Datastories updates (#86)

Co-authored-by: Slesa Adhikari <[email protected]>

stories/anthropogenic-methane-emissions-distribution.stories.mdx

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ taxonomy:
 <Block>
     <Prose>
     ## What is methane and why is it important?
-    Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas (GHG) that is more than 25 times as potent as carbon dioxide at trapping heat in the atmosphere. Over the last two centuries, methane concentrations in the atmosphere have more than doubled, due to emissions from human-related activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas systems, landfills, coal mining, stationary and mobile combustion, wastewater treatment, and certain industrial processes, as well as natural sources. According to a recent [report](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf) from the IPCC, methane is responsible for about one third of all warming resulting from human emissions of well-mixed GHGs[[1](https://usepa.sharepoint.com/sites/CSIB/Shared%20Documents/General/RegulatoryScienceLanguage/WEC/WEC_Climate%20Change%20Impacts_Text.docx#_ftn1)]. Due to methane’s high radiative efficiency compared to carbon dioxide, reducing methane emissions is one of the best opportunities for reducing near term warming. Follow these links for more information on the [importance of methane](https://www.epa.gov/gmi/importance-methane), [global methane budget](https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/methanebudget/index.htm), and [observed trends](https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends_ch4/) in global atmospheric concentrations. 
+    Methane (CH₄) is a greenhouse gas (GHG) that is more than 25 times as potent as carbon dioxide at trapping heat in the atmosphere. Over the last two centuries, methane concentrations in the atmosphere have more than doubled, due to emissions from human-related activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas systems, landfills, coal mining, stationary and mobile combustion, wastewater treatment, and certain industrial processes, as well as natural sources. According to a recent [report](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf) from the IPCC, methane is responsible for about one third of all warming resulting from human emissions of well-mixed GHGs[[1](https://usepa.sharepoint.com/sites/CSIB/Shared%20Documents/General/RegulatoryScienceLanguage/WEC/WEC_Climate%20Change%20Impacts_Text.docx#_ftn1)]. Due to methane’s high radiative efficiency compared to carbon dioxide, reducing methane emissions is one of the best opportunities for reducing near term warming. Follow these links for more information on the [importance of methane](https://www.epa.gov/gmi/importance-methane), [global methane budget](https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/methanebudget/index.htm), and [observed trends](https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends_ch4/) in global atmospheric concentrations. 
     </Prose>
     <Figure>
         <Image 
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ taxonomy:
         <Prose>
             ### Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 
 
-            As a Party to the UNFCCC, the U.S. submits a national inventory of anthropogenic sources and sinks of GHGs by April 15th each year, called the [Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (GHGI)](https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) has prepared the U.S. GHGI since the early 1990s, which uses IPCC Guidelines to calculate the annual time series of anthropogenic emissions and sinks by source, economic sector, and GHG (including methane). Separately through the [Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP)](https://www.epa.gov/ghgreporting), the U.S. EPA also collects annual GHG emissions data (including methane) from individual facilities and suppliers of certain fossil fuels and industrial gases that emit more than 25,000 metric tons or more of CO2 equivalent per year. The GHGRP does not provide full coverage of total annual anthropogenic U.S. GHG emissions, but is a complementary data set and important input to the calculations of national U.S. GHGI.
+            As a Party to the UNFCCC, the U.S. submits a national inventory of anthropogenic sources and sinks of GHGs by April 15th each year, called the [Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (GHGI)](https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) has prepared the U.S. GHGI since the early 1990s, which uses IPCC Guidelines to calculate the annual time series of anthropogenic emissions and sinks by source, economic sector, and GHG (including methane). Separately through the [Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP)](https://www.epa.gov/ghgreporting), the U.S. EPA also collects annual GHG emissions data (including methane) from individual facilities and suppliers of certain fossil fuels and industrial gases that emit more than 25,000 metric tons or more of CO₂ equivalent per year. The GHGRP does not provide full coverage of total annual anthropogenic U.S. GHG emissions, but is a complementary data set and important input to the calculations of national U.S. GHGI.
         </Prose>
     </Block>
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ taxonomy:
                 attrAuthor="example author"
                 attrUrl="https://www.nilu.com/2022/04/how-achievable-is-the-methane-pledge/"
             />
-            {/* <Caption> NOAA CH4 concentration map </Caption> */}
+            {/* <Caption> NOAA CH₄ concentration map </Caption> */}
         </Figure>
     </Block>
 

stories/discovering-large-methane-emissions.stories.mdx

@@ -17,23 +17,21 @@ taxonomy:
 <Block>
     <Prose>
     ## Introduction
-    Relative to carbon dioxide, methane is estimated to be 80 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere in the 20 years after release. Moreover, where carbon dioxide lingers for centuries, methane persists for about a decade, meaning that if emissions are reduced, the atmosphere will respond in a similar timeframe, leading to slower near-term warming.
-
+    Relative to carbon dioxide, methane is estimated to be 86 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere in the 20 years after release (Myhre et al., 2013). Moreover, where carbon dioxide lingers for centuries, methane persists for about a decade, meaning that if emissions are reduced, the atmosphere will respond in a similar timeframe, leading to slower near-term warming.
+    
     Methane is a flammable gas that is invisible to the human eye. Natural gas has a methane content of around 95% and because it is used widely for heating and cooking there are distribution systems for natural gas throughout our cities and towns. Methane emissions can occur during the production, transport, and processing of oil and natural gas. Methane is also released from coal mining, the waste sector (landfills, wastewater treatment), and agriculture (livestock and rice farming).
 
-    <Figure>
-        <Image 
-            src={new URL('./blue-flame.avif', import.meta.url).href}
-            alt="the blue flame of a natural gas stove" 
-            align="left"
-            attrAuthor="Ilse Driessen"
-            attrUrl="https://unsplash.com/photos/QdECiEXGCBU"
-            width="256"
-        />
-        <Caption> The blue flame of a natural gas stove </Caption>
-    </Figure>
-
-    When methane is burned it becomes CO2 and water, substantially decreasing the amount of heat that is trapped compared to direct release of methane. Increasingly, sectors such as landfills and wastewater management capture the methane that is produced and burn it either for electricity generation or simply to prevent the methane from entering the atmosphere. This can also reduce toxic gasses like benzene that often occur with methane.
+    <Image 
+        src={new URL('./blue-flame.avif', import.meta.url).href}
+        alt="the blue flame of a natural gas stove" 
+        align="left"
+        attrAuthor="Ilse Driessen"
+        attrUrl="https://unsplash.com/photos/QdECiEXGCBU"
+        caption="The blue flame of a natural gas stove" 
+        width="400"
+    />
+
+    When methane is burned it becomes CO₂ and water, substantially decreasing the amount of heat that is trapped compared to direct release of methane. Increasingly, sectors such as landfills and wastewater management capture the methane that is produced and burn it either for electricity generation or simply to prevent the methane from entering the atmosphere. This can also reduce toxic gasses like benzene that often occur with methane.
     </Prose>
     </Block>
 
@@ -86,8 +84,8 @@ taxonomy:
     <Block>
     <Figure>
         <CompareImage
-            leftImageSrc={new URL('./plume1.png', import.meta.url).href}
-            rightImageSrc={new URL('./plume2.png', import.meta.url).href}
+            leftImageSrc={new URL('./plume01.png', import.meta.url).href}
+            rightImageSrc={new URL('./plume02.png', import.meta.url).href}
             width="100"
             alt="A figure that has a slider to show a large methane plume detected from EMIT, which can be slid to remove the content and reveal the satellite basemap behind it."
         />
@@ -191,7 +189,7 @@ taxonomy:
         <Prose>
 
         ## The Expanding Future of Methane Point Source Mapping
-        These results from EMIT and AVIRIS-NG are offered as examples. There are other current missions and more are coming (Jacob et al., 2022) needed to gain a comprehensive picture of large methane emissions in the United States and around the world and to provide information to policy and decision makers. Identifying large methane emissions also offers the potential for emission mitigation of this potent greenhouse gas. 
+        These results from EMIT and AVIRIS-NG are offered as examples. There are other aircraft and satellite missions that have detected large emissions plumes, such as the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), PRISMA (PRecursore IperSpettrale della Missione Applicativa), and HISUI (Hyperspectral Imager Suite), which is on the International Space Station. A number of new missions are planned in the near term (Jacob et al., 2022), and the additional measurements of this expanding constellation will allow us to gain a comprehensive picture of large methane emissions in the United States and around the world and to provide information to policy and decision makers. Identifying large methane emissions also offers the potential for emission mitigation of this potent greenhouse gas. 
 
         Airborne instruments will remain important as they can observe smaller emissions that can not be observed with satellites. The JPL Airborne Visible InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) program generates publicly available, airborne data that has been used for mapping methane across the western hemisphere. Methane observations from this platform provide high resolution observations over targeted areas, and will be incorporated into the GHG Center’s available data and used to support calibration and validation of EMIT measurements.
         </Prose>
@@ -207,8 +205,10 @@ taxonomy:
         Cusworth, D.H., Thorpe, A.K., Ayasse, A.K., Stepp, D., Heckler, J., Asner, G.P., Miller, C.E., Yadav, V., Chapman, J.W., Eastwood, M.L. and Green, R.O., 2022. Strong methane point sources contribute a disproportionate fraction of total emissions across multiple basins in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(38), p.e2202338119.
 
         Olivier, J.G.J., Bouwman, A.F., Van der Maas, C.W.M. and Berdowski, J.J.M., 1994. Emission database for global atmospheric research (EDGAR). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 31, pp.93-106.
+        Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Banja, M., Solazzo, E., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Pagani, F., Monforti-Ferrario, F., Olivier, J., Quadrelli, R., Risquez Martin, A., Taghavi-Moharamli, P., Grassi, G., Rossi, S., Jacome Felix Oom, D., Branco, A., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J. and Vignati, E., CO₂ emissions of all world countries - 2022 Report, EUR 31182 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2022, doi:10.2760/730164, JRC130363
 
         Jacob, D.J., Varon, D.J., Cusworth, D.H., Dennison, P.E., Frankenberg, C., Gautam, R., Guanter, L., Kelley, J., McKeever, J., Ott, L.E. and Poulter, B., 2022. Quantifying methane emissions from the global scale down to point sources using satellite observations of atmospheric methane. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 22(14), pp.9617-9646.
+        https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9617-2022
         </Prose>
     </Block>