02. Agents and Environment
For human agents, their attribute table includes age, educational attainment, employment status, place of origin and destination, as well as walking speed. To realistically model individual-level data, this study collected area-aggregated determinants from census data and survey questionnaires.
Vehicle agents are automatically generated in SUMO. This study considers three types of vehicles: passenger cars, trucks, and buses, as well as electric vehicles. For more information, please follow the link provided. Vehicles that are registered as resident vehicles or belong to local businesses can travel to and from the LEZ boundary without issues. However, if the driver of a non-resident vehicle wishes to enter the LEZ, they must comply with the emissions standards, such as Euro 4 for petrol vehicles and Euro 6 for diesel vehicles.
The LEZ covers the city centre, which is bordered to the north and west by the M8 motorway, to the south by the River Clyde, and to the east by High St and Saltmarket (see figure below). This area is approximately 4km2. To simulate inbound and outbound traffic to the city centre, we included road networks from the M8, M77, and M74 motorways, as well as the A74, using the SUMO traffic simulator [19]. SUMO (Simulation of Urban MObility) allows vehicle agents to operate precisely on the road, rather than relying on rules at each junction, making it more accurate than other simulators such as NetLogo [20].
