Add CI run running on oldest supported versions of core dependencies #5125

Job	Run time
lint	17s
docs	8m 30s
tests (Linux (3.10, mamba, oldest-deps), ubuntu-latest, 3.10, mamba, tests,all, oldest-deps)	12m 55s
tests (Linux (3.10, pip), ubuntu-latest, 3.10, pip, tests,all)	13m 3s
tests (Linux (3.11, pip, minimal-dependencies), ubuntu-latest, 3.11, pip, tests)	11m 35s
tests (Linux (3.12, mamba, coverage), ubuntu-latest, 3.12, mamba, codecov, tests,all)	12m 39s
tests (Linux (3.12, pip), ubuntu-latest, 3.12, pip, tests,all)	14m 25s
tests (macos (3.10, x86_64, pip), macos-13, 3.10, pip, tests,all)	12m 17s
tests (macos (3.12, arm64, mamba), macos-14, 3.12, mamba, tests,all)	9m 46s
	1h 35m 27s

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