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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>About the authors | Statistical Inference via Data Science</title>
<meta name="description" content="An open-source and fully-reproducible electronic textbook for teaching statistical inference using tidyverse data science tools." />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="An open-source and fully-reproducible electronic textbook for teaching statistical inference using tidyverse data science tools." />
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<meta name="author" content="Chester Ismay and Albert Y. Kim Foreword by Kelly S. McConville Adapted by William R. Morgan" />
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Welcome to ModernDive</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="foreword.html"><a href="foreword.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Foreword</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Preface</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#introduction-for-students"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Introduction for students</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#what-we-hope-you-will-learn-from-this-book"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>What we hope you will learn from this book</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#datascience-pipeline"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Data/science pipeline</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#reproducible-research"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Reproducible research</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#final-note-for-students"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Final note for students</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#introduction-for-instructors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Introduction for instructors</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#resources"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#why-did-we-write-this-book"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Why did we write this book?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#who-is-this-book-for"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Who is this book for?</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#connect-and-contribute"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Connect and contribute</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#acknowledgements"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Acknowledgements</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#about-this-book"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>About this book</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-the-authors.html"><a href="about-the-authors.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>About the authors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> Getting Started with Data in R</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#r-rstudio"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1</b> What are R and RStudio?</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1.1" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#installing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1.1</b> Installing R and RStudio</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1.2" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#using-r-via-rstudio"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1.2</b> Using R via RStudio</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#code"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2</b> How do I code in R?</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2.1" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#programming-concepts"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2.1</b> Basic programming concepts and terminology</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2.2" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#messages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2.2</b> Errors, warnings, and messages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2.3" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#tips-code"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2.3</b> Tips on learning to code</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3</b> What are R packages?</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.1" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#package-installation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.1</b> Package installation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.2" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#package-loading"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.2</b> Package loading</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.3" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#package-use"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.3</b> Package use</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#rfishbase"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4</b> Explore your first datasets</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.1" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#rfishpackage"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.1</b> <code>rfishbase</code> package</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.2" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#fishbasedataframe"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.2</b> <code>fishbase</code> data frame</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.3" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#exploredataframes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.3</b> Exploring data frames</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.4" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#identification-vs-measurement-variables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.4</b> Identification and measurement variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.5" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#help-files"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.5</b> Help files</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.5" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.5</b> Conclusion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.5.1" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#additional-resources"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.5.1</b> Additional resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.5.2" data-path="1-getting-started.html"><a href="1-getting-started.html#whats-to-come"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.5.2</b> What’s to come?</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>I Data Science with tidyverse</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Data Visualization</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#needed-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#grammarofgraphics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> The grammar of graphics</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.1" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#components-of-the-grammar"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.1</b> Components of the grammar</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.2" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#gapminder"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.2</b> Gapminder data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.3" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#other-components"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.3</b> Other components</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.4" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#ggplot2-package"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.4</b> ggplot2 package</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#FiveNG"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> Five named graphs - the 5NG</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#scatterplots"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> 5NG#1: Scatterplots</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.1" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#geompoint"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.1</b> Scatterplots via <code>geom_point</code></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.2" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#overplotting"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.2</b> Overplotting</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.3" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.3</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#linegraphs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4</b> 5NG#2: Linegraphs</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.1" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#geomline"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.1</b> Linegraphs via <code>geom_line</code></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.2" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#summary-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.2</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#facets"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5</b> Facets</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.6" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#histograms"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.6</b> 5NG#3: Histograms</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.6.1" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#geomhistogram"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.6.1</b> Histograms via <code>geom_histogram</code></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.6.2" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#adjustbins"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.6.2</b> Adjusting the bins</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.6.3" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#summary-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.6.3</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.7" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#boxplots"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.7</b> 5NG#4: Boxplots</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.7.1" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#geomboxplot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.7.1</b> Boxplots via <code>geom_boxplot</code></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.7.2" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#summary-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.7.2</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.8" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#geombar"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.8</b> 5NG#5: Barplots</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.8.1" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#barplots-via-geom_bar-or-geom_col"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.8.1</b> Barplots via <code>geom_bar</code> or <code>geom_col</code></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.8.2" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#must-avoid-pie-charts"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.8.2</b> Must avoid pie charts!</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.8.3" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#two-categ-barplot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.8.3</b> Two categorical variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.8.4" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#summary-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.8.4</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.9" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#data-vis-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.9</b> Conclusion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.9.1" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#summary-table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.9.1</b> Summary table</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.9.2" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#function-argument-specification"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.9.2</b> Function argument specification</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.9.3" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#additional-resources-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.9.3</b> Additional resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.9.4" data-path="2-viz.html"><a href="2-viz.html#whats-to-come-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.9.4</b> What’s to come</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Data Wrangling</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#wrangling-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#piping"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> The pipe operator: <code>%>%</code></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#filter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> <code>filter</code> rows</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#slice-rows"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> <code>slice</code> rows</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#select"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4</b> <code>select</code> variables</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.1" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#rename"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.1</b> <code>rename</code> variables</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#summarize"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5</b> <code>summarize</code> variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#groupby"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6</b> <code>group_by</code> rows</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6.1" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#grouping-by-more-than-one-variable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6.1</b> Grouping by more than one variable</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.7" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#mutate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.7</b> <code>mutate</code> existing variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.8" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#arrange"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.8</b> <code>arrange</code> and sort rows</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.9" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#joins"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.9</b> <code>join</code> data frames</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#wrangling-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10</b> Conclusion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10.1" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#summary-table-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10.1</b> Summary table</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10.2" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#additional-resources-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10.2</b> Additional resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.10.3" data-path="3-wrangling.html"><a href="3-wrangling.html#whats-to-come-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.10.3</b> What’s to come?</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> Data Importing and “Tidy” Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#tidy-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#csv"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> Importing data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.1" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#using-the-console"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.1</b> Using the console</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.2" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#using-rstudios-interface"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.2</b> Using RStudio’s interface</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#tidy-data-ex"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> “Tidy” data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.1" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#tidy-definition"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.1</b> Definition of “tidy” data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.2" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#converting-to-tidy-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.2</b> Converting to “tidy” data</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#case-study-tidy"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3</b> Case study: Weight loss data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#tidyverse-package"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4</b> <code>tidyverse</code> package</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#tidy-data-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5</b> Conclusion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.1" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#additional-resources-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.1</b> Additional resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.2" data-path="4-tidy.html"><a href="4-tidy.html#whats-to-come-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.2</b> What’s to come?</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>II Data Modeling with moderndive</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Basic Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#reg-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#model1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> One numerical explanatory variable</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.1" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#model1EDA"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.1</b> Exploratory data analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.2" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#model1table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.2</b> Simple linear regression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.3" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#model1points"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.3</b> Observed/fitted values and residuals</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#model2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> One categorical explanatory variable</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.1" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#model2EDA"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.1</b> Exploratory data analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.2" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#model2table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.2</b> Linear regression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.3" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#model2points"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.3</b> Observed/fitted values and residuals</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#reg-related-topics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> Related topics</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.1" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#correlation-is-not-causation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.1</b> Correlation is not necessarily causation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.2" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#leastsquares"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.2</b> Best-fitting line</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.3" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#underthehood"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.3</b> <code>get_regression_x()</code> functions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#reg-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4</b> Conclusion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.1" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#additional-resources-basic-regression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.1</b> Additional resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.2" data-path="5-regression.html"><a href="5-regression.html#whats-to-come-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.2</b> What’s to come?</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> Multiple Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#mult-reg-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#model4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> One numerical and one categorical explanatory variable</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1.1" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#model4EDA"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1.1</b> Exploratory data analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1.2" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#model4interactiontable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1.2</b> Interaction model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1.3" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#model4table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1.3</b> Parallel slopes model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1.4" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#model4points"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1.4</b> Observed/fitted values and residuals</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#model3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> Two categorical explanatory variables</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.1" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#model3EDA"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.1</b> Exploratory data analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.2" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#model3table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.2</b> Regression lines</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.3" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#model3points"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.3</b> Observed/fitted values and residuals</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#mult-reg-related-topics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> Related topics</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3.1" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#model-selection"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3.1</b> Model selection using visualizations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3.2" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#rsquared"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3.2</b> Model selection using R-squared</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#mult-reg-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4</b> Conclusion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.1" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#additional-resources-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.1</b> Additional resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.2" data-path="6-multiple-regression.html"><a href="6-multiple-regression.html#whats-to-come-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.2</b> What’s to come?</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>III Statistical Inference with infer</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> Sampling</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#sampling-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#sampling-activity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1</b> Sampling bowl activity</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.1" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#what-proportion-of-this-bowls-balls-are-red"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.1</b> What proportion of this bowl’s balls are red?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.2" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#using-the-shovel-once"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.2</b> Using the shovel once</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.3" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#student-shovels"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.3</b> Using the shovel 33 times</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.4" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#sampling-what-did-we-just-do"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.4</b> What did we just do?</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#sampling-simulation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2</b> Virtual sampling</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.1" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#using-the-virtual-shovel-once"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.1</b> Using the virtual shovel once</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#sampling-framework"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3</b> Sampling framework</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.1" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#terminology-and-notation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.1</b> Terminology and notation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.2" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#sampling-definitions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.2</b> Statistical definitions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.3" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#moral-of-the-story"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.3</b> The moral of the story</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#sampling-case-study"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4</b> Case study: Polls</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#sampling-conclusion-central-limit-theorem"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5</b> Central Limit Theorem</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#sampling-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6</b> Conclusion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6.1" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#sampling-conclusion-table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6.1</b> Sampling scenarios</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6.2" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#additional-resources-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6.2</b> Additional resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6.3" data-path="7-sampling.html"><a href="7-sampling.html#whats-to-come-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6.3</b> What’s to come?</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> Bootstrapping and Confidence Intervals</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#CI-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#resampling-tactile"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> Pennies activity</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.1" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#what-is-the-average-year-on-us-pennies-in-2019"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.1</b> What is the average year on US pennies in 2019?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.2" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#resampling-once"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.2</b> Resampling once</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.3" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#student-resamples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.3</b> Resampling 35 times</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.4" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#ci-what-did-we-just-do"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.4</b> What did we just do?</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#resampling-simulation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> Computer simulation of resampling</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.1" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#virtually-resampling-once"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.1</b> Virtually resampling once</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.2" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#bootstrap-35-replicates"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.2</b> Virtually resampling 35 times</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.3" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#bootstrap-1000-replicates"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.3</b> Virtually resampling 1000 times</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#ci-build-up"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3</b> Understanding confidence intervals</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3.1" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#percentile-method"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3.1</b> Percentile method</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3.2" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#se-method"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3.2</b> Standard error method</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#bootstrap-process"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4</b> Constructing confidence intervals</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.1" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#original-workflow"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.1</b> Original workflow</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.2" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#infer-workflow"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.2</b> <code>infer</code> package workflow</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.3" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#percentile-method-infer"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.3</b> Percentile method with <code>infer</code></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.4" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#infer-se"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.4</b> Standard error method with <code>infer</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#one-prop-ci"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5</b> Interpreting confidence intervals</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5.1" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#ilyas-yohan"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5.1</b> Did the net capture the fish?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5.2" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#shorthand"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5.2</b> Precise and shorthand interpretation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5.3" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#ci-width"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5.3</b> Width of confidence intervals</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#case-study-two-prop-ci"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6</b> Case study: Is yawning contagious?</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6.1" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#mythbusters-study-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6.1</b> <em>Mythbusters</em> study data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6.2" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#sampling-scenario"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6.2</b> Sampling scenario</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6.3" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#ci-build"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6.3</b> Constructing the confidence interval</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6.4" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#interpreting-the-confidence-interval"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6.4</b> Interpreting the confidence interval</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#ci-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7</b> Conclusion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7.1" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#bootstrap-vs-sampling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7.1</b> Comparing bootstrap and sampling distributions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7.2" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#theory-ci"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7.2</b> Theory-based confidence intervals</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7.3" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#additional-resources-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7.3</b> Additional resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7.4" data-path="8-confidence-intervals.html"><a href="8-confidence-intervals.html#whats-to-come-7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7.4</b> What’s to come?</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> Hypothesis Testing</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#nhst-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#ht-activity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> Promotions activity</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.1" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#does-gender-affect-promotions-at-a-bank"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.1</b> Does gender affect promotions at a bank?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.2" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#shuffling-once"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.2</b> Shuffling once</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.3" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#shuffling-16-times"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.3</b> Shuffling 16 times</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.4" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#ht-what-did-we-just-do"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.4</b> What did we just do?</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#understanding-ht"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> Understanding hypothesis tests</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#ht-infer"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3</b> Conducting hypothesis tests</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.1" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#infer-workflow-ht"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.1</b> <code>infer</code> package workflow</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.2" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#comparing-infer-workflows"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.2</b> Comparison with confidence intervals</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.3" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#only-one-test"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.3</b> “There is only one test”</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#ht-interpretation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4</b> Interpreting hypothesis tests</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.1" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#trial"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.1</b> Two possible outcomes</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.2" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#types-of-errors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.2</b> Types of errors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.3" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#choosing-alpha"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.3</b> How do we choose alpha?</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#ht-case-study"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5</b> Case study: Are action or romance movies rated higher?</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.1" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#imdb-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.1</b> IMDb ratings data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.2" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#sampling-scenario-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.2</b> Sampling scenario</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.3" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#conducting-the-hypothesis-test"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.3</b> Conducting the hypothesis test</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#nhst-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6</b> Conclusion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.1" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#theory-hypo"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.1</b> Theory-based hypothesis tests</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.2" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#when-inference-is-not-needed"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.2</b> When inference is not needed</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.3" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#problems-with-p-values"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.3</b> Problems with p-values</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.4" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#additional-resources-7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.4</b> Additional resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.5" data-path="9-hypothesis-testing.html"><a href="9-hypothesis-testing.html#whats-to-come-8"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.5</b> What’s to come</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> Inference for Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#inf-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#regression-refresher"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> Regression refresher</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.1" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#teaching-evaluations-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.1</b> Teaching evaluations analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.2" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#sampling-scenario-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.2</b> Sampling scenario</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#regression-interp"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> Interpreting regression tables</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.1" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#regression-se"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.1</b> Standard error</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.2" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#regression-test-statistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.2</b> Test statistic</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.3" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#p-value"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.3</b> p-value</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.4" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#confidence-interval"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.4</b> Confidence interval</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.5" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#regression-table-computation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.5</b> How does R compute the table?</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#regression-conditions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3</b> Conditions for inference for regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.1" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#residuals-refresher"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.1</b> Residuals refresher</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.2" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#linearity-of-relationship"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.2</b> Linearity of relationship</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.3" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#independence-of-residuals"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.3</b> Independence of residuals</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.4" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#normality-of-residuals"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.4</b> Normality of residuals</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.5" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#equality-of-variance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.5</b> Equality of variance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.6" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#what-is-the-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.6</b> What’s the conclusion?</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#infer-regression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4</b> Simulation-based inference for regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4.1" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#confidence-interval-for-slope"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4.1</b> Confidence interval for slope</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4.2" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#hypothesis-test-for-slope"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4.2</b> Hypothesis test for slope</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.5" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#inference-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.5</b> Conclusion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.5.1" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#theory-regression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.5.1</b> Theory-based inference for regression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.5.2" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#summary-of-statistical-inference"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.5.2</b> Summary of statistical inference</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.5.3" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#additional-resources-8"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.5.3</b> Additional resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.5.4" data-path="10-inference-for-regression.html"><a href="10-inference-for-regression.html#whats-to-come-9"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.5.4</b> What’s to come</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>IV Conclusion</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11</b> Tell Your Story with Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#review"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1</b> Review</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#story-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#seattle-house-prices"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2</b> Case study: Seattle house prices</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.1" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#house-prices-EDA-I"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.1</b> Exploratory data analysis: Part I</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.2" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#house-prices-EDA-II"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.2</b> Exploratory data analysis: Part II</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.3" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#house-prices-regression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.3</b> Regression modeling</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.4" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#house-prices-making-predictions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.4</b> Making predictions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#data-journalism"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3</b> Case study: Effective data storytelling</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3.1" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#bechdel-test-for-hollywood-gender-representation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3.1</b> Bechdel test for Hollywood gender representation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3.2" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#us-births-in-1999"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3.2</b> US Births in 1999</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3.3" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#scripts-of-r-code"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3.3</b> Scripts of R code</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="11-thinking-with-data.html"><a href="11-thinking-with-data.html#concluding-remarks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Concluding remarks</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="appendix"><span><b>Appendix</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A" data-path="A-appendixA.html"><a href="A-appendixA.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A</b> Statistical Background</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.1" data-path="A-appendixA.html"><a href="A-appendixA.html#appendix-stat-terms"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.1</b> Basic statistical terms</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.1.1" data-path="A-appendixA.html"><a href="A-appendixA.html#mean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.1.1</b> Mean</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.1.2" data-path="A-appendixA.html"><a href="A-appendixA.html#median"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.1.2</b> Median</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.1.3" data-path="A-appendixA.html"><a href="A-appendixA.html#appendix-sd-variance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.1.3</b> Standard deviation and variance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.1.4" data-path="A-appendixA.html"><a href="A-appendixA.html#five-number-summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.1.4</b> Five-number summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.1.5" data-path="A-appendixA.html"><a href="A-appendixA.html#distribution"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.1.5</b> Distribution</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.1.6" data-path="A-appendixA.html"><a href="A-appendixA.html#outliers"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.1.6</b> Outliers</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.2" data-path="A-appendixA.html"><a href="A-appendixA.html#appendix-normal-curve"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.2</b> Normal distribution</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.3" data-path="A-appendixA.html"><a href="A-appendixA.html#appendix-log10-transformations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.3</b> log10 transformations</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B</b> Inference Examples</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#needed-packages-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.1" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#inference-mind-map"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.1</b> Inference mind map</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#one-mean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2</b> One mean</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2.1" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#problem-statement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2.1</b> Problem statement</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2.2" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#competing-hypotheses"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2.2</b> Competing hypotheses</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2.3" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#exploring-the-sample-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2.3</b> Exploring the sample data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2.4" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#non-traditional-methods"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2.4</b> Non-traditional methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2.5" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#traditional-methods"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2.5</b> Traditional methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2.6" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#comparing-results"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2.6</b> Comparing results</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.3" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#one-proportion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.3</b> One proportion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.3.1" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#problem-statement-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.3.1</b> Problem statement</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.3.2" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#competing-hypotheses-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.3.2</b> Competing hypotheses</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.3.3" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#exploring-the-sample-data-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.3.3</b> Exploring the sample data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.3.4" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#non-traditional-methods-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.3.4</b> Non-traditional methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.3.5" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#traditional-methods-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.3.5</b> Traditional methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.3.6" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#comparing-results-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.3.6</b> Comparing results</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#two-proportions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4</b> Two proportions</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4.1" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#problem-statement-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4.1</b> Problem statement</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4.2" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#competing-hypotheses-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4.2</b> Competing hypotheses</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4.3" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#exploring-the-sample-data-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4.3</b> Exploring the sample data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4.4" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#non-traditional-methods-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4.4</b> Non-traditional methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4.5" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#traditional-methods-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4.5</b> Traditional methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4.6" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#test-statistic-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4.6</b> Test statistic</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4.7" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#state-conclusion-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4.7</b> State conclusion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4.8" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#comparing-results-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4.8</b> Comparing results</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#two-means-independent-samples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5</b> Two means (independent samples)</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.1" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#problem-statement-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.1</b> Problem statement</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.2" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#competing-hypotheses-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.2</b> Competing hypotheses</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.3" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#exploring-the-sample-data-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.3</b> Exploring the sample data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.4" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#non-traditional-methods-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.4</b> Non-traditional methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.5" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#traditional-methods-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.5</b> Traditional methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.6" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#test-statistic-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.6</b> Test statistic</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.7" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#compute-p-value-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.7</b> Compute <span class="math inline">\(p\)</span>-value</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.8" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#state-conclusion-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.8</b> State conclusion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5.9" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#comparing-results-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5.9</b> Comparing results</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.6" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#two-means-paired-samples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.6</b> Two means (paired samples)</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#problem-statement-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Problem statement</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.6.1" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#competing-hypotheses-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.6.1</b> Competing hypotheses</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.6.2" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#exploring-the-sample-data-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.6.2</b> Exploring the sample data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.6.3" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#non-traditional-methods-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.6.3</b> Non-traditional methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.6.4" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#traditional-methods-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.6.4</b> Traditional methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.6.5" data-path="B-appendixB.html"><a href="B-appendixB.html#comparing-results-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.6.5</b> Comparing results</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C</b> Tips and Tricks</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#needed-packages-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Needed packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#data-wrangling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1</b> Data wrangling</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1.1" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#appendix-missing-values"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1.1</b> Dealing with missing values</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1.2" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#appendix-reordering-bars"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1.2</b> Reordering bars in a barplot</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1.3" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#appendix-money-on-axis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1.3</b> Showing money on an axis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1.4" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#appendix-changing-values"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1.4</b> Changing values inside cells</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1.5" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#appendix-convert-numerical-categorical"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1.5</b> Converting a numerical variable to a categorical one</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1.6" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#appendix-prop"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1.6</b> Computing proportions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1.7" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#appendix-commas"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1.7</b> Dealing with %, commas, and $</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.2" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#interactive-graphics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.2</b> Interactive graphics</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.2.1" data-path="C-appendixC.html"><a href="C-appendixC.html#interactive-linegraphs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.2.1</b> Interactive linegraphs</a></li>
</ul></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="D" data-path="D-appendixD.html"><a href="D-appendixD.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>D</b> Learning Check Solutions</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="D.1" data-path="D-appendixD.html"><a href="D-appendixD.html#chapter-1-solutions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>D.1</b> Chapter 1 Solutions</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="E" data-path="E-appendixE.html"><a href="E-appendixE.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>E</b> Versions of R Packages Used</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="references.html"><a href="references.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>References</a></li>
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<h1>About the authors</h1>
<table>
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<th align="center">Chester Ismay</th>
<th align="center">Albert Y. Kim</th>
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<p><strong>Chester Ismay</strong> is a Data Science Evangelist at DataRobot in Portland, OR, USA. In this role, he leads data science, machine learning, and data engineering in-person workshops for DataRobot University. He completed his PhD in statistics from Arizona State University in 2013. He has previously worked in a variety of roles including as an actuary at Scottsdale Insurance Company (now Nationwide E&S/Specialty), as a freelance data science consultant, and at Ripon College, Reed College, and Pacific University. In addition to his work for <em>ModernDive</em>, he also contributed as initial developer of the <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/package=infer"><code>infer</code></a> R package and is author and maintainer of the <a href="https://github.com/ismayc/thesisdown"><code>thesisdown</code></a> R package.</p>
<ul>
<li>Email: <code>[email protected]</code></li>
<li>Webpage: <a href="https://chester.rbind.io/" class="uri">https://chester.rbind.io/</a></li>
<li>Twitter: <a href="https://twitter.com/old_man_chester">old_man_chester</a></li>
<li>GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/ismayc" class="uri">https://github.com/ismayc</a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Albert Y. Kim</strong> is an Assistant Professor of Statistical & Data Sciences at Smith College in Northampton, MA, USA. He completed his PhD in statistics at the University of Washington in 2011. Previously he worked in the Search Ads Metrics Team at Google Inc. as well as at Reed, Middlebury, and Amherst Colleges. In addition to his work for <em>ModernDive</em>, he is a co-author of the <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/package=resampledata"><code>resampledata</code></a> and <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/package=SpatialEpi"><code>SpatialEpi</code></a> R packages.</p>
<ul>
<li>Email: <code>[email protected]</code></li>
<li>Webpage: <a href="https://rudeboybert.rbind.io/" class="uri">https://rudeboybert.rbind.io/</a></li>
<li>Twitter: <a href="https://twitter.com/rudeboybert">rudeboybert</a></li>
<li>GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/rudeboybert" class="uri">https://github.com/rudeboybert</a></li>
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<p>Both Drs. Ismay and Kim, along with <a href="https://github.com/jchunn">Jennifer Chunn</a>, are co-authors of the <a href="https://fivethirtyeight-r.netlify.app/"><code>fivethirtyeight</code></a> package of code and datasets published by the data journalism website <a href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/">FiveThirtyEight.com</a>.</p>
<p><strong>William R. Morgan</strong> is the Theron L. Peterson and Dorothy R. Peterson Professor of Biology at The College of Wooster in Wooster, OH, USA. He teaches courses in introductory biology, research skills for life scientists, genetics and genomics, and computational genomics. Using genomic and bioinformatics approaches, Dr. Morgan and his undergraduate research students investigate how plant pathogens infect host plants at the molecular level. As a member of the <a href="https://qubeshub.org/community/groups/niblse">NIBLSE</a> leadership team, Dr. Morgan is helping to establish a network of educators seeking to integrate bioinformatics into life science education.</p>
<ul>
<li>Email: <code>[email protected]</code></li>
<li>Webpage: <a href="https://wooster.edu/bios/wmorgan/" class="uri">https://wooster.edu/bios/wmorgan/</a></li>
<li>GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/wmorgan485" class="uri">https://github.com/wmorgan485</a></li>
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