Update guide documentation for 0.3

Update the guide to be in sync with the changes made for 0.3.

I've rewritten the tutorial chapter, starting using the offline dependency provider to implementing your own dependency provider, focussed on getting a user with no prior solver experience from getting started quickly to eventually writing a full dependency provider with all custom types.

Some parts are completely removed (such as the continuous versions) as the new traits and structs make them unnecessary. Others i've only touched up to not be not wrong, though they could use a rewrite with the input from uv and cargo. I want to unblock the 0.3 release without starting any new projects.

I'm tempted to remove the top-level chapter pages and instead move their (remaining) content into the first page of each chapter.

We should move the book into the main pubgrub repository to prevent it from getting out of sync in the future. The only non-trivial item is the cloudflare secrets.

src/SUMMARY.md

@@ -3,16 +3,15 @@
 - [Version solving](./version_solving.md)
 - [Using the pubgrub crate](./pubgrub_crate/intro.md)
   - [Basic example with OfflineDependencyProvider](./pubgrub_crate/offline_dep_provider.md)
-  - [Writing your own dependency provider](./pubgrub_crate/custom_dep_provider.md)
-  - [Caching dependencies in a DependencyProvider](./pubgrub_crate/caching.md)
+  - [Implementing a dependency provider](./pubgrub_crate/dep_provider.md)
+  - [Caching dependencies](./pubgrub_crate/caching.md)
   - [Strategical decision making in a DependencyProvider](./pubgrub_crate/strategy.md)
   - [Solution and error reporting](./pubgrub_crate/solution.md)
   - [Writing your own error reporting logic](./pubgrub_crate/custom_report.md)
 - [Advanced usage and limitations](./limitations/intro.md)
   - [Optional dependencies](./limitations/optional_deps.md)
   - [Allowing multiple versions of a package](./limitations/multiple_versions.md)
   - [Public and Private packages](./limitations/public_private.md)
-  - [Versions in a continuous space](./limitations/continuous_versions.md)
   - [Pre-release versions](./limitations/prerelease_versions.md)
 - [Internals of the PubGrub algorithm](./internals/intro.md)
   - [Overview of the algorithm](./internals/overview.md)

src/internals/partial_solution.md

@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ have already been taken (including that one if it is a decision). If we
 represent all assignments as a chronological vec, they would look like follows:
 
 ```txt
-[ (0, root_derivation),
+[
+  (0, root_derivation),
   (1, root_decision),
   (1, derivation_1a),
   (1, derivation_1b),
@@ -26,14 +27,3 @@ represent all assignments as a chronological vec, they would look like follows:
 The partial solution must also enable efficient evaluation of incompatibilities
 in the unit propagation loop. For this, we need to have efficient access to all
 assignments referring to the packages present in an incompatibility.
-
-To enable both efficient backtracking and efficient access to specific package
-assignments, the current implementation holds a dual representation of the the
-partial solution. One is called `history` and keeps dated (with decision levels)
-assignments in an ordered growing vec. The other is called `memory` and
-organizes assignments in a hashmap where they are regrouped by packages which
-are the hashmap keys. It would be interresting to see how the partial solution
-is stored in other implementations of PubGrub such as the one in [dart
-pub][pub].
-
-[pub]: https://github.com/dart-lang/pub

src/limitations/intro.md

@@ -5,27 +5,23 @@ a dependency system with the following constraints:
 
 1. Packages are uniquely identified.
 2. Versions are in a discrete set, with a total order.
-3. The successor of a given version is always uniquely defined.
-4. Dependencies of a package version are fixed.
-5. Exactly one version must be selected per package depended on.
+3. Dependencies of a package version are fixed.
+4. Exactly one version must be selected per package depended on.
 
 The fact that packages are uniquely identified (1) is perhaps the only
 constraint that makes sense for all common dependency systems. But for the rest
 of the constraints, they are all inadequate for some common real-world
 dependency systems. For example, it's possible to have dependency systems where
 order is not required for versions (2). In such systems, dependencies must be
 specified with exact sets of compatible versions, and bounded ranges make no
-sense. Being able to uniquely define the successor of any version (3) is also a
-constraint that is not a natural fit if versions have a system of pre-releases.
-Indeed, what is the successor of `2.0.0-alpha`? We can't tell if that is `2.0.0`
-or `2.0.0-beta` or `2.0.0-whatever`. Having fixed dependencies (4) is also not
-followed in programming languages allowing optional dependencies. In Rust
-packages, optional dependencies are called "features" for example. Finally,
-restricting solutions to only one version per package (5) is also too
-constraining for dependency systems allowing breaking changes. In cases where
-packages A and B both depend on different ranges of package C, we sometimes want
-to be able to have a solution where two versions of C are present, and let the
-compiler decide if their usages of C in the code are compatible.
+sense. Having fixed dependencies (3) is also not followed in programming
+languages allowing optional dependencies. In Rust packages, optional
+dependencies are called "features" for example. Finally, restricting solutions
+to only one version per package (4) is also too constraining for dependency
+systems allowing breaking changes. In cases where packages A and B both depend
+on different ranges of package C, we sometimes want to be able to have a
+solution where two versions of C are present, and let the compiler decide if
+their usages of C in the code are compatible.
 
 In the following subsections, we try to show how we can circumvent those
 limitations with clever usage of dependency providers.

src/limitations/multiple_versions.md

@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ fn get_dependencies(
                     }
                 })
                 .collect();
-            Ok(Dependencies::Known(pkg_deps))
+            Ok(Dependencies::Available(pkg_deps))
         }
         Package::Proxy { source, target } => {
             // If this is a proxy package, it depends on a single bucket package, the target,
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ fn get_dependencies(
                 }),
                 bucket_range.intersection(target_range),
             );
-            Ok(Dependencies::Known(bucket_dep))
+            Ok(Dependencies::Available(bucket_dep))
         }
     }
 }

src/limitations/optional_deps.md

@@ -56,15 +56,13 @@ We define an `Index`, storing all dependencies (`Deps`) of every package version
 in a double map, first indexed by package, then by version.
 
 ```rust
-// Use NumberVersion, which are simple u32 for the versions.
-use pubgrub::version::NumberVersion as Version;
 /// Each package is identified by its name.
 pub type PackageName = String;
 
 /// Global registry of known packages.
 pub struct Index {
     /// Specify dependencies of each package version.
-    pub packages: Map<PackageName, BTreeMap<Version, Deps>>,
+    pub packages: Map<PackageName, BTreeMap<u32, Deps>>,
 }
 ```
 
@@ -127,22 +125,21 @@ pub enum Package {
 }
 ```
 
-Let's implement the first function required by a dependency provider,
-`choose_package_version`. For that we defined the `base_pkg()` method on a
-`Package` that returns the string of the base package. And we defined the
-`available_versions()` method on an `Index` to list existing versions of a given
-package. Then we simply called the `choose_package_with_fewest_versions` helper
-function provided by pubgrub.
+We'll ignore `prioritize` for this example.
+
+Let's implement the second function required by a dependency provider,
+`choose_version`. For that we defined the `base_pkg()` method on a `Package`
+that returns the string of the base package, and the `available_versions()`
+method on an `Index` to list existing versions of a given package in descending
+order.
 
 ```rust
-fn choose_package_version<T: Borrow<Package>, U: Borrow<Range<Version>>>(
+fn choose_version(
     &self,
-    potential_packages: impl Iterator<Item = (T, U)>,
-) -> Result<(T, Option<Version>), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
-    Ok(pubgrub::solver::choose_package_with_fewest_versions(
-        |p| self.available_versions(p.base_pkg()).cloned(),
-        potential_packages,
-    ))
+    package: &Self::P,
+    range: &Self::VS,
+) -> Result<Option<Self::V>, Self::Err> {
+    Ok(self.available_versions(p.base_pkg()).find(|version| range.contains(version)).cloned())
 }
 ```
 
@@ -165,7 +162,7 @@ fn get_dependencies(
 
     match package {
         // If we asked for a base package, we simply return the mandatory dependencies.
-        Package::Base(_) => Ok(Dependencies::Known(from_deps(&deps.mandatory))),
+        Package::Base(_) => Ok(Dependencies::Available(from_deps(&deps.mandatory))),
         // Otherwise, we concatenate the feature deps with a dependency to the base package.
         Package::Feature { base, feature } => {
             let feature_deps = deps.optional.get(feature).unwrap();
@@ -174,7 +171,7 @@ fn get_dependencies(
                 Package::Base(base.to_string()),
                 Range::exact(version.clone()),
             );
-            Ok(Dependencies::Known(all_deps))
+            Ok(Dependencies::Available(all_deps))
         },
     }
 }

src/limitations/prerelease_versions.md

@@ -3,25 +3,19 @@
 Pre-releasing is a very common pattern in the world of versioning. It is however
 one of the worst to take into account in a dependency system, and I highly
 recommend that if you can avoid introducing pre-releases in your package
-manager, you should. In the context of pubgrub, pre-releases break two
-fondamental properties of the solver.
+manager, you should.
 
-1. Pre-releases act similar to continuous spaces.
-2. Pre-releases break the mathematical properties of subsets in a space with
-   total order.
+In the context of pubgrub, pre-releases break the fundamental properties of the
+solver that there is or isn't a version between two versions "x" and "x+1", that
+there cannot be a version "(x+1).alpha.1" depending on whether an input version
+had a pre-release specifier.
 
-(1) Indeed, it is hard to answer what version comes after "1-alpha0". Is it
-"1-alpha1", "1-beta0", "2"? In practice, we could say that the version that
-comes after "1-alpha0" is "1-alpha0?" where the "?" character is chosen to be
-the lowest character in the lexicographic order, but we clearly are on a stretch
-here and it certainly isn't natural.
-
-(2) Pre-releases are often semantically linked to version constraints written by
+Pre-releases are often semantically linked to version constraints written by
 humans, interpreted differently depending on context. For example, "2.0.0-beta"
-is meant to exist previous to version "2.0.0". Yet, it is not supposed to be
-contained in the set described by `1.0.0 <= v < 2.0.0`, and only within sets
-where one of the bounds contains a pre-release marker such as
-`2.0.0-alpha <= v < 2.0.0`. This poses a problem to the dependency solver
+is meant to exist previous to version "2.0.0". Yet, in many versioning schemes
+it is not supposed to be contained in the set described by `1.0.0 <= v < 2.0.0`,
+and only within sets where one of the bounds contains a pre-release marker such
+as `2.0.0-alpha <= v < 2.0.0`. This poses a problem to the dependency solver
 because of backtracking. Indeed, the PubGrub algorithm relies on knowledge
 accumulated all along the propagation of the solver front. And this knowledge is
 composed of facts, that are thus never removed even when backtracking happens.
@@ -33,12 +27,6 @@ return nothing even without checking if a pre-release exists in that range. And
 this is one of the fundamental mechanisms of the algorithm, so we should not try
 to alter it.
 
-Point (2) is probably the reason why some pubgrub implementations have issues
-dealing with pre-releases when backtracking, as can be seen in [an issue of the
-dart implementation][dart-prerelease-issue].
-
-[dart-prerelease-issue]: https://github.com/dart-lang/pub/pull/3038
-
 ## Playing again with packages?
 
 In the light of the "bucket" and "proxies" scheme we introduced in the section
@@ -71,10 +59,8 @@ exploring alternative API changes that could enable pre-releases.
 
 ## Multi-dimensional ranges
 
-We are currently exploring new APIs where `Range` is transformed into a trait,
-instead of a predefined struct with a single sequence of non-intersecting
-intervals. For now, the new trait is called `RangeSet` and could be implemented
-on structs with multiple dimensions for ranges.
+Building on top of the `Ranges` API, we could implement a custom `VersionSet` of
+multi-dimensional ranges:
 
 ```rust
 pub struct DoubleRange<V1: Version, V2: Version> {
@@ -90,23 +76,23 @@ matched to:
 
 ```rust
 DoubleRange {
-    normal_range: Range::none,
-    prerelease_range: Range::between("2.0.0-alpha", "2.0.0"),
+    normal_range: Ranges::empty(),
+    prerelease_range: Ranges::between("2.0.0-alpha", "2.0.0"),
 }
 ```
 
 And the constraint `2.0.0-alpha <= v < 2.1.0` would have the same
 `prerelease_range` but would have `2.0.0 <= v < 2.1.0` for the normal range.
-Those constraints could also be intrepreted differently since not all
+Those constraints could also be interpreted differently since not all
 pre-release systems work the same. But the important property is that this
-enable a separation of the dimensions that do not behave consistently with
+enables a separation of the dimensions that do not behave consistently with
 regard to the mathematical properties of the sets manipulated.
 
-All this is under ongoing experimentations, to try reaching a sweet spot
-API-wise and performance-wise. If you are eager to experiment with all the
-extensions and limitations mentionned in this section of the guide for your
-dependency provider, don't hesitate to reach out to us in our [zulip
-stream][zulip] or in [GitHub issues][issues] to let us know how it went!
+All this needs more experimentation, to try reaching a sweet spot API-wise and
+performance-wise. If you are eager to experiment with all the extensions and
+limitations mentioned in this section of the guide for your dependency provider,
+don't hesitate to reach out to us in our [zulip stream][zulip] or in [GitHub
+issues][issues] to let us know how it went!
 
 [zulip]: https://rust-lang.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/260232-t-cargo.2FPubGrub
 [issues]: https://github.com/pubgrub-rs/pubgrub/issues

src/limitations/public_private.md

@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ fn get_dependencies(&self, package: &Package, version: &SemVer)
 -> Result<Dependencies<Package, SemVer>, ...> {
     match &package.seeds {
         // A Constraint variant does not have any dependency
-        PkgSeeds::Constraint(_) => Ok(Dependencies::Known(Map::default())),
+        PkgSeeds::Constraint(_) => Ok(Dependencies::Available(Map::default())),
         // A Markers variant has dependencies to:
         // - one Constraint variant per seed marker
         // - one Markers variant per original dependency
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ fn get_dependencies(&self, package: &Package, version: &SemVer)
             let seed_constraints = ...;
             // Figure out if there are private dependencies.
             let has_private = ...;
-            Ok(Dependencies::Known(
+            Ok(Dependencies::Available(
                 // Chain the seed constraints with actual dependencies.
                 seed_constraints
                     .chain(index_deps.iter().map(|(p, (privacy, r))| {

src/pubgrub_crate/caching.md

@@ -41,7 +41,10 @@ pub struct CachingDependencyProvider<P: Package, V: Version> {
 }
 
 impl<P: Package, V: Version> DependencyProvider<P, V> for CachingDependencyProvider<P, V> {
-    fn choose_package_version<...>(...) -> ... { ... }
+    fn choose_version(&self, package: &DP::P, ranges: &DP::VS) -> Result<Option<DP::V>, DP::Err> {
+        ...
+    }
+
     fn get_dependencies(
         &self,
         package: &P,