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| version: "2" | ||
| services: | ||
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| image: openjournals/inara | ||
| user: $UID:$GID | ||
| environment: | ||
| journal: JOSS | ||
| volumes: | ||
| - ./:/data |
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| @inproceedings{vandewynckel2021, | ||
| title={{Indoor Positioning Using the OpenHPS Framework}}, | ||
| author={Van de Wynckel, Maxim and Signer, Beat}, | ||
| booktitle={{Proceedings of IPIN 2021, The 11th International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation}}, | ||
| pages={1--8}, | ||
| year={2021}, | ||
| doi={10.1109/IPIN51156.2021.9662569} | ||
| } | ||
|
|
||
| @inproceedings{vandewynckel2023, | ||
| title={{SemBeacon: A Semantic Proximity Beacon Solution for Discovering and Detecting the Position of Physical Things}}, | ||
| author={Van de Wynckel, Maxim and Signer, Beat}, | ||
| booktitle={{Proceedings of IoT 2023, The 13th International Conference on the Internet of Things}}, | ||
| pages={1--8}, | ||
| year={2023}, | ||
| } | ||
|
|
||
| @inproceedings{vandewynckel2022, | ||
| title={{A Solid-based Architecture for Decentralised Interoperable Location Data}}, | ||
| author={Van de Wynckel, Maxim and Signer, Beat}, | ||
| booktitle={{Proceedings of IPIN 2022, The 12th International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation, CEUR Workshop Proceedings}}, | ||
| pages={1--15}, | ||
| year={2022} | ||
| } |
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| <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> | ||
| <!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2 20190208//EN" | ||
| "JATS-publishing1.dtd"> | ||
| <article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="1.2" article-type="other"> | ||
| <front> | ||
| <journal-meta> | ||
| <journal-id></journal-id> | ||
| <journal-title-group> | ||
| <journal-title>Journal of Open Source Software</journal-title> | ||
| <abbrev-journal-title>JOSS</abbrev-journal-title> | ||
| </journal-title-group> | ||
| <issn publication-format="electronic">2475-9066</issn> | ||
| <publisher> | ||
| <publisher-name>Open Journals</publisher-name> | ||
| </publisher> | ||
| </journal-meta> | ||
| <article-meta> | ||
| <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">0</article-id> | ||
| <article-id pub-id-type="doi">N/A</article-id> | ||
| <title-group> | ||
| <article-title>OpenHPS: A Modular Framework to Facilitate the | ||
| Development and Sharing of Positioning Systems and | ||
| Algorithms</article-title> | ||
| </title-group> | ||
| <contrib-group> | ||
| <contrib contrib-type="author"> | ||
| <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0314-7107</contrib-id> | ||
| <name> | ||
| <surname>Van de Wynckel</surname> | ||
| <given-names>Maxim</given-names> | ||
| </name> | ||
| <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/> | ||
| </contrib> | ||
| <contrib contrib-type="author"> | ||
| <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9916-0837</contrib-id> | ||
| <name> | ||
| <surname>Signer</surname> | ||
| <given-names>Beat</given-names> | ||
| </name> | ||
| <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/> | ||
| </contrib> | ||
| <aff id="aff-1"> | ||
| <institution-wrap> | ||
| <institution>Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium</institution> | ||
| </institution-wrap> | ||
| </aff> | ||
| </contrib-group> | ||
| <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2023-11-13"> | ||
| <day>13</day> | ||
| <month>11</month> | ||
| <year>2023</year> | ||
| </pub-date> | ||
| <volume>¿VOL?</volume> | ||
| <issue>¿ISSUE?</issue> | ||
| <fpage>¿PAGE?</fpage> | ||
| <permissions> | ||
| <copyright-statement>Authors of papers retain copyright and release the | ||
| work under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC | ||
| BY 4.0)</copyright-statement> | ||
| <copyright-year>2022</copyright-year> | ||
| <copyright-holder>The article authors</copyright-holder> | ||
| <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"> | ||
| <license-p>Authors of papers retain copyright and release the work under | ||
| a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY | ||
| 4.0)</license-p> | ||
| </license> | ||
| </permissions> | ||
| <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"> | ||
| <kwd>TypeScript</kwd> | ||
| <kwd>Hybrid positioning</kwd> | ||
| </kwd-group> | ||
| </article-meta> | ||
| </front> | ||
| <body> | ||
| <sec id="summary"> | ||
| <title>Summary</title> | ||
| <p>Positioning systems are a collection of technologies and algorithms | ||
| that can help to determine the location of people and objects. While | ||
| outdoor positioning systems mainly use satellites such as GPS to | ||
| perform the tracking, many different technologies exist that can offer | ||
| better latency, accuracy or battery efficiency depending on the use | ||
| case. These use cases can range from indoor positioning systems where | ||
| there is no standardised technology to smaller scale positioning | ||
| systems such as tracking the location of a pen on a piece of paper. In | ||
| the research domain of positioning and tracking, these novel types of | ||
| positioning systems are often implemented as single use protypes with | ||
| no common data format, making it difficult to expand. OpenHPS was | ||
| created as a framework to enable to creation of positioning systems | ||
| for a wide range of use cases and to also allow a wide range of | ||
| algorithms. The creation of a positioning system using our framework | ||
| is graph based, allowing developers to share <italic>nodes</italic> | ||
| that implement new algorithms or combine various technologies.</p> | ||
| </sec> | ||
| <sec id="statement-of-need"> | ||
| <title>Statement of Need</title> | ||
| <sec id="context"> | ||
| <title>Context</title> | ||
| <p><monospace>OpenHPS</monospace> is an open source hybrid | ||
| positioning system framework written in TypeScript. It can be run on | ||
| the server using NodeJS, the browser or even hybrid mobile | ||
| applications such as NativeScript, React-Native and CapacitorJS. The | ||
| general design of a positioning system created using our framework | ||
| consists of a graph with a set of nodes that process data.</p> | ||
| <p>All concepts, ranging from positions to sensor values can be | ||
| expressed in various ways with varying units, allowing OpenHPS to be | ||
| used for small scale use cases such as tracking a pen on a paper to | ||
| larger use cases such as tracking airplanes across the globe.</p> | ||
| </sec> | ||
| <sec id="related-work"> | ||
| <title>Related Work</title> | ||
| </sec> | ||
| </sec> | ||
| <sec id="framework"> | ||
| <title>Framework</title> | ||
| <sec id="data-frames-and-objects"> | ||
| <title>Data Frames and Objects</title> | ||
| <p>Our framework uses stream based processing of | ||
| <monospace>DataFrame</monospace>s which contain all time-sensitive | ||
| information. Inside these frames can be one or more | ||
| <monospace>DataObject</monospace>s which indicate the spatial | ||
| objects that are relevant for the information within the data | ||
| frame.</p> | ||
| <p>Both this information can be serialised to JSON or semantic RDF | ||
| data, enabling the interoperability between systems.</p> | ||
| </sec> | ||
| <sec id="nodes"> | ||
| <title>Nodes</title> | ||
| <p>Each node in the graph represent a step in the processing of data | ||
| frames from source to sink. A <monospace>SourceNode</monospace> | ||
| generates information, such as a sensor that .</p> | ||
| <sec id="communication"> | ||
| <title>Communication</title> | ||
| </sec> | ||
| </sec> | ||
| <sec id="modules"> | ||
| <title>Modules</title> | ||
| <p>OpenHPS is modular by design, mainly due to the ability to extend | ||
| data frames and objects. These extensions allow for different data | ||
| objects such as different sensors such as cameras and IMU sensors or | ||
| spatial landmarks such as Bluetooth beacons.</p> | ||
| <p>Each node in a positioning model can be extended as well, | ||
| allowing the creation of custom algorithms that can be added or | ||
| removed from a positioning system with ease.</p> | ||
| </sec> | ||
| <sec id="performance"> | ||
| <title>Performance</title> | ||
| <p>Since our framework uses TypeScript, it uses JavaScript at | ||
| runtime, which is single-threaded by default. To overcome the | ||
| challenges associated with this when creating real time stream | ||
| processing systems, our graphs or portions of the graph can be run | ||
| with the help of web workers. All data transmitted through our graph | ||
| is serialisable, which prevents the need for developers to handle | ||
| this serialisation or the communication between web workers | ||
| themselves.</p> | ||
| <p>In addition to the ability to run graphs on multiple workers, our | ||
| communication nodes such as MQTT, combined with the serialisability | ||
| of data, allows developers to offload the processing of complicated | ||
| tasks to other servers or dedicated processors. For more | ||
| high-demanding algorithms such as computer vision and visual SLAM, | ||
| modules such as | ||
| <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://github.com/OpenHPS/openhps-opencv">(<xref alt="openhps/opencv?" rid="ref-openhpsU002Fopencv" ref-type="bibr"><bold>openhps/opencv?</bold></xref>)</ext-link> | ||
| and | ||
| <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://github.com/OpenHPS/openhps-openvslam">(<xref alt="openhps/openvslam?" rid="ref-openhpsU002Fopenvslam" ref-type="bibr"><bold>openhps/openvslam?</bold></xref>)</ext-link> | ||
| create C++ bindings in NodeJS.</p> | ||
| </sec> | ||
| </sec> | ||
| <sec id="examples-of-rearch-work"> | ||
| <title>Examples of Rearch Work</title> | ||
| <p>OpenHPS has been a building block for various research such as its | ||
| use within indoor positioning systems | ||
| (<xref alt="Van de Wynckel & Signer, 2021" rid="ref-vandewynckel2021" ref-type="bibr">Van | ||
| de Wynckel & Signer, 2021</xref>), its ability to serialise | ||
| location data to RDF in a demonstrator application that aims to | ||
| preserve privacy and transparency using Solid-pods | ||
| (<xref alt="Van de Wynckel & Signer, 2022" rid="ref-vandewynckel2022" ref-type="bibr">Van | ||
| de Wynckel & Signer, 2022</xref>) and its use within the SemBeacon | ||
| demonstrator application | ||
| (<xref alt="Van de Wynckel & Signer, 2023" rid="ref-vandewynckel2023" ref-type="bibr">Van | ||
| de Wynckel & Signer, 2023</xref>) that is written in CapacitorJS | ||
| and uses OpenHPS to deserialise positioning data and positioning | ||
| systems. However, with the ability for OpenHPS to contain modular | ||
| nodes, its use within the domain of positioning systems can allow for | ||
| easier sharing of algorithms and findings, as well as the rapid | ||
| creation of prototypes and demonstrators that make use of location | ||
| data.</p> | ||
| </sec> | ||
| </body> | ||
| <back> | ||
| <ref-list> | ||
| <ref id="ref-vandewynckel2021"> | ||
| <element-citation publication-type="paper-conference"> | ||
| <person-group person-group-type="author"> | ||
| <name><surname>Van de Wynckel</surname><given-names>Maxim</given-names></name> | ||
| <name><surname>Signer</surname><given-names>Beat</given-names></name> | ||
| </person-group> | ||
| <article-title>Indoor Positioning Using the OpenHPS Framework</article-title> | ||
| <source>Proceedings of IPIN 2021, The 11th International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation</source> | ||
| <year iso-8601-date="2021">2021</year> | ||
| <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1109/IPIN51156.2021.9662569</pub-id> | ||
| <fpage>1</fpage> | ||
| <lpage>8</lpage> | ||
| </element-citation> | ||
| </ref> | ||
| <ref id="ref-vandewynckel2023"> | ||
| <element-citation publication-type="paper-conference"> | ||
| <person-group person-group-type="author"> | ||
| <name><surname>Van de Wynckel</surname><given-names>Maxim</given-names></name> | ||
| <name><surname>Signer</surname><given-names>Beat</given-names></name> | ||
| </person-group> | ||
| <article-title>SemBeacon: A Semantic Proximity Beacon Solution for Discovering and Detecting the Position of Physical Things</article-title> | ||
| <source>Proceedings of IoT 2023, The 13th International Conference on the Internet of Things</source> | ||
| <year iso-8601-date="2023">2023</year> | ||
| <fpage>1</fpage> | ||
| <lpage>8</lpage> | ||
| </element-citation> | ||
| </ref> | ||
| <ref id="ref-vandewynckel2022"> | ||
| <element-citation publication-type="paper-conference"> | ||
| <person-group person-group-type="author"> | ||
| <name><surname>Van de Wynckel</surname><given-names>Maxim</given-names></name> | ||
| <name><surname>Signer</surname><given-names>Beat</given-names></name> | ||
| </person-group> | ||
| <article-title>A Solid-based Architecture for Decentralised Interoperable Location Data</article-title> | ||
| <source>Proceedings of IPIN 2022, The 12th International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation, CEUR Workshop Proceedings</source> | ||
| <year iso-8601-date="2022">2022</year> | ||
| <fpage>1</fpage> | ||
| <lpage>15</lpage> | ||
| </element-citation> | ||
| </ref> | ||
| </ref-list> | ||
| </back> | ||
| </article> |
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