Merge branch 'main' into main

contents/english/2-1-a-view-from-yushan.md

@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ At the same time, the government whose official ideology was Tridemism began sow
 
 [^AsiaWorks]: Joe Studwell, "How Asia Works: Success and Failure in the World’s Most Dynamic Region," (London: Profile, 2013).
 
-Another outgrowth of Tridemism was a focus on cooperative enterprise, enshrined in Articles 145 of the ROC Constitution, which states that "private wealth and privately-operated enterprises, the State shall restrict them by law if they are deemed detrimental to a balanced development... Cooperative enterprises... and foreign trade shall receive encouragement."  While influenced by Georgist ideas, this support for industrial cooperatives and participative production also drew heavily on traditions of agricultural and industrial cooperation developed during the Japanese colonial rule, further influenced by American thinkers like Edward Deming who emphasized the empowerment of line workers in improving production under the US occupation of Japan that he worked for.
+Another outgrowth of Tridemism was a focus on cooperative enterprise, enshrined in Articles 145 of the ROC Constitution, which states that "private wealth and privately-operated enterprises, the State shall restrict them by law if they are deemed detrimental to a balanced development... Cooperative enterprises... and foreign trade shall receive encouragement."  While influenced by Georgist ideas, this support for industrial cooperatives and participative production also drew heavily on traditions of agricultural and industrial cooperation developed during the Japanese colonial rule, further influenced by American thinkers like Edward Deming who emphasized the empowerment of line workers in improving production under the US occupation of Japan that he worked for.[^EdwardDeming]
 
 Together these influences fostered the development of a robust civil and cooperative sector in Taiwan (which we collectively call the Third Sector), critical to its industrial and political future. Furthermore, the constitutional and historical focus on trade, as well as public investment in export-supporting infrastructure, propelled Taiwan's rise. By the 1970s, Taiwan became a major supplier of components for advanced Western technologies.
 
@@ -142,3 +142,5 @@ In addition to this ideological overlap, the two sides have both benefited from
 [^Statista]: Taiwan News, “Taiwan Has No. 1 Fastest Internet in World,” October 23, 2023. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/5025449.
 
 This combination of an overlapping consensus on plural, complex, free, world-facing democracy, where digital tools are easily available to help navigate the resulting ambiguity, has allowed Taiwan to become, in the last decade, the world's leading example of digital democracy.
+
+[^EdwardDeming]: After World War II, Japan's industrial infrastructure was devastated, and product quality was poor. In this context, Deming was invited by the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers(JUSE) in 1950. He introduced Statistical Process Control (SPC) and the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle, emphasizing continuous improvement (Kaizen) and the importance of employee involvement. His principles were particularly embraced by the Japanese automotive industry, notably Toyota and became integral to the Toyota Production System (TPS). In 1990, James P. Womack and others published "The Machine That Changed the World," analyzing the Toyota Production System and introducing it as the Lean manufacturing to a global audience. In 2011, Eric Ries, who coined the term "Lean Startup," drew inspiration from the Lean manufacturing principles in entrepreneurship.

contents/english/3-2-connected-society.md

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ Again this contrasts with decision-making structures throughout most of the worl
 
 
 
-Thus, in contrast to most of human history and experience, the standard form of public administration in most liberal democracies expects property to exist primarily as either individual (or family) holdings or profit-seeking commercial ventures, with most checks and controls on these two being imposed by governments.  This regime began to develop during the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when traditional, commons-based property systems, community-based identity and multi-sectoral representation were swept away for the "rationality" and "modernity" of what became the modern state.  This system solidified  and literally conquered the world during the industrial and colonial nineteenth century and was canonized in Max Weber.  And it reached its ultimate expression in the "high modernism" of the mid-twentieth century, when properties were further rationalized into regular shapes and sizes, identity documents reinforced with biometrics and one-person-one-vote systems spread to a broad range of organizations.  
+Thus, in contrast to most of human history and experience, the standard form of public administration in most liberal democracies expects property to exist primarily as either individual (or family) holdings or profit-seeking commercial ventures, with most checks and controls on these two being imposed by governments.  This regime began to develop during the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when traditional, commons-based property systems, community-based identity and multi-sectoral representation were swept away for the "rationality" and "modernity" of what became the modern state [^TheModernState].  This system solidified  and literally conquered the world during the industrial and colonial nineteenth century and was canonized in Max Weber.  And it reached its ultimate expression in the "high modernism" of the mid-twentieth century, when properties were further rationalized into regular shapes and sizes, identity documents reinforced with biometrics and one-person-one-vote systems spread to a broad range of organizations.  
 
 Governments and organizations around the world adopted these systems for some good reasons.  They were simple and thus scalable; they allowed people from very different backgrounds to quickly understand each other and thus interact productively.  Where once commons-based property systems inhibited innovation when outsiders and industrialists found it impossible to navigate a thicket of local customs, private property cleared a path to development and trade by reducing those who could inhibit change.  Administrators of the social welfare schemes that transformed government in the twentieth century would have struggle to provide broad access to pensions and unemployment benefits without a single, flat, clear database of entitlements.  And reaching subtle compromises like those that went into the US Constitution, much less ones rich enough to keep up with the complexity of the modern world would have likely undermined the possibility of democratic government spreading.
 
@@ -148,3 +148,4 @@ Across all of these authors, we see many common threads. We see appreciation of
 [^SecretSocieties]: Georg Simmel, “The Sociology of Secrecy and of Secret Societies,” _American Journal of Sociology_ 11, no. 4 (January 1906): 441–98, https://doi.org/10.1086/211418.
 [^PublicProblems]: John Dewey, _The Public and Its Problems_, (New York: H. Holt, 1927).
 [^WEIRDest]: Joseph Henrich, _The Weirdest People in the World How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous_, (New York Macmillan, 2010).
+[^TheModernState]: Andreas Anter, _Max Weber's Theory of the Modern State_, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).

contents/english/4-1-identity-and-personhood.md

@@ -193,17 +193,18 @@ The key question that then remains is whether the process of such ⿻ and social
 As we noted above, almost everything relevant about us is known by others and is typically just as much about them as us.  None of us feels this bare fact as an infringement on privacy.  In fact, erasing the memory of our first kiss from the mind of the partner to that kiss would be just as much a violation of privacy as would one of us sharing that information inappropriately. What we are after, therefore, is not well-described by the term "privacy".  It is about information remaining in the social setting for which it was intended, what scholar Helen Nissenbaum calls "contextual integrity". In fact, it requires a certain kind of publicity: if information is not shared and understood by those for whom it is intended this can be as damaging as if information is overshared. Given that these are inherently social settings, furthermore, they are not primarily about the  individual choice or protection, but rather the protection of groups of people against violations of their collective norms about information.  In short, the central problems are about another fundamental right: the freedom of association.  In essence, systems supporting and implementing the right of personhood must simultaneously bolster the freedom of association and the dual challenge of establishing and protecting associations parallels those in the identity context. 
 
 
-[^SSNHistory]: References 1) History of the Social Security Number System as described by the [Social Security Administration](https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v69n2/v69n2p55.html). 2) [Opening Pandora’s box : the social security number from 1937-2018](https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/66022) by Meiser, Kenneth Donaldson, UT Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 
-[^RightsOfCitizens]: See Records, [Computers, and the Rights of Citizens](https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/papers/2008/P5077.pdf), 1973, Rand Corporation. 
-[^SSNUsageRestrictions]: See 1) [Social Security Numbers: Private Sector Entities Routinely Obtain and Use SSNs, and Laws Limit the Disclosure of This Information](https://epic.org/wp-content/uploads/privacy/ssn/gao-04-11.pdf) by the GAO Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Social Security, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. 2) [Social Security Number: Federal and State Laws Restrict Use of SSNs, yet Gaps Remain](https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-05-1016t.pdf), GAO Testimony Before the Committee on Consumer Affairs and Protection and Committee on Governmental Operations, New York State Assembly 
-[^SSNAlternatives]: News Release: [DHS Awards $193K for a Standards Based Approach to an Alternative Identifier to the Social Security Number](https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/news/2020/10/09/news-release-dhs-awards-alternative-identifier-social-security-number)
-[^Altman]: https://www.reuters.com/technology/worldcoin-aims-set-up-global-id-network-akin-indias-aadhaar-2023-11-02/
-[^LawsOfIdentities]: Kim Cameron's [Laws of Identities](https://www.identityblog.com/?p=1065) (blog post, August 2009)
-[^MOSIP]: (https://docs.mosip.io/inji/overview)https://docs.mosip.io/inji/overview
-[^wallet]: https://github.com/eu-digital-identity-wallet/
-[^pilots]: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/eu-digital-identity-4-projects-launched-test-eudi-wallet
-[^bhutan]: https://restofworld.org/2023/south-asia-newsletter-bhutan-national-digital-id/
-[^icard]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_card
-[^CS]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_CardSpace
-[^DID]: https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/
-[^AnonAadhaar]: https://mirror.xyz/privacy-scaling-explorations.eth/YnqHAxpjoWl4e_K2opKPN4OAy5EU4sIJYYYHFCjkNOE
+[^SSNHistory]: See Carolyn Puckett, “The Story of the Social Security Number,” Social Security Administration, July 2009. https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v69n2/v69n2p55.html.). See also Kenneth Meiser, “Opening Pandora’s Box: The Social Security Number from 1937-2018,” UT Electronic Theses and Dissertations, June 19, 2018, http://hdl.handle.net/2152/66022.
+[^RightsOfCitizens]: Willis Hare, “Records, Computers and the Rights of Citizens,” https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/papers/2008/P5077.pdf, Rand Corporation, August 1973.
+[^SSNUsageRestrictions]: See “Social Security Numbers: Private Sector Entities Routinely Obtain and Use SSNs, and Laws Limit the Disclosure of This Information.” United States General Accounting Office, 2004. https://epic.org/wp-content/uploads/privacy/ssn/gao-04-11.pdf (GAO Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee 
+on Social Security, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives). See also Barbara Bovbjerg, “Social Security Numbers: Federal and State Laws Restrict Use of SSNs, yet Gaps Remain,” United States General Accounting Office, 2005,  https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-05-1016t.pdf (GAO Testimony Before the Committee on Consumer Affairs and Protection and Committee on Governmental Operations, New York State Assembly.) 
+[^SSNAlternatives]: “News Release: DHS Awards for an Alternative Identifier to the Social Security Number,” US Department of Homeland Security, October 9, 2020, https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/news/2020/10/09/news-release-dhs-awards-alternative-identifier-social-security-number.
+[^Altman]: Elizabeth Howcroft, and Martin Coulter, “Worldcoin Aims to Set up Global ID Network Akin to India’s Aadhaar,” _Reuters_, November 2, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/technology/worldcoin-aims-set-up-global-id-network-akin-indias-aadhaar-2023-11-02/.
+[^LawsOfIdentities]: Kim Cameron, “7 Laws of Identity,” _Kim Cameron’s Identity Weblog_, August 20, 2009, https://www.identityblog.com/?p=1065.
+[^MOSIP]: “Overview,” MOSIP, 2021, https://docs.mosip.io/1.2.0/overview.
+[^wallet]: “European Digital Identity,” GitHub, n.d., https://github.com/eu-digital-identity-wallet/.
+[^pilots]: “EU Digital Identity: 4 Projects Launched to Test EUDI Wallet,” European Commission, May 23, 2023, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/eu-digital-identity-4-projects-launched-test-eudi-wallet.
+[^bhutan]: Durga Sengupta, “Guess Who’s Getting the World’s First Self-Sovereign National Digital ID?” _Rest of World_, September 6, 2023, https://restofworld.org/2023/south-asia-newsletter-bhutan-national-digital-id/.
+[^icard]: Wikipedia, “Information Card,” January 25, 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_card.
+[^CS]: Wikipedia, “Windows CardSpace,” December 14, 2023, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_CardSpace.
+[^DID]: “Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) V1.0,” W3C, July 19, 2022, https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/.
+[^AnonAadhaar]: “Advancing Anon Aadhaar: What’s New in V1.0.0,” Mirror, February 14, 2024, https://mirror.xyz/privacy-scaling-explorations.eth/YnqHAxpjoWl4e_K2opKPN4OAy5EU4sIJYYYHFCjkNOE.