VReplication: Improve error handling in VTGate VStreams

[mattlord]

Description

This PR improves the error handling for VTGate VStreams by adding additional context to the error whenever we can. The issue (#17548) mentioned lower level MySQL errors that were previously addressed in #12095 but this PR goes over the full path and makes some minor but nice improvements.

Related Issue(s)

• Fixes: Feature Request: Improve VStream Error Messages #17548
• Follow-up to: VReplication: Propagate Binlog Stream Errors #12095

Checklist

• "Backport to:" labels have been added if this change should be back-ported to release branches
• If this change is to be back-ported to previous releases, a justification is included in the PR description
• Tests were added or are not required
• Did the new or modified tests pass consistently locally and on CI?
• Documentation was added or is not required

[vitess-bot]

Review Checklist

Hello reviewers! 👋 Please follow this checklist when reviewing this Pull Request.

General

• Ensure that the Pull Request has a descriptive title.
• Ensure there is a link to an issue (except for internal cleanup and flaky test fixes), new features should have an RFC that documents use cases and test cases.

Tests

• Bug fixes should have at least one unit or end-to-end test, enhancement and new features should have a sufficient number of tests.

Documentation

• Apply the release notes (needs details) label if users need to know about this change.
• New features should be documented.
• There should be some code comments as to why things are implemented the way they are.
• There should be a comment at the top of each new or modified test to explain what the test does.

New flags

• Is this flag really necessary?
• Flag names must be clear and intuitive, use dashes (-), and have a clear help text.

If a workflow is added or modified:

• Each item in Jobs should be named in order to mark it as required.
• If the workflow needs to be marked as required, the maintainer team must be notified.

Backward compatibility

• Protobuf changes should be wire-compatible.
• Changes to _vt tables and RPCs need to be backward compatible.
• RPC changes should be compatible with vitess-operator
• If a flag is removed, then it should also be removed from vitess-operator and arewefastyet, if used there.
• vtctl command output order should be stable and awk-able.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 32.55814% with 58 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 67.80%. Comparing base (71b2cae) to head (bc558bf).
Report is 6 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
go/vt/vtgate/vstream_manager.go	43.33%	34 Missing ⚠️
go/vt/vttablet/tabletserver/vstreamer/vstreamer.go	7.69%	24 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #17558      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   67.77%   67.80%   +0.02%     
==========================================
  Files        1587     1587              
  Lines      255798   255854      +56     
==========================================
+ Hits       173379   173474      +95     
+ Misses      82419    82380      -39     

☔ View full report in Codecov by Sentry.
📢 Have feedback on the report? Share it here.