Improve rand tests

toqito/matrix_ops/inner_product.py

@@ -9,15 +9,41 @@ def inner_product(v1: np.ndarray, v2: np.ndarray) -> float:
     The inner product is calculated as follows:
 
     .. math::
-        \left\langle \begin{pmatrix}a_1 \\ \vdots \\ a_n\end{pmatrix},\begin{pmatrix}b_1 \\ \vdots \\ b_n\end{pmatrix}\right\rangle = \begin{pmatrix} a_1,\cdots, a_n\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}b_1 \\ \vdots \\ b_n\end{pmatrix} = a_1 b_1 + \cdots + a_n b_n
+        \left\langle 
+        \begin{pmatrix} 
+            a_1 \\ \vdots \\ a_n
+        \end{pmatrix},
+        \begin{pmatrix} 
+            b_1 \\ \vdots \\ b_n
+        \end{pmatrix} \right\rangle = 
+        \begin{pmatrix} 
+            a_1, \cdots, a_n
+        \end{pmatrix}
+        \begin{pmatrix} 
+            b_1 \\ \vdots \\ b_n
+        \end{pmatrix} = a_1 b_1 + \cdots + a_n b_n
 
     Example
     ==========
 
-    The inner product of the vectors :math:`v1 = \begin{pmatrix}1 \\ 2 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix}` and :math:`v2 = \begin{pmatrix}4 \\ 5 \\ 6 \ \end{pmatrix}` looks as follows:
+    The inner product of the vectors :math:`v1 = \begin{pmatrix}1 \\ 2 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix}` and :math:`v2 =
+    \begin{pmatrix}4 \\ 5 \\ 6 \ \end{pmatrix}` looks as follows:
 
     .. math::
-        \left\langle \begin{pmatrix}1 \\ 2 \\ 3\end{pmatrix},\begin{pmatrix}4 \\ 5 \\ 6\end{pmatrix}\right\rangle = \begin{pmatrix} 1,2, 3\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}4 \\ 5 \\ 6\end{pmatrix} = 1\times 4 + 2\times 5 + 3\times 6 = 32
+        \left\langle 
+        \begin{pmatrix} 
+            1 \\ 2 \\ 3
+        \end{pmatrix},
+        \begin{pmatrix}
+            4 \\ 5 \\ 6
+        \end{pmatrix}\right\rangle =
+        \begin{pmatrix} 
+            1, 2, 3
+        \end{pmatrix}
+        \begin{pmatrix}
+            4 \\ 5 \\ 6
+        \end{pmatrix} = 1\times 4 + 2\times 5 + 3\times 6 =
+        32
 
     In :code:`toqito`, this looks like this:
 
@@ -33,16 +59,12 @@ def inner_product(v1: np.ndarray, v2: np.ndarray) -> float:
         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_product_space
 
     :raises ValueError: Vector dimensions are mismatched.
-    :param v1: v1 and v2, both vectors of dimenstions :math:`(n,1)` where :math:`n>1`.
-    :param v2: v1 and v2, both vectors of dimenstions :math:`(n,1)` where :math:`n>1`.
+    :param v1: v1 and v2, both vectors of dimensions :math:`(n,1)` where :math:`n>1`.
+    :param v2: v1 and v2, both vectors of dimensions :math:`(n,1)` where :math:`n>1`.
     :return: The computed inner product.
     """
-    # Check for dimensional validity
-    if not (v1.shape[0] == v2.shape[0] and v1.shape[0] > 1 and len(v1.shape) == 1):
-        raise ValueError("Dimension mismatch")
-
-    res = 0
-    for i in range(v1.shape[0]):
-        res += v1[i] * v2[i]
-
-    return res
+    if v1.ndim != 1 or v2.ndim != 1:
+        raise ValueError("Both v1 and v2 must be 1D vectors.")
+    if v1.shape[0] != v2.shape[0]:
+        raise ValueError("Dimension mismatch between v1 and v2.")
+    return np.vdot(v1, v2)

toqito/matrix_ops/outer_product.py

@@ -13,11 +13,33 @@ def outer_product(v1: np.ndarray, v2: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
 
     Example
     ==========
-
-    The outer product of the vectors :math:`v1 = \begin{pmatrix}1 \\ 2 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix}` and :math:`v2 = \begin{pmatrix}4 \\ 5 \\ 6 \ \end{pmatrix}` looks as follows:
+    The outer product of the vectors :math:`v1 = \begin{pmatrix}1 \\ 2 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix}` and :math:`v2 =
+    \begin{pmatrix}4 \\ 5 \\ 6 \ \end{pmatrix}` looks as follows:
 
     .. math::
-        \left|\begin{pmatrix}1\\2\\3\end{pmatrix}\right\rangle\left\langle\begin{pmatrix}4\\5\\6\end{pmatrix}\right|=\begin{pmatrix}1\\2\\3\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}4&5&6\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}1\times4&1\times5&1\times6\\2\times4&2\times5&2\times6\\3\times4&3\times5&3\times6\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}4&5&6\\8&10&12\\12&15&18\end{pmatrix}
+        \left|\begin{pmatrix}
+            1 \\ 2 \\ 3
+        \end{pmatrix}\right\rangle
+        \left\langle
+        \begin{pmatrix}
+            4 \\ 5 \\ 6
+        \end{pmatrix}\right|=
+        \begin{pmatrix}
+            1 \\ 2 \\ 3
+        \end{pmatrix}
+        \begin{pmatrix}
+            4 & 5 & 6
+        \end{pmatrix}=
+        \begin{pmatrix}
+            1 \times 4 & 1 \times 5 & 1 \times 6 \\ 
+            2 \times 4 & 2 \times 5 & 2 \times 6 \\ 
+            3 \times 4 & 3 \times 5 & 3 \times 6
+        \end{pmatrix}=
+        \begin{pmatrix}
+            4 & 5 & 6 \\ 
+            8 & 10 & 12 \\ 
+            12 & 15 & 18
+        \end{pmatrix}
 
     In :code:`toqito`, this looks like this:
 
@@ -35,16 +57,13 @@ def outer_product(v1: np.ndarray, v2: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_product
 
     :raises ValueError: Vector dimensions are mismatched.
-    :param v1: v1 and v2, both vectors of dimenstions :math:`(n,1)` where :math:`n>1`.
-    :param v2: v1 and v2, both vectors of dimenstions :math:`(n,1)` where :math:`n>1`.
+    :param v1: v1 and v2, both vectors of dimensions :math:`(n,1)` where :math:`n>1`.
+    :param v2: v1 and v2, both vectors of dimensions :math:`(n,1)` where :math:`n>1`.
     :return: The computed outer product.
     """
-    # Check for dimensional validity
-    if not (v1.shape[0] == v2.shape[0] and v1.shape[0] > 1 and len(v1.shape) == 1):
-        raise ValueError("Dimension mismatch")
-
-    res = np.ndarray((v1.shape[0], v1.shape[0]))
-    for i in range(v1.shape[0]):
-        for j in range(v1.shape[0]):
-            res[i, j] = v1[i] * v2[j]
-    return res
+    if v1.ndim != 1 or v2.ndim != 1:
+        raise ValueError("Both v1 and v2 must be 1D vectors.")
+    if v1.shape[0] != v2.shape[0]:
+        raise ValueError("Dimension mismatch between v1 and v2.")
+
+    return np.outer(v1, np.conj(v2))

toqito/matrix_ops/tests/test_inner_product.py

@@ -1,44 +1,28 @@
 """Test inner_product."""
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 
 from toqito.matrix_ops import inner_product
 
 
-def test_inner_product():
-    """Test with two vectors, no complications."""
-
-    v1, v2 = np.array([1, 2, 3]), np.array([4, 5, 6])
-    expected_res = 32
-    np.testing.assert_equal(inner_product(v1, v2), expected_res)
-
-
-def test_inner_product_negative_input():
-    """Test with two vectors, with negative input value."""
-
-    v1, v2 = np.array([-1, 2, 3]), np.array([4, 5, 6])
-    expected_res = 24
-    np.testing.assert_equal(inner_product(v1, v2), expected_res)
-
-
-def test_inner_product_negative_output():
-    """Test with two vectors, with negative expected output."""
-
-    v1, v2 = np.array([1, 2, -3]), np.array([4, 5, 6])
-    expected_res = -4
-    np.testing.assert_equal(inner_product(v1, v2), expected_res)
-
-
-def test_inner_product_different_dimensions():
-    """Test with two vectors of different dimensions."""
-
-    v1, v2 = np.array([1, 2, 3]), np.array([4, 5, 6, 7])
-    with np.testing.assert_raises(ValueError):
-        inner_product(v1, v2)
-
-
-def test_inner_product_different_dimensions_2():
-    """Test with a vector and a 2d array."""
-
-    v1, v2 = np.array([1, 2, 3]), np.array([[4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
-    with np.testing.assert_raises(ValueError):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("v1, v2, expected_result", [
+    # Test with two vectors, no complications.
+    (np.array([1, 2, 3]), np.array([4, 5, 6]), 32),
+    # Test with two vectors, with negative input value.
+    (np.array([-1, 2, 3]), np.array([4, 5, 6]), 24),
+    # Test with two vectors, with negative expected output.
+    (np.array([1, 2, -3]), np.array([4, 5, 6]), -4),
+])
+def test_inner_product(v1, v2, expected_result):
+   assert inner_product(v1, v2) == expected_result
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("v1, v2", [
+    # Different dimensions of vectors.
+    (np.array([1, 2, 3]), np.array([4, 5, 6, 7])),
+    # Vector and 2D array.
+    (np.array([1, 2, 3]), np.array([[4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])),
+])
+def test_inner_product_invalid_input(v1, v2):
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
         inner_product(v1, v2)

toqito/matrix_ops/tests/test_outer_product.py

@@ -1,36 +1,26 @@
 """Test outer_product."""
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 
 from toqito.matrix_ops import outer_product
 
 
-def test_outer_product():
-    """Test with two vectors, no complications."""
-
-    v1, v2 = np.array([1, 2, 3]), np.array([4, 5, 6])
-    expected_res = np.array([[4, 5, 6], [8, 10, 12], [12, 15, 18]])
-    np.testing.assert_equal(outer_product(v1, v2), expected_res)
-
-
-def test_outer_product_negative():
-    """Test with two vectors, with negative input/output values."""
-
-    v1, v2 = np.array([-1, 2, 3]), np.array([4, 5, 6])
-    expected_res = np.array([[-4, -5, -6], [8, 10, 12], [12, 15, 18]])
-    np.testing.assert_equal(outer_product(v1, v2), expected_res)
-
-
-def test_outer_product_different_dimensions():
-    """Test with two vectors of different dimensions."""
-
-    v1, v2 = np.array([1, 2, 3]), np.array([4, 5, 6, 7])
-    with np.testing.assert_raises(ValueError):
-        outer_product(v1, v2)
-
-
-def test_outer_product_different_dimensions_2():
-    """Test with a vector and a 2d array."""
-
-    v1, v2 = np.array([1, 2, 3]), np.array([[4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
-    with np.testing.assert_raises(ValueError):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("v1, v2, expected_result", [
+    # Test with two vectors, no complications.
+    (np.array([1, 2, 3]), np.array([4, 5, 6]), np.array([[4, 5, 6], [8, 10, 12], [12, 15, 18]])),
+    # Test with two vectors, with negative input/output values.
+    (np.array([-1, 2, 3]), np.array([4, 5, 6]), np.array([[-4, -5, -6], [8, 10, 12], [12, 15, 18]])),
+])
+def test_outer_product(v1, v2, expected_result):
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(outer_product(v1, v2), expected_result)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("v1, v2", [
+    # Different dimensions of vectors.
+    (np.array([1, 2, 3]), np.array([4, 5, 6, 7])),
+    # Vector and 2D array.
+    (np.array([1, 2, 3]), np.array([[4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])),
+])
+def test_outer_product_invalid_input(v1, v2):
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
         outer_product(v1, v2)

toqito/matrix_ops/tests/test_tensor.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 """Test tensor."""
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 
 from toqito.matrix_ops import tensor
 from toqito.states import basis
@@ -150,7 +151,28 @@ def test_tensor_list_3():
     np.testing.assert_equal(np.all(bool_mat), True)
 
 
+def test_tensor_with_three_or_more_matrices():
+    """Test tensor product with a numpy array containing three or more matrices."""
+    # Three matrices to be Kronecker multiplied
+    matrix1 = np.array([[1, 2]])
+    matrix2 = np.array([[3], [4]])
+    matrix3 = np.array([[5, 6]])
+    matrix4 = np.array([[7, 8]])
+
+    # The numpy array containing the matrices
+    matrices = np.array([matrix1, matrix2, matrix3, matrix4], dtype=object)
+
+    # Expected output: Kronecker product of matrix1, matrix2, and matrix3
+    expected_output = np.kron(np.kron(matrix1, np.kron(matrix2, matrix3)), matrix4)
+
+    # Call the tensor function
+    result = tensor(matrices)
+
+    # Assert that the result is as expected
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(result, expected_output)
+
+
 def test_tensor_empty_args():
     r"""Test tensor with no arguments."""
-    with np.testing.assert_raises(ValueError):
-        tensor()
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        tensor()

toqito/matrix_ops/tests/test_unvec.py

@@ -1,28 +1,15 @@
 """Test unvec."""
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 
 from toqito.matrix_ops import unvec
 
 
-def test_unvec():
-    """Test standard unvec operation on a vector."""
-    expected_res = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
-
-    test_input_vec = np.array([1, 3, 2, 4])
-
-    res = unvec(test_input_vec)
-
-    bool_mat = np.isclose(res, expected_res)
-    np.testing.assert_equal(np.all(bool_mat), True)
-
-
-def test_unvec_custom_dim():
-    """Test standard unvec operation on a vector with custom dimension."""
-    expected_res = np.array([[1], [3], [2], [4]])
-
-    test_input_vec = np.array([1, 3, 2, 4])
-
-    res = unvec(test_input_vec, [4, 1])
-
-    bool_mat = np.isclose(res, expected_res)
-    np.testing.assert_equal(np.all(bool_mat), True)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("vector, shape, expected_result", [
+    # Test standard unvec operation on a vector.
+    (np.array([1, 3, 2, 4]), None, np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])),
+    # Test standard unvec operation on a vector with custom dimension.
+    (np.array([1, 3, 2, 4]), [4, 1], np.array([[1], [3], [2], [4]])),
+])
+def test_unvec(vector, shape, expected_result):
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(unvec(vector, shape), expected_result)

toqito/matrix_ops/tests/test_vec.py

@@ -1,16 +1,13 @@
 """Test vec."""
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 
 from toqito.matrix_ops import vec
 
 
-def test_vec():
-    """Test standard vec operation on a matrix."""
-    expected_res = np.array([[1], [3], [2], [4]])
-
-    test_input_mat = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
-
-    res = vec(test_input_mat)
-
-    bool_mat = np.isclose(res, expected_res)
-    np.testing.assert_equal(np.all(bool_mat), True)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("vector, expected_result", [
+    # Test standard vec operation on a vector.
+    (np.array(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])), np.array([[1], [3], [2], [4]])),
+])
+def test_vec(vector, expected_result):
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(vec(vector), expected_result)