_from_fs_native(const std::string& w) { +#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION) + return PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(w.c_str(), ssize_t(w.size())); +#else + // PyPy mistakenly declares the first parameter as non-const. + return PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize( + const_cast(w.c_str()), ssize_t(w.size())); +#endif + } + + static PyObject* unicode_from_fs_native(const std::wstring& w) { + return PyUnicode_FromWideChar(w.c_str(), ssize_t(w.size())); + } + +public: + static handle cast(const T& path, return_value_policy, handle) { + if (auto py_str = unicode_from_fs_native(path.native())) { + return module_::import("pathlib").attr("Path")(reinterpret_steal(py_str)) + .release(); + } + return nullptr; + } + + bool load(handle handle, bool) { + // PyUnicode_FSConverter and PyUnicode_FSDecoder normally take care of + // calling PyOS_FSPath themselves, but that's broken on PyPy (PyPy + // issue #3168) so we do it ourselves instead. + PyObject* buf = PyOS_FSPath(handle.ptr()); + if (!buf) { + PyErr_Clear(); + return false; + } + PyObject* native = nullptr; + if constexpr (std::is_same_v) { + if (PyUnicode_FSConverter(buf, &native) != 0) { + if (auto c_str = PyBytes_AsString(native)) { + // AsString returns a pointer to the internal buffer, which + // must not be free'd. + value = c_str; + } + } + } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v) { + if (PyUnicode_FSDecoder(buf, &native) != 0) { + if (auto c_str = PyUnicode_AsWideCharString(native, nullptr)) { + // AsWideCharString returns a new string that must be free'd. + value = c_str; // Copies the string. + PyMem_Free(c_str); + } + } + } + Py_XDECREF(native); + Py_DECREF(buf); + if (PyErr_Occurred()) { + PyErr_Clear(); + return false; + } + return true; + } + + PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(T, const_name("os.PathLike")); +}; + +template<> struct type_caster + : public path_caster {}; +#endif // PYBIND11_HAS_FILESYSTEM + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/include/pybind11/stl_bind.h b/include/pybind11/stl_bind.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000..050be83c --- /dev/null +++ b/include/pybind11/stl_bind.h @@ -0,0 +1,747 @@ +/* + pybind11/std_bind.h: Binding generators for STL data types + + Copyright (c) 2016 Sergey Lyskov and Wenzel Jakob + + All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a + BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. +*/ + +#pragma once + +#include "detail/common.h" +#include "operators.h" + +#include +#include + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +/* SFINAE helper class used by 'is_comparable */ +template struct container_traits { + template static std::true_type test_comparable(decltype(std::declval() == std::declval())*); + template static std::false_type test_comparable(...); + template static std::true_type test_value(typename T2::value_type *); + template static std::false_type test_value(...); + template static std::true_type test_pair(typename T2::first_type *, typename T2::second_type *); + template static std::false_type test_pair(...); + + static constexpr const bool is_comparable = std::is_same(nullptr))>::value; + static constexpr const bool is_pair = std::is_same(nullptr, nullptr))>::value; + static constexpr const bool is_vector = std::is_same(nullptr))>::value; + static constexpr const bool is_element = !is_pair && !is_vector; +}; + +/* Default: is_comparable -> std::false_type */ +template +struct is_comparable : std::false_type { }; + +/* For non-map data structures, check whether operator== can be instantiated */ +template +struct is_comparable< + T, enable_if_t::is_element && + container_traits::is_comparable>> + : std::true_type { }; + +/* For a vector/map data structure, recursively check the value type (which is std::pair for maps) */ +template +struct is_comparable::is_vector>> { + static constexpr const bool value = + is_comparable::value; +}; + +/* For pairs, recursively check the two data types */ +template +struct is_comparable::is_pair>> { + static constexpr const bool value = + is_comparable::value && + is_comparable::value; +}; + +/* Fallback functions */ +template void vector_if_copy_constructible(const Args &...) { } +template void vector_if_equal_operator(const Args &...) { } +template void vector_if_insertion_operator(const Args &...) { } +template void vector_modifiers(const Args &...) { } + +template +void vector_if_copy_constructible(enable_if_t::value, Class_> &cl) { + cl.def(init(), "Copy constructor"); +} + +template +void vector_if_equal_operator(enable_if_t::value, Class_> &cl) { + using T = typename Vector::value_type; + + cl.def(self == self); + cl.def(self != self); + + cl.def("count", + [](const Vector &v, const T &x) { + return std::count(v.begin(), v.end(), x); + }, + arg("x"), + "Return the number of times ``x`` appears in the list" + ); + + cl.def("remove", [](Vector &v, const T &x) { + auto p = std::find(v.begin(), v.end(), x); + if (p != v.end()) + v.erase(p); + else + throw value_error(); + }, + arg("x"), + "Remove the first item from the list whose value is x. " + "It is an error if there is no such item." + ); + + cl.def("__contains__", + [](const Vector &v, const T &x) { + return std::find(v.begin(), v.end(), x) != v.end(); + }, + arg("x"), + "Return true the container contains ``x``" + ); +} + +// Vector modifiers -- requires a copyable vector_type: +// (Technically, some of these (pop and __delitem__) don't actually require copyability, but it seems +// silly to allow deletion but not insertion, so include them here too.) +template +void vector_modifiers(enable_if_t::value, Class_> &cl) { + using T = typename Vector::value_type; + using SizeType = typename Vector::size_type; + using DiffType = typename Vector::difference_type; + + auto wrap_i = [](DiffType i, SizeType n) { + if (i < 0) + i += n; + if (i < 0 || (SizeType)i >= n) + throw index_error(); + return i; + }; + + cl.def("append", + [](Vector &v, const T &value) { v.push_back(value); }, + arg("x"), + "Add an item to the end of the list"); + + cl.def(init([](const iterable &it) { + auto v = std::unique_ptr(new Vector()); + v->reserve(len_hint(it)); + for (handle h : it) + v->push_back(h.cast()); + return v.release(); + })); + + cl.def("clear", + [](Vector &v) { + v.clear(); + }, + "Clear the contents" + ); + + cl.def("extend", + [](Vector &v, const Vector &src) { + v.insert(v.end(), src.begin(), src.end()); + }, + arg("L"), + "Extend the list by appending all the items in the given list" + ); + + cl.def( + "extend", + [](Vector &v, const iterable &it) { + const size_t old_size = v.size(); + v.reserve(old_size + len_hint(it)); + try { + for (handle h : it) { + v.push_back(h.cast()); + } + } catch (const cast_error &) { + v.erase(v.begin() + static_cast(old_size), + v.end()); + try { + v.shrink_to_fit(); + } catch (const std::exception &) { + // Do nothing + } + throw; + } + }, + arg("L"), + "Extend the list by appending all the items in the given list"); + + cl.def("insert", + [](Vector &v, DiffType i, const T &x) { + // Can't use wrap_i; i == v.size() is OK + if (i < 0) + i += v.size(); + if (i < 0 || (SizeType)i > v.size()) + throw index_error(); + v.insert(v.begin() + i, x); + }, + arg("i") , arg("x"), + "Insert an item at a given position." + ); + + cl.def("pop", + [](Vector &v) { + if (v.empty()) + throw index_error(); + T t = std::move(v.back()); + v.pop_back(); + return t; + }, + "Remove and return the last item" + ); + + cl.def("pop", + [wrap_i](Vector &v, DiffType i) { + i = wrap_i(i, v.size()); + T t = std::move(v[(SizeType) i]); + v.erase(std::next(v.begin(), i)); + return t; + }, + arg("i"), + "Remove and return the item at index ``i``" + ); + + cl.def("__setitem__", + [wrap_i](Vector &v, DiffType i, const T &t) { + i = wrap_i(i, v.size()); + v[(SizeType)i] = t; + } + ); + + /// Slicing protocol + cl.def( + "__getitem__", + [](const Vector &v, slice slice) -> Vector * { + size_t start = 0, stop = 0, step = 0, slicelength = 0; + + if (!slice.compute(v.size(), &start, &stop, &step, &slicelength)) + throw error_already_set(); + + auto *seq = new Vector(); + seq->reserve((size_t) slicelength); + + for (size_t i=0; ipush_back(v[start]); + start += step; + } + return seq; + }, + arg("s"), + "Retrieve list elements using a slice object"); + + cl.def( + "__setitem__", + [](Vector &v, slice slice, const Vector &value) { + size_t start = 0, stop = 0, step = 0, slicelength = 0; + if (!slice.compute(v.size(), &start, &stop, &step, &slicelength)) + throw error_already_set(); + + if (slicelength != value.size()) + throw std::runtime_error("Left and right hand size of slice assignment have different sizes!"); + + for (size_t i=0; i), +// we have to access by copying; otherwise we return by reference. +template using vector_needs_copy = negation< + std::is_same()[typename Vector::size_type()]), typename Vector::value_type &>>; + +// The usual case: access and iterate by reference +template +void vector_accessor(enable_if_t::value, Class_> &cl) { + using T = typename Vector::value_type; + using SizeType = typename Vector::size_type; + using DiffType = typename Vector::difference_type; + using ItType = typename Vector::iterator; + + auto wrap_i = [](DiffType i, SizeType n) { + if (i < 0) + i += n; + if (i < 0 || (SizeType)i >= n) + throw index_error(); + return i; + }; + + cl.def("__getitem__", + [wrap_i](Vector &v, DiffType i) -> T & { + i = wrap_i(i, v.size()); + return v[(SizeType)i]; + }, + return_value_policy::reference_internal // ref + keepalive + ); + + cl.def("__iter__", + [](Vector &v) { + return make_iterator< + return_value_policy::reference_internal, ItType, ItType, T&>( + v.begin(), v.end()); + }, + keep_alive<0, 1>() /* Essential: keep list alive while iterator exists */ + ); +} + +// The case for special objects, like std::vector, that have to be returned-by-copy: +template +void vector_accessor(enable_if_t::value, Class_> &cl) { + using T = typename Vector::value_type; + using SizeType = typename Vector::size_type; + using DiffType = typename Vector::difference_type; + using ItType = typename Vector::iterator; + cl.def("__getitem__", + [](const Vector &v, DiffType i) -> T { + if (i < 0 && (i += v.size()) < 0) + throw index_error(); + if ((SizeType)i >= v.size()) + throw index_error(); + return v[(SizeType)i]; + } + ); + + cl.def("__iter__", + [](Vector &v) { + return make_iterator< + return_value_policy::copy, ItType, ItType, T>( + v.begin(), v.end()); + }, + keep_alive<0, 1>() /* Essential: keep list alive while iterator exists */ + ); +} + +template auto vector_if_insertion_operator(Class_ &cl, std::string const &name) + -> decltype(std::declval() << std::declval(), void()) { + using size_type = typename Vector::size_type; + + cl.def("__repr__", + [name](Vector &v) { + std::ostringstream s; + s << name << '['; + for (size_type i=0; i < v.size(); ++i) { + s << v[i]; + if (i != v.size() - 1) + s << ", "; + } + s << ']'; + return s.str(); + }, + "Return the canonical string representation of this list." + ); +} + +// Provide the buffer interface for vectors if we have data() and we have a format for it +// GCC seems to have "void std::vector::data()" - doing SFINAE on the existence of data() is insufficient, we need to check it returns an appropriate pointer +template +struct vector_has_data_and_format : std::false_type {}; +template +struct vector_has_data_and_format::format(), std::declval().data()), typename Vector::value_type*>::value>> : std::true_type {}; + +// [workaround(intel)] Separate function required here +// Workaround as the Intel compiler does not compile the enable_if_t part below +// (tested with icc (ICC) 2021.1 Beta 20200827) +template +constexpr bool args_any_are_buffer() { + return detail::any_of...>::value; +} + +// [workaround(intel)] Separate function required here +// [workaround(msvc)] Can't use constexpr bool in return type + +// Add the buffer interface to a vector +template +void vector_buffer_impl(Class_& cl, std::true_type) { + using T = typename Vector::value_type; + + static_assert(vector_has_data_and_format::value, "There is not an appropriate format descriptor for this vector"); + + // numpy.h declares this for arbitrary types, but it may raise an exception and crash hard at runtime if PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE hasn't been called, so check here + format_descriptor::format(); + + cl.def_buffer([](Vector& v) -> buffer_info { + return buffer_info(v.data(), static_cast(sizeof(T)), format_descriptor::format(), 1, {v.size()}, {sizeof(T)}); + }); + + cl.def(init([](const buffer &buf) { + auto info = buf.request(); + if (info.ndim != 1 || info.strides[0] % static_cast(sizeof(T))) + throw type_error("Only valid 1D buffers can be copied to a vector"); + if (!detail::compare_buffer_info::compare(info) || (ssize_t) sizeof(T) != info.itemsize) + throw type_error("Format mismatch (Python: " + info.format + " C++: " + format_descriptor::format() + ")"); + + T *p = static_cast(info.ptr); + ssize_t step = info.strides[0] / static_cast(sizeof(T)); + T *end = p + info.shape[0] * step; + if (step == 1) { + return Vector(p, end); + } + Vector vec; + vec.reserve((size_t) info.shape[0]); + for (; p != end; p += step) + vec.push_back(*p); + return vec; + + })); + + return; +} + +template +void vector_buffer_impl(Class_&, std::false_type) {} + +template +void vector_buffer(Class_& cl) { + vector_buffer_impl(cl, detail::any_of...>{}); +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +// +// std::vector +// +template , typename... Args> +class_ bind_vector(handle scope, std::string const &name, Args&&... args) { + using Class_ = class_; + + // If the value_type is unregistered (e.g. a converting type) or is itself registered + // module-local then make the vector binding module-local as well: + using vtype = typename Vector::value_type; + auto vtype_info = detail::get_type_info(typeid(vtype)); + bool local = !vtype_info || vtype_info->module_local; + + Class_ cl(scope, name.c_str(), pybind11::module_local(local), std::forward(args)...); + + // Declare the buffer interface if a buffer_protocol() is passed in + detail::vector_buffer(cl); + + cl.def(init<>()); + + // Register copy constructor (if possible) + detail::vector_if_copy_constructible(cl); + + // Register comparison-related operators and functions (if possible) + detail::vector_if_equal_operator(cl); + + // Register stream insertion operator (if possible) + detail::vector_if_insertion_operator(cl, name); + + // Modifiers require copyable vector value type + detail::vector_modifiers(cl); + + // Accessor and iterator; return by value if copyable, otherwise we return by ref + keep-alive + detail::vector_accessor(cl); + + cl.def("__bool__", + [](const Vector &v) -> bool { + return !v.empty(); + }, + "Check whether the list is nonempty" + ); + + cl.def("__len__", &Vector::size); + + + + +#if 0 + // C++ style functions deprecated, leaving it here as an example + cl.def(init()); + + cl.def("resize", + (void (Vector::*) (size_type count)) & Vector::resize, + "changes the number of elements stored"); + + cl.def("erase", + [](Vector &v, SizeType i) { + if (i >= v.size()) + throw index_error(); + v.erase(v.begin() + i); + }, "erases element at index ``i``"); + + cl.def("empty", &Vector::empty, "checks whether the container is empty"); + cl.def("size", &Vector::size, "returns the number of elements"); + cl.def("push_back", (void (Vector::*)(const T&)) &Vector::push_back, "adds an element to the end"); + cl.def("pop_back", &Vector::pop_back, "removes the last element"); + + cl.def("max_size", &Vector::max_size, "returns the maximum possible number of elements"); + cl.def("reserve", &Vector::reserve, "reserves storage"); + cl.def("capacity", &Vector::capacity, "returns the number of elements that can be held in currently allocated storage"); + cl.def("shrink_to_fit", &Vector::shrink_to_fit, "reduces memory usage by freeing unused memory"); + + cl.def("clear", &Vector::clear, "clears the contents"); + cl.def("swap", &Vector::swap, "swaps the contents"); + + cl.def("front", [](Vector &v) { + if (v.size()) return v.front(); + else throw index_error(); + }, "access the first element"); + + cl.def("back", [](Vector &v) { + if (v.size()) return v.back(); + else throw index_error(); + }, "access the last element "); + +#endif + + return cl; +} + + + +// +// std::map, std::unordered_map +// + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail) + +/* Fallback functions */ +template void map_if_insertion_operator(const Args &...) { } +template void map_assignment(const Args &...) { } + +// Map assignment when copy-assignable: just copy the value +template +void map_assignment(enable_if_t::value, Class_> &cl) { + using KeyType = typename Map::key_type; + using MappedType = typename Map::mapped_type; + + cl.def("__setitem__", + [](Map &m, const KeyType &k, const MappedType &v) { + auto it = m.find(k); + if (it != m.end()) it->second = v; + else m.emplace(k, v); + } + ); +} + +// Not copy-assignable, but still copy-constructible: we can update the value by erasing and reinserting +template +void map_assignment(enable_if_t< + !is_copy_assignable::value && + is_copy_constructible::value, + Class_> &cl) { + using KeyType = typename Map::key_type; + using MappedType = typename Map::mapped_type; + + cl.def("__setitem__", + [](Map &m, const KeyType &k, const MappedType &v) { + // We can't use m[k] = v; because value type might not be default constructable + auto r = m.emplace(k, v); + if (!r.second) { + // value type is not copy assignable so the only way to insert it is to erase it first... + m.erase(r.first); + m.emplace(k, v); + } + } + ); +} + + +template auto map_if_insertion_operator(Class_ &cl, std::string const &name) +-> decltype(std::declval() << std::declval() << std::declval(), void()) { + + cl.def("__repr__", + [name](Map &m) { + std::ostringstream s; + s << name << '{'; + bool f = false; + for (auto const &kv : m) { + if (f) + s << ", "; + s << kv.first << ": " << kv.second; + f = true; + } + s << '}'; + return s.str(); + }, + "Return the canonical string representation of this map." + ); +} + +template +struct keys_view +{ + Map ↦ +}; + +template +struct values_view +{ + Map ↦ +}; + +template +struct items_view +{ + Map ↦ +}; + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail) + +template , typename... Args> +class_ bind_map(handle scope, const std::string &name, Args&&... args) { + using KeyType = typename Map::key_type; + using MappedType = typename Map::mapped_type; + using KeysView = detail::keys_view; + using ValuesView = detail::values_view; + using ItemsView = detail::items_view; + using Class_ = class_; + + // If either type is a non-module-local bound type then make the map binding non-local as well; + // otherwise (e.g. both types are either module-local or converting) the map will be + // module-local. + auto tinfo = detail::get_type_info(typeid(MappedType)); + bool local = !tinfo || tinfo->module_local; + if (local) { + tinfo = detail::get_type_info(typeid(KeyType)); + local = !tinfo || tinfo->module_local; + } + + Class_ cl(scope, name.c_str(), pybind11::module_local(local), std::forward(args)...); + class_ keys_view( + scope, ("KeysView[" + name + "]").c_str(), pybind11::module_local(local)); + class_ values_view( + scope, ("ValuesView[" + name + "]").c_str(), pybind11::module_local(local)); + class_ items_view( + scope, ("ItemsView[" + name + "]").c_str(), pybind11::module_local(local)); + + cl.def(init<>()); + + // Register stream insertion operator (if possible) + detail::map_if_insertion_operator(cl, name); + + cl.def("__bool__", + [](const Map &m) -> bool { return !m.empty(); }, + "Check whether the map is nonempty" + ); + + cl.def("__iter__", + [](Map &m) { return make_key_iterator(m.begin(), m.end()); }, + keep_alive<0, 1>() /* Essential: keep map alive while iterator exists */ + ); + + cl.def("keys", + [](Map &m) { return KeysView{m}; }, + keep_alive<0, 1>() /* Essential: keep map alive while view exists */ + ); + + cl.def("values", + [](Map &m) { return ValuesView{m}; }, + keep_alive<0, 1>() /* Essential: keep map alive while view exists */ + ); + + cl.def("items", + [](Map &m) { return ItemsView{m}; }, + keep_alive<0, 1>() /* Essential: keep map alive while view exists */ + ); + + cl.def("__getitem__", + [](Map &m, const KeyType &k) -> MappedType & { + auto it = m.find(k); + if (it == m.end()) + throw key_error(); + return it->second; + }, + return_value_policy::reference_internal // ref + keepalive + ); + + cl.def("__contains__", + [](Map &m, const KeyType &k) -> bool { + auto it = m.find(k); + if (it == m.end()) + return false; + return true; + } + ); + // Fallback for when the object is not of the key type + cl.def("__contains__", [](Map &, const object &) -> bool { return false; }); + + // Assignment provided only if the type is copyable + detail::map_assignment(cl); + + cl.def("__delitem__", + [](Map &m, const KeyType &k) { + auto it = m.find(k); + if (it == m.end()) + throw key_error(); + m.erase(it); + } + ); + + cl.def("__len__", &Map::size); + + keys_view.def("__len__", [](KeysView &view) { return view.map.size(); }); + keys_view.def("__iter__", + [](KeysView &view) { + return make_key_iterator(view.map.begin(), view.map.end()); + }, + keep_alive<0, 1>() /* Essential: keep view alive while iterator exists */ + ); + keys_view.def("__contains__", + [](KeysView &view, const KeyType &k) -> bool { + auto it = view.map.find(k); + if (it == view.map.end()) + return false; + return true; + } + ); + // Fallback for when the object is not of the key type + keys_view.def("__contains__", [](KeysView &, const object &) -> bool { return false; }); + + values_view.def("__len__", [](ValuesView &view) { return view.map.size(); }); + values_view.def("__iter__", + [](ValuesView &view) { + return make_value_iterator(view.map.begin(), view.map.end()); + }, + keep_alive<0, 1>() /* Essential: keep view alive while iterator exists */ + ); + + items_view.def("__len__", [](ItemsView &view) { return view.map.size(); }); + items_view.def("__iter__", + [](ItemsView &view) { + return make_iterator(view.map.begin(), view.map.end()); + }, + keep_alive<0, 1>() /* Essential: keep view alive while iterator exists */ + ); + + return cl; +} + +PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE) diff --git a/mod/Main.cpp b/mod/Main.cpp index 894e157a..9b13bcba 100644 --- a/mod/Main.cpp +++ b/mod/Main.cpp @@ -38,10 +38,7 @@ THook(int, "main", int argc, char* argv[], char* envp[]) { if (!fs::exists(PLUGIN_PATH)) fs::create_directory(PLUGIN_PATH); //设置模块搜索路径 - wstring plugins_path = - PLUGIN_PATH L";" - PLUGIN_PATH "Dlls;" - PLUGIN_PATH "Lib"; + wstring plugins_path = PLUGIN_PATH L";"; plugins_path.append(Py_GetPath()); Py_SetPath(plugins_path.c_str()); #if 0 @@ -72,8 +69,10 @@ THook(int, "main", int argc, char* argv[], char* envp[]) { } else { logger.info("Loading {}", name); - PyImport_ImportModule(name.c_str()); - Py_PrintErrors(); + auto m = PyImport_ImportModule(name.c_str()); + if (m == nullptr) + Py_PrintErrors(); + Py_XDECREF(m); } } } diff --git a/mod/Module.cpp b/mod/Module.cpp index fb0fb6f7..c275ae3c 100644 --- a/mod/Module.cpp +++ b/mod/Module.cpp @@ -262,6 +262,8 @@ static PyMethodDef methods[] { Py_METHOD_NOARGS(getPlayerList), Py_METHOD_NOARGS(getEntityList), Py_METHOD_VARARGS(setServerMotd), + Py_METHOD_VARARGS(broadcastText), + Py_METHOD_VARARGS(broadcastTitle), Py_METHOD_VARARGS(getBlock), Py_METHOD_VARARGS(setBlock), Py_METHOD_VARARGS(getStructure), diff --git a/mod/PyContainer.cpp b/mod/PyContainer.cpp new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e69de29b diff --git a/mod/PyEntity.cpp b/mod/PyEntity.cpp index b7546ca7..f32fd65a 100644 --- a/mod/PyEntity.cpp +++ b/mod/PyEntity.cpp @@ -455,7 +455,8 @@ struct PyEntity { Py_METHOD_NOARGS(getTags), Py_METHOD_NOARGS(kill), Py_METHOD_NOARGS(getGameMode), - Py_METHOD_END}; + Py_METHOD_END + }; }; PyTypeObject PyEntity_Type { diff --git a/mod/PyUtils.cpp b/mod/PyUtils.cpp index 20fd7d02..48f14153 100644 --- a/mod/PyUtils.cpp +++ b/mod/PyUtils.cpp @@ -88,3 +88,16 @@ PyObject* ToPyObject(double d) { return PyFloat_FromDouble(d); } +#include +struct pytest { + int a; +}; +int test(int a) { + return a; +} +using namespace pybind11; +PYBIND11_EMBEDDED_MODULE(mc, m) { + class_(m, "pytest") + .def(init()); + logger.info("{}", std::string(repr(cast(new pytest)))); +} diff --git a/mod/PyUtils.h b/mod/PyUtils.h index b20fed2b..c9cada7b 100644 --- a/mod/PyUtils.h +++ b/mod/PyUtils.h @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ #pragma once #define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN -#include "../include/Python.h" +#include #include "Common.h" #define Py_PARSE(format,...) if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, format ":" __FUNCTION__, __VA_ARGS__))return nullptr -#define Py_KEYWORDS_LIST(...) static const char* kwlist[]{ __VA_ARGS__,nullptr } +#define Py_KEYWORDS_LIST(...) static const char* kwlist[] {__VA_ARGS__,nullptr} #define Py_PARSE_WITH_KEYWORDS(format,...) if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, format ":" __FUNCTION__, const_cast(kwlist), __VA_ARGS__))return nullptr #define Py_RETURN_ERROR(str) return PyErr_SetString(PyExc_Exception, str), nullptr #define Py_RETURN_ERROR_FORMAT(str,...) return PyErr_Format(PyExc_Exception, str, __VA_ARGS__), nullptr -#define Py_PRINT_REFCOUNT(obj) logger.info(#obj " 的引用计数 : {}", obj->ob_refcnt) +#define Py_PRINT_REFCOUNT(obj) logger.info(#obj "->ref_count = {}", obj->ob_refcnt) #define Py_METHOD_VARARGS(name) {#name, reinterpret_cast(name), METH_VARARGS, nullptr} #define Py_METHOD_NOARGS(name) {#name, reinterpret_cast(name), METH_NOARGS, nullptr} @@ -105,3 +105,4 @@ class PyCaller { vector args_; PyObject* result_; }; + diff --git a/mod/Version.h b/mod/Version.h index 1353d351..9e75193f 100644 --- a/mod/Version.h +++ b/mod/Version.h @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ #pragma once constexpr unsigned PYR_VERSION_MAJOR = 1; constexpr unsigned PYR_VERSION_MINOR = 9; -constexpr unsigned PYR_VERSION_MICRO = 7; -constexpr const char* PYR_VERSION = "v1.9.7"; \ No newline at end of file +constexpr unsigned PYR_VERSION_MICRO = 8; +constexpr const char* PYR_VERSION = "v1.9.8"; \ No newline at end of file