english switch: clean small mistakes (grammar & co) on entire content

README.md

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 
 **\[Brick under construction, see [roadmap](organisation/roadmap.md)\]**
 
-Digital is a new world that we have only just begun to explore.
+The digital is a new world that we have only just begun to explore.
 
 Due to its capacity for the free circulation of knowledge and large-scale collaboration, unique phenomena are taking shape: open models that form the epicentre of this digital revolution.
 
 Omnipresent, we know almost nothing about them. Open models have already shaped the digital world and could tomorrow help transform society in the face of the crises of the Anthropocene by changing our relationship to knowledge.
 
-The brick of knowledge on open models is intended as a digital commons for mastering these new concepts: Open (Source) Software, Open Science, Open Education, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Innovation, Open Standard, Open Organization...
+The brick of knowledge on open models is intended as a digital common for mastering these new concepts: Open (Source) Software, Open Science, Open Education, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Innovation, Open Standard, Open Organization...
 
 An openly accessible resource to dive into the digital of knowledge.
 
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ The core of the brick consists of a body of knowledge on open models.
 
 Knowledge to discover these phenomena, their histories, develop a methodology for building digital commons, learn how these collaborative dynamics work to seek to make them your own!
 
-A resource to acquire basic skills in open models and being an active player in these universes.
+A resource to acquire basic open models skills and being an active player in these universes.
 
-**Open models knowledge :**
+**Open models knowledge:**
 
 * [Introduction to open models](content/introduction.md)
 * [History of open models](content/history.md)
-* [Method for building a digital commons](content/method/README.md)
+* [Method for building a digital common](content/method/README.md)
 * [List of open models](content/models/README.md)
 * [List of projects](content/projects/README.md)
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Open model education takes many forms and reaches many audiences, a multitude of
 
 To set and understand the orientation of the community around the brick, a [roadmap](organisation/roadmap.md) shows the main axes of work defined.
 
-A collective project, a collaboratively built digital commons, open to contribution and hosted (temporarily 🤞) on the non-open-source [GitHub](https://github.com/Open-Models/Brique) platform.
+A collective project, a collaboratively built digital common, open to contribution and hosted (temporarily 🤞) on the non-open-source [GitHub](https://github.com/Open-Models/Brique) platform.
 
 ## Contribute 🐜
 
@@ -50,13 +50,13 @@ Many ways to participate in this democratization of open models!
 
 ## Exchange with the community 🤳🏼
 
-The [discussion space](https://github.com/Open-Models/Brique/discussions) allows you to ask questions, go into more detail on certain points or simply chat with other members of the ❤️ community.
+The [discussion space](https://github.com/Open-Models/Brique/discussions) allows you to ask questions, go into more detail on certain points or simply chat with other members of the community ❤️ 
 
-Don't hesitate to share any open models-related projects you may have over there, they could be of interest to others people!
+Don't hesitate to share any open models related projects you may have over there, they could be of interest to others people!
 
 ## Licenses ⚖️
 
-All resources in this brick of knowledge can be freely used, modified and shared for your own uses, commercial or non-commercial. Viral license, modifications/forks must be redistributed under CC BY-SA license.
+All resources in this brick of knowledge can be freely used, modified and shared for your own uses. Viral license, modifications/forks must be redistributed under CC BY-SA license.
 
 Quotes to redirect to the brick are appreciated!
 

content/history.md

@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ Little by little, the software world began to have a more or less direct influen
 
 ## Open models in the software world
 
-![Frise chronologique](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Open-Models/Brique/main/images/open-source-timeline.png)
+![Open Source Timeline](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Open-Models/Brique/main/images/open-source-timeline.png)
 
 In the early days of computing, open source software and open collaboration were technically impossible.
 
-In 1945, the first computer weighed 30 tons, built by academics with programs written on [punched cards](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Open-Models/Brique/main/images/punch-card.png). The first digitized program appeared on June 11, 1948. When the first companies to produce computer hardware and then software appeared, software was in a sense "open source" even if the term didn't exist; the source code was supplied with the hardware, as business models were based on the sale of physical components. Computers were reserved for small groups of specialists who were proficient in programming and required to modify software.
+In 1945, the first computer weighed 30 tons, built by academics with programs written on [punched cards](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Open-Models/Brique/main/images/punch-card.png). The first digitized program appeared on June 11, 1948. When the first companies to produce computer hardware and then software appeared, software was in a sense "open source" even if the term didn't exist; the source code was supplied with the hardware as business models were based on the sale of physical components. Computers were reserved for small groups of specialists who were proficient in programming and required to modify software.
 
 From the 70s onwards, a new stage in the democratization of computing took place with the arrival of "[microcomputer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcomputer)", as computers became more personal. Hobbyist and hackers got to grips with the technology while new companies such as Microsoft in 1975 and Apple in 1977 emerged. As the latter wanted to retain control over software, the code was gradually closed, intellectual property began to apply to software with the [Copyright Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976) of 1976. The source code became the exclusive property of companies, software was distributed without the source code in the form of executables.
 
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ The battle was as much philosophical, with the launch of a [manifesto](https://w
 
 At the end of the 80s, a complete GNU operating system was almost ready, only the [kernel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)) was missing. At the same time in Finland, Linus Torvalds, still a computer science student, had a personal project to build one for his computer. With no financial motivation, he chose in 1991 to share his code on the Internet, which had been maturing since 1969 following the ARPANET program and was accelerating with the invention of the World Wide Web in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee. As a kernel is an indispensable part of a computer's operation, Linux spread easily, with everyone using it for personal use while sharing improvements that were integrated by Linus. By the end of the 90s, Linux had become a robust piece of software, licensed under the GNU GPL, massively used and co-produced by an army of developers worldwide.
 
-The way in which Linux was produced was atypical and pushed back the limits of certain recognized and taught development models, which challenged Eric Raymond. Based on his observations, he tried to sketch out a set of rules to apply to the development of his own software fetchmail. Seeing that these 19 rules worked, he shared them in his essay _"[The Cathedral and the Bazaar](http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/)"_, proposing a new development model. His book influenced a whole section of the software world, the term open source was coined - partly for semantic reasons - to promote this new model which would later be supported by the[Open Source Initiative](https://opensource.org/). This development method saw open collaboration as a more efficient way of producing code.
+The way in which Linux was produced was atypical and pushed back the limits of certain recognized and taught development models, which challenged Eric Raymond. Based on his observations, he tried to sketch out a set of rules to apply to the development of his own software fetchmail. Seeing that these 19 rules worked, he shared them in his essay _"[The Cathedral and the Bazaar](http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/)"_, proposing a new development model. His book influenced a whole section of the software world, the term open source was coined - partly for semantic reasons - to promote this new model which would later be supported by the [Open Source Initiative](https://opensource.org/). This development method saw open collaboration as a more efficient way of producing code.
 
-20 years later, Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) is structuring our digital ecosystem to become the norm.
+20 years later, Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) is structuring our digital ecosystem to become a norm.
 
 ## The emergence of open models outside software
 
@@ -33,8 +33,6 @@ The term open hardware was coined around 1997 by the co-founder of the Open Sour
 
 For many of these phenomena, as in the software world, we should be able to observe a 2-step movement. The sharing of intellectual resources comes first, followed by the structuring of open collaboration facilitated by the evolution of technical infrastructure, alongside a growing culture of contribution.
 
-Knowledge becomes easily accessible, massively co-produced, which can lead to a high-quality solution thanks to the particularities of collective intelligence, continuously improvable and available worldwide.
-
 Knowledge becomes easily accessible, co-produced massively, potentially leading to high-quality solutions due to these particularities of collective intelligence, continuously improvable, and available worldwide.
 
 It's a mechanism that seems to be taking place, these are profound changes over a long period of time, but could potentially be sped up by gaining a deeper understanding of the phenomenon.

content/introduction.md

@@ -26,4 +26,4 @@ Since the Age of Enlightenment and the first scientific revolution, science has
 
 These transformations are gradually extending to all other fields such as education and industry, which are themselves affected by this change in relationship to knowledge. Their implementation is sometimes more complex, both technically and culturally.
 
-Open models seem to be as much the heart as the fruit of the digital revolution, a paradigm shift that could become tomorrow's standards.
+Open models are at the heart of the digital revolution, a paradigm shift that will impact tomorrow's standards.

content/method/rule-5.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Eric Raymond, in his essay The Cathedral and the Bazaar, formulates Linus' law:
 
 The more a software product is read and re-read, the more important its quality can becomes. This is what can produce security and robustness in open source software, which can be massively studied and reworked by everyone. That's why it's important when using open source software to be able to analyze the size and involvement of the community to try to assess its potential quality.
 
-There are certain limits to this logic, however: not all eyes are created equal and some subjects are genuinely complex. For example, if we stay with the Linux kernel, it's relatively mission impossible for a layman to judge the quality of the code, as considerable expertise is required to give an opinion.
+There are certain limits to this logic, however: not all eyes are created equal and some subjects are genuinely complex. For example, if we stay with the Linux kernel, it's relatively mission impossible for a layman to judge the quality of the code, as considerable expertise is required to jump in.
 
 This logic of peer review also applies to Wikipedia. Not all articles are equal, but those of the highest quality will be those that have been reviewed by a large number of experts, academics, specialists, enthusiasts... In fact, since the encyclopedia is public and collaborative, it is potentially the most reliable source of knowledge ever created by humankind. When a scientific journal article is reviewed by 2-3 peers, Wikipedia can count thousands. (https://au.pcmag.com/social-media/87504/wikipedia-the-most-reliable-source-on-the-internet)
 

content/models/open-collaboration.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 supports the collective production of an artifact (2) through a technologically mediated collaboration
 platform (3) that presents a low barrier to entry and exit, and (4) supports the emergence of persistent but
 malleable social structures.*  
-> [Andrea Forte](http://andreaforte.net/) (Drexel University), [Cliff Lampe](http://clifflampe.org/biography/) (University of Michigan)
+> [Defining, Understanding and Supporting Open Collaboration](http://andreaforte.net/ForteLampe-Submitted.pdf), Andrea Forte and Cliff Lampe
 
 > *A system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who interact to create a product (or service) of economic value, which is made available to contributors and noncontributors alike.*  
 > Sheen S. Levine; Michael J. Prietula (2014). [Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263545221_Open_Collaboration_for_Innovation_Principles_and_Performance)

content/models/open-education.md

@@ -55,13 +55,13 @@ While we know that much remains to be invented, the tools needed to produce open
 
 ## Landscape
 
-Today, the English-speaking world is more developed in open education, but everywhere the dynamic is being built
+Today, the English-speaking world is more developed in open education but everywhere the dynamic is being built
 
 In various forms and to varying degrees, hundreds of educational establishments around the world are today moving towards open education with public policies amplifying the dynamic.
 
 Coalitions of organizations are being set up such as the [Open Education Global](https://www.oeglobal.org/) network with over 250 members. The issue of access to school textbooks (open textbooks) unites a multitude of organization, with initiatives such as [LibreTexts](https://libretexts.org/) which serves as a digital library for dozens of (American) institutions, reaching millions of students.
 
-Distance learning structures such as open universities or more traditional universities such as MIT which are transforming with technological developments are exploring these new approaches to promoting access to education.
+Distance learning structures such as open universities or more traditional universities such as MIT which are transforming with technological developments are exploring these new approaches to support access to education.
 
 At the political level, UNESCO has issued [recommendations on open educational resources](https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/recommendation-open-educational-resources-oer) in 2019. The U.S. Department of Education, through its Office of Educational Technology, [encourages the use of open licenses](https://tech.ed.gov/open/) and makes them a condition for certain loans. Without explicitly talking about open education, France's Ministry of Education promotes collaboration and the use of digital commons for educational content in its [Digital Strategy for Education](https://www.education.gouv.fr/strategie-du-numerique-pour-l-education-2023-2027-344263) (2023-2027).
 

content/models/open-innovation.md

@@ -13,11 +13,9 @@ Open innovation involves, as an actor within an ecosystem, enriching oneself wit
 
 Chesbrough divides open innovation into two aspects,*outside-in* and *inside-out*.
 
-For an organization,**outside-in** means using external knowledge for internal activities. Being able to draw on information and include different contributions from partners and users.
-
 **Outside-in** refers to an organization using external knowledge for its internal activities. Being able to retrieve information and include different contributions from partners and users.
 
-The **inside-out** approach is to allow one's intellectual property to be reused by others to implement their own solutions. Research knowledge, often under-exploited, can be used elsewhere. For resources central to the player, it enables others to reuse, modify and improve its solutions to benefit from potential contributions.
+**Inside-out** approach is to allow one's intellectual property to be reused by others to implement their own solutions. Research knowledge, often under-exploited, can be used elsewhere. For resources central to the player, it enables others to reuse, modify and improve its solutions to benefit from potential contributions.
 
 At the intersection of outside-in and inside-out, we can find collaborative digital environments where improvements are pooled between different complementary players, each using the solution for their own activities, with skills interacting as the resource is co-constructed.
 

content/models/open-peer-review.md

@@ -5,17 +5,11 @@
 Open peer review is an umbrella term for a number of overlapping ways that peer review models can be adapted in line with the aims of Open Science, including making reviewer and author identities open, publishing review reports and enabling greater participation in the peer review process. The full list of traits is:
 
 - **Open identities**: Authors and reviewers are aware of each other’s identity
-
 - **Open reports**: Review reports are published alongside the relevant article.
-
 - **Open participation**: The wider community to able to contribute to the review process.
-
 - **Open interaction**: Direct reciprocal discussion between author(s) and reviewers, and/or between reviewers, is allowed and encouraged.
-
 - **Open pre-review manuscripts**: Manuscripts are made immediately available (e.g., via pre-print servers like arXiv) in advance of any formal peer review procedures.
-
 - **Open final-version commenting**: Review or commenting on final “version of record” publications.
-
 - **Open platforms (“decoupled review”)**: Review is facilitated by a different organizational entity than the venue of publication.
 
 *Source : [Tony Ross-Hellauer - What is open peer review ? A systematic review](https://f1000research.com/articles/6-588/v2)*

content/models/open-science.md

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Open science represents a whole new set of practices for researchers, with new s
 
 ## History of open science
 
-> The Internet has fundamentally changed the practical and economic realities of distributing scientific knowledge and cultural heritage. For the first time ever, the Internet now offers the chance to constitute a global and interactive representation of human knowledge, including cultural heritage and the guarantee of worldwide access.
+> *The Internet has fundamentally changed the practical and economic realities of distributing scientific knowledge and cultural heritage. For the first time ever, the Internet now offers the chance to constitute a global and interactive representation of human knowledge, including cultural heritage and the guarantee of worldwide access.*
 >
 > *Our mission of disseminating knowledge is only half complete if the information is not made widely and readily available to society. New possibilities of knowledge dissemination not only through the classical form but also and increasingly through the open access paradigm via the Internet have to be supported. We define open access as a comprehensive source of human knowledge and cultural heritage that has been approved by the scientific community.*
 >

organisation/contribution-guidelines.md

@@ -24,6 +24,6 @@ Come and give your opinion in the [issues](https://github.com/Open-Models/Brique
 
 The contribution is not limited to producing the content of the brick of knowledge.
 
-If you feel you're ready, you can educate people on the subject of open models: workshops, training courses, conferences... As well as producing content for social networks.
+If you feel you're ready, you can provide education on the subject of open models: workshops, training courses, conferences... As well as producing content for social networks.
 
 Help answer questions from the community, whether on Github or anywhere else!