增加复制构造函数和赋值运算符重载，针对类中有new分配的情况

.gitignore

@@ -2,3 +2,4 @@ chapter_8/a.out
 chapter_8/carinfo.txt
 chapter_9/a.out
 chapter_10/a.out
+chapter_12/a.out

chapter_12/.vscode/c_cpp_properties.json

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+{
+    "configurations": [
+        {
+            "name": "Mac",
+            "includePath": [
+                "/usr/include",
+                "/usr/local/include",
+                "${workspaceRoot}"
+            ],
+            "defines": [],
+            "intelliSenseMode": "clang-x64",
+            "browse": {
+                "path": [
+                    "/usr/include",
+                    "/usr/local/include",
+                    "${workspaceRoot}"
+                ],
+                "limitSymbolsToIncludedHeaders": true,
+                "databaseFilename": ""
+            },
+            "macFrameworkPath": [
+                "/System/Library/Frameworks",
+                "/Library/Frameworks"
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "Linux",
+            "includePath": [
+                "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/../../../../include/c++/4.8.5",
+                "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/../../../../include/c++/4.8.5/x86_64-redhat-linux",
+                "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/../../../../include/c++/4.8.5/backward",
+                "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/include",
+                "/usr/local/include",
+                "/usr/include",
+                "${workspaceRoot}",
+                "${workspaceRoot}/header"
+            ],
+            "defines": [],
+            "intelliSenseMode": "clang-x64",
+            "browse": {
+                "path": [
+                    "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/../../../../include/c++/4.8.5",
+                    "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/../../../../include/c++/4.8.5/x86_64-redhat-linux",
+                    "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/../../../../include/c++/4.8.5/backward",
+                    "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/include",
+                    "/usr/local/include",
+                    "/usr/include",
+                    "${workspaceRoot}"
+                ],
+                "limitSymbolsToIncludedHeaders": true,
+                "databaseFilename": ""
+            },
+            "compilerPath": "/usr/bin/gcc",
+            "cStandard": "c11",
+            "cppStandard": "c++14"
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "Win32",
+            "includePath": [
+                "C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0/VC/include",
+                "${workspaceRoot}"
+            ],
+            "defines": [
+                "_DEBUG",
+                "UNICODE",
+                "_UNICODE"
+            ],
+            "intelliSenseMode": "msvc-x64",
+            "browse": {
+                "path": [
+                    "C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0/VC/include/*",
+                    "${workspaceRoot}"
+                ],
+                "limitSymbolsToIncludedHeaders": true,
+                "databaseFilename": ""
+            }
+        }
+    ],
+    "version": 3
+}

chapter_12/.vscode/launch.json

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+{
+    // Use IntelliSense to learn about possible attributes.
+    // Hover to view descriptions of existing attributes.
+    // For more information, visit: https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=830387
+    // https://github.com/Microsoft/vscode-cpptools/blob/master/launch.md
+    "version": "0.2.0",
+    "configurations": [
+        {
+            "name": "(gdb) Launch",
+            "type": "cppdbg",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "program": "${workspaceFolder}/a.out",
+            "args": [],
+            "stopAtEntry": false,
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
+            "environment": [],
+            "externalConsole": true,
+            "MIMode": "gdb",
+            "setupCommands": [
+                {
+                    "description": "Enable pretty-printing for gdb",
+                    "text": "-enable-pretty-printing",
+                    "ignoreFailures": true
+                }
+            ],
+            //"internalConsoleOptions": "neverOpen",
+            "preLaunchTask": "main",
+            "additionalSOLibSearchPath": ""
+        }
+    ]
+}

chapter_12/.vscode/settings.json

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+{
+    "files.associations": {
+        "iostream": "cpp",
+        "ostream": "cpp",
+        "cmath": "cpp",
+        "climits": "cpp",
+        "cfloat": "cpp",
+        "array": "cpp",
+        "istream": "cpp",
+        "typeinfo": "cpp",
+        "string": "cpp",
+        "*.tcc": "cpp",
+        "cctype": "cpp",
+        "clocale": "cpp",
+        "cstdint": "cpp",
+        "cstdio": "cpp",
+        "cstdlib": "cpp",
+        "cstring": "cpp",
+        "cwchar": "cpp",
+        "cwctype": "cpp",
+        "exception": "cpp",
+        "fstream": "cpp",
+        "initializer_list": "cpp",
+        "iosfwd": "cpp",
+        "limits": "cpp",
+        "new": "cpp",
+        "stdexcept": "cpp",
+        "streambuf": "cpp",
+        "type_traits": "cpp"
+    },
+    "C_Cpp.errorSquiggles": "Disabled"
+}

chapter_12/.vscode/tasks.json

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+{
+    // See https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=733558
+    // for the documentation about the tasks.json format
+    "version": "2.0.0",
+    "tasks": [
+        {
+            "label": "main",
+            "type": "shell",
+            "command": "g++",
+            "args": [
+                "-g",
+                "-std=c++11",
+                "-Wall",
+                "main.cpp",
+                "file.cpp",
+                "debug.cpp"
+            ],
+            "group": {
+                "kind": "build",
+                "isDefault": true
+            },
+            "problemMatcher": []
+        }
+    ]
+}

chapter_12/debug.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include "header/debug.h"
+
+#define ANSI_COLOR_RED          "\x1b[1;31m" 
+#define ANSI_COLOR_GREEN        "\x1b[1;32m"
+#define ANSI_COLOR_YELLOW       "\x1b[1;33m"
+#define ANSI_COLOR_PURPLE       "\x1b[1;35m"
+#define ANSI_COLOR_CYAN         "\x1b[29m"
+#define ANSI_COLOR_CYAN_LESS    "\x1b[29m"
+#define ANSI_COLOR_RESET        "\x1b[0m" 
+
+#define PRINT_DEBUG             "DEBUG"
+#define PRINT_INFO              "INFO"
+#define PRINT_WARN              "WARN"
+#define PRINT_ERROR             "ERROR"
+
+#define PRINT_LEN 10240
+
+static void _common_printf(FILE * fp, const char * time_cl, const char * type_cl, 
+                           const char * func_cl, const char * content_cl,
+                           const char * level, const char * file,
+                           const int line, const char * func, const char * fmt) 
+{ 
+    struct timeval tv; 
+    gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
+    char datestr[20]; 
+    struct tm tm; 
+    time_t timesec = tv.tv_sec; 
+    localtime_r(&timesec, &tm); 
+    strftime(datestr, sizeof(datestr), "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", &tm); 
+/*     fprintf(fp, "%s" "%s.%06ld " ANSI_COLOR_RESET 
+                "%s" "[%-05s]" ANSI_COLOR_RESET 
+                "%s" "[%s, %4d][%-10s] " ANSI_COLOR_RESET 
+                "%s" "%s" ANSI_COLOR_RESET, 
+                time_cl, datestr, tv.tv_usec, type_cl,
+                level, func_cl, file, line, func, content_cl, fmt); */
+    fprintf(fp, "%s" "[%-05s]" ANSI_COLOR_RESET 
+                "%s" "[%s,%d] " ANSI_COLOR_RESET 
+                "%s" "%s" ANSI_COLOR_RESET, 
+                type_cl,level, func_cl, file, line, content_cl, fmt);
+    fflush(fp); 
+}
+
+int common_printf(FILE * fp, const int level, const char * file,
+                  const int line, const char * func, const char * fmt, ...)
+{
+    int i;
+    char buf[PRINT_LEN];
+
+    va_list args;    
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    i = vsnprintf(buf, PRINT_LEN, fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+
+    switch (level) {
+        case LEVEL_DEBUG:
+                _common_printf(fp, ANSI_COLOR_CYAN_LESS, ANSI_COLOR_GREEN,
+                           ANSI_COLOR_CYAN, ANSI_COLOR_GREEN,
+                           PRINT_DEBUG, file, line, func, buf);
+                break;                           
+
+        case LEVEL_INFO:
+                _common_printf(fp, ANSI_COLOR_CYAN_LESS, ANSI_COLOR_YELLOW,
+                           ANSI_COLOR_CYAN, ANSI_COLOR_YELLOW,
+                           PRINT_INFO, file, line, func, buf);
+                break;
+
+        case LEVEL_WARN:
+                _common_printf(fp, ANSI_COLOR_CYAN_LESS, ANSI_COLOR_PURPLE,
+                           ANSI_COLOR_CYAN, ANSI_COLOR_PURPLE,
+                           PRINT_WARN, file, line, func, buf);
+                break;           
+        case LEVEL_ERROR:
+                _common_printf(fp, ANSI_COLOR_CYAN_LESS, ANSI_COLOR_RED,
+                           ANSI_COLOR_CYAN, ANSI_COLOR_RED,
+                           PRINT_ERROR, file, line, func, buf);        
+                break;
+        default:
+                break;
+    }    
+
+    return i;
+}

chapter_12/file.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cstring>
+#include "header/file.h"
+
+using namespace std;
+
+
+int StringMe::num_strings = 0;
+
+StringMe::StringMe(const char *s)
+{
+    show("StringMe::StringMe(const char *s)\n");
+    len = std::strlen(s);
+    str = new char[len + 1];
+    std::strcpy(str, s);
+    num_strings ++;
+}
+
+StringMe::StringMe(const StringMe & st)
+{
+    show("StringMe::StringMe(const StringMe &)\n");
+    num_strings++;
+    len = st.len;
+    str = new char[len + 1];
+    std::strcpy(str, st.str);
+}
+
+StringMe::StringMe()
+{
+    show("StringMe::StringMe()\n");
+    len = 5;
+    str = new char[len + 1];
+    std::strcpy(str, "empty");
+    num_strings++;
+}
+
+StringMe::~StringMe()
+{
+    show("~StringMe::StringMe()\n");
+    print();
+    delete [] str;
+    num_strings--;
+}
+
+std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os,
+                          const StringMe & st)
+{
+    os << st.str;
+    return os;
+}
+
+ void StringMe::print(void)
+ {
+     cout << "str: " << str << endl;
+     cout << "num_strings: " << num_strings << endl;
+ }
+
+StringMe & StringMe::operator=(const StringMe & st)
+{
+    show("StringMe & StringMe::operator=(const StringMe & st)\n");
+
+    if (this == &st) {
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    delete [] str;
+    len = st.len;
+    str = new char [len + 1];
+    std::strcpy(str, st.str);
+
+    return *this;
+}
+

chapter_12/header/debug.h

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#ifndef __DEBUG_H__
+#define __DEBUG_H__
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+extern int common_printf(FILE * fp, const int level, const char * file,
+                  const int line, const char * func, const char * fmt, ...);
+
+/* 打印等级 0-4 */
+#define PRINT_LEVEL             4
+
+/* 提供4个打印接口 DEBUG, INFO, WARN, ERROR */
+#define LEVEL_DEBUG             4
+#define LEVEL_INFO              3
+#define LEVEL_WARN              2
+#define LEVEL_ERROR             1
+
+#if (PRINT_LEVEL >= LEVEL_DEBUG)
+#define DEBUG(fmt, ...) \
+    common_printf(stdout, LEVEL_DEBUG, __FILE__, __LINE__, __func__, fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__);
+#else
+#define DEBUG(fmt, ...) 
+#endif
+
+#if (PRINT_LEVEL >= LEVEL_INFO)
+#define INFO(fmt, ...) \
+    common_printf(stdout, LEVEL_INFO, __FILE__, __LINE__, __func__, fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__);
+#else
+#define INFO(fmt, ...) 
+#endif
+
+#if (PRINT_LEVEL >= LEVEL_WARN)
+#define WARN(fmt, ...) \
+    common_printf(stdout, LEVEL_WARN, __FILE__, __LINE__, __func__, fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__);
+#else
+#define WARN(fmt, ...) 
+#endif
+
+#if (PRINT_LEVEL >= LEVEL_ERROR)
+#define ERROR(fmt, ...) \
+    common_printf(stdout, LEVEL_ERROR, __FILE__, __LINE__, __func__, fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__);
+#else
+#define ERROR(fmt, ...) 
+#endif
+
+#endif